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CHAPTER 33Descent into the Abyss:
World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
World Civilizations: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Coming of the Great WarII. A World at WarIII. Failed PeaceIV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Coming of the Great War
A. The Long March to WarTriple Entente
Russia, France, Britain
v. Germany
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Italy joins Entente, 1915
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Coming of the Great War B. The Outbreak of the War
Gavriel PrincipAssassinates Austrian archduke, 1914
Austria-Hungary, Germany
Attack Serbia
Russia mobilizes Germany declares war on Russia, France
Germany invades Belgium
Britain declares war
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. A World at WarQuick war expected
A. The War in Europe
Stalemate on Western FrontTrench warfareMassive losses
B. The War in the East and in Italy
Russians Offensives against Germany
Italians
War with Austrians stalemated
World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. A World at War C. The Home Fronts in Europe
Little sympathy at home
Growth in governmentsPropagandaSuppression of criticismLabor groups dissatisfied
Weakens GermanyRussia falls
Women in work force
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. A World at War D. The War Outside Europe
British block supplies to Central PowersUses imperial resources, manpowerIndians deployed in many areas
French
Use African troops
JapanFights Germans in China, the Pacific
Ottomans
Side with GermanyArmenian genocide
United States
Begins neutralGerman submarines attack American shipping1917, enter war
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. Failed PeaceWoodrow Wilson
Peace of Paris
German war guilt
Reparations
Austria-Hungary
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia
Poland independent
League of Nations
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial OrderCampaigns in Africa, Middle East
Britain draws on colonial resourcesIndian production stepped up
Asians, Africans work, serve
ColoniesIndigenous personnel given more opportunity
A. India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj
India, Burma, Indonesia, the PhilippinesNationalist movements
Worldwide patterns
Leadership of Western-educated eliteCharismatic leadersNonviolence
India
Indian National Congress, 1885Initially loyal to BritishSpurred by racismBuilds Indian identity
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
B. Social Foundations of a Mass MovementCritique of British rule
Economic privilege for BritishIndian army used for British interestsHigh-paid British officialsCash crops push out food production
C. The Rise of Militant Nationalism
Hindu/Muslim split
B.G. TilakNationalism above religious concernsBoycotts of British goodsBombay regionsImprisoned
Hindu communalists
Violent meansTerrorism in Bengal
Morley-Minto reforms, 1909
More opportunity for Indians
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
D. The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle
Loyal to British at start of warBut war casualties and costs mountInflation, faminePromises broken
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919
Greater Indian participation in government
Rowlatt Act, 1919Civil rights restrictedGandhi protests
Mohandas K. Ghandi
NonviolenceSatyagraha, or truth force
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order E. Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East
Egyptian nationalismAhmad Orabi
Rising, 1882
Lord CromerReformsBenefit upper classes
Journalists predominate
1890s Political parties formHarsh repression
Dinshawi Incident, 1906
Focuses Egyptian nationalism
British grant constitution, 1913
The Middle East After World War I
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order F. War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks)Independence by 1923Reforms
Westernizing
France, BritainPromises to former Ottoman subjects
RenegeOccupy former Turkish lands: mandates
Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances
Balfour Declaration
ZionismWorld Zionist Organization
Theodore Herzl
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
G. Revolt in Egypt, 1919Egypt a British protectorate, 1914
Martial law to protect Suez CanalWar drains Egyptian resources
Egyptians refused to present at Versailles
Wafd PartySa'd ZaghlulBritish agree to independence
From 1922To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936
Early regimes
Little progress
[1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser]
Chapter 33: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
H. The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in AfricaGeneral loyalty
WarDrains resourcesWestern-educated Africans gain authority
Pan-African movement
Marcus GarveyW.E.B. Du Bois
Paris
NégritudeSédar SenghorAimé CésaireLéon Damas
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