chapter 3: managing the information systems project 1.1 msis 5653 advanced systems development...
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CHAPTER 3:CHAPTER 3:
Managing the Information Managing the Information Systems ProjectSystems Project
1.11.1
MSIS 5653MSIS 5653Advanced Systems DevelopmentAdvanced Systems Development
Dursun Delen, Ph.D.Dursun Delen, Ph.D.Department of ManagementDepartment of ManagementOklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Explain the process of managing an
information systems project Discuss skills required to be an effective project
manager Describe skills and activities of a project
manager during project initiation, planning, execution and closedown
Explain Gantt and Pert charts Review commercial project management
software packages
3.23.2
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Pine Valley FurniturePine Valley FurnitureManufacturing Company
Established in early 1980s by Alex Schuster in the US Product: High-quality wood furniture Organized into functional areas
Manufacturing Sales Orders Accounting Purchasing
Moved from a manual IS to a computerized IS, and then converted to a database in 1990’s (three independent computer application systems were established)
>>>
3.33.3
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Figure 3-1Figure 3-1Three computer applications at Pine Valley Furniture: Three computer applications at Pine Valley Furniture:
Order Filling, Invoicing, and PayrollOrder Filling, Invoicing, and Payroll
3.43.4
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Managing the Information Managing the Information Systems ProjectSystems Project
Focus of project management To ensure that information system projects meet
customer expectations Delivered in a timely manner Meet budget constraints and requirements
Project Manager Systems Analyst responsible for:
Project initiation Planning Execution Closing down
3.53.5
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Project Initiation Process at PVF Project Initiation Process at PVF
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Project Managers Juggles Numerous ActivitiesProject Managers Juggles Numerous Activities
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Managing the Information Managing the Information Systems ProjectSystems Project
Project Manager Common Activities & Skills of a PM Include:
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Project Management ProcessProject Management ProcessProject Planned undertaking of related activities to reach an
objective that has a beginning and an end
Four Phases Initiation Planning Execution Closing down
3.93.9
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
1. Initiating the Project1. Initiating the ProjectEstablish project initiation team
Establish relationship with customer
Establish project initiation plan
Establish management procedures
Establish project management environment and workbook
3.103.10
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
2. Planning the Project2. Planning the Project1. Describe project scope, alternatives and feasibility
Scope and Feasibility Understand the project What problem is addressed What results are to be achieved Measures of success Completion criteria
2. Divide the project into manageable tasks Work breakdown structure Gantt chart
3. Estimate resources and create a resource plan4. Develop a preliminary schedule
Utilize Gantt and PERT charts
3.113.11
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
2. Planning the Project (cont.)2. Planning the Project (cont.)5. Develop a communication plan
Outline communication processes among customers, team members and management
6. Determine project standards and procedures Specify how deliverables are tested and produced
7. Identify and assess risk Identify sources of risk & Estimate the consequences of risk
8. Create a preliminary budget9. Develop a statement of work
Describe what the project will deliver and duration
10.Set a Baseline Project Plan Estimate of project’s tasks and resources
3.123.12
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
3. Executing the Project3. Executing the ProjectExecute Baseline Project Plan
Acquire and assign resources Train new team members Keep project on schedule
Monitor project progress Adjust resources, budget and/or activities
Manage changes to Baseline Project Plan Slipped completion dates Changes in personnel New activities Bungled activities
Maintain project workbookCommunicate project status
3.133.13
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
4. Closing Down the Project4. Closing Down the ProjectTermination
Types of termination Natural
Requirements have been met Unnatural
Project stopped Documentation Personnel Appraisal
Conduct post-project reviews Determine strengths and weaknesses of:
Project deliverables Project management process Development process
Close customer contract3.143.14
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Representing and Scheduling Representing and Scheduling Project PlansProject Plans
Gantt Charts Useful for depicting simple projects or parts of large
projects Shows start and completion times/dates for
individual tasks
PERT Charts (a.k.a. Project Network Diagrams) Show order of activities (precedence relationships)
3.153.15
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Figure 3-16Figure 3-16Graphical diagrams that depict project plans Graphical diagrams that depict project plans
(a) A Gantt Chart (a) A Gantt Chart (b) A PERT chart(b) A PERT chart
3.163.16
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Comparison of Gantt and PERT Comparison of Gantt and PERT ChartsCharts
Gantt Visually shows duration
of tasks Visually shows time
overlap between tasks Visually shows slack time
PERT Visually shows dependencies
between tasks Visually shows which tasks
can be done in parallel Shows slack time by data in
rectangles
3.173.17
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Valley FurnitureValley Furniture
Project: Sales Promotion Tracking System
Steps Step 1: Identify the activities
Requirements Collection Screen Design Report Design Database Design User Documentation Software Programming Installation and Testing
3.183.18
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Valley FurnitureValley Furniture
Steps … Step 2: Determine the time estimates and expected
completion times for each activity
3.193.19
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Valley FurnitureValley Furniture
Steps … Step 3: Determine the sequence of activities
3.203.20
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Valley FurnitureValley Furniture
3.213.21
Gantt Chart
PERT Chart
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Gantt and PERT Charts for Pine Valley FurnitureValley Furniture
Step 4: Determine critical path The shortest time in which a project can be completed.
3.223.22
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Example: CPM CalculationsExample: CPM Calculations
TASK
Time Required
(in weeks)
Immediate
Predecessors
A. Perform market survey 3 -
B. Design graphic icons 4 A
C. Develop process and logic flow 2 A
D. Design input/output screens 6 B, C
E. Module 1 coding 5 C
F. Module 2 coding 3 C
G. Module 3 coding 7 E
H. Module 4 coding 5 E, F
I. Merge modules and graphics 8 D, G, H
Software development process
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Example: CPM CalculationsExample: CPM Calculations Activity-on-Arrow Representation
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Example 9.4 – Case (Cont.) Example 9.4 – Case (Cont.) Activity-on-Node Representation
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Finding the Critical PathFinding the Critical PathFirst, we need to compute four values:ESi = Earliest starting time for activity i
EFi = Earliest finishing time for activity i
LSi = Latest starting time for activity i (without delaying the project)
LFi = Latest finishing time for activity i (without delaying the project)
ti = time required to complete activity i
EFi = ESi + ti and LSi = LFi – ti
Step 1: Compute the earliest times for each activity (by a forward pass through the network)
Step 2: Compute the latest times for each activity (by a backward pass through the network)
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Finding the Critical Path (Cont.)Finding the Critical Path (Cont.)
TASK TimeImmediate
PredecessorsES EF
A 3 - 0 3
B 4 A 3 7
C 2 A 3 5
D 6 B, C 7 13
E 5 C 5 10
F 3 C 5 8
G 7 E 10 17
H 5 E, F 10 15
I 8 D, G, H 17 25
ESD = max(EFB, EFC) = max(7, 5) = 7
General rule: The earliest starting time of an activity is the maximum of the earliest finishing times of its immediate predecessors. Project completion
time
Step 1: Forward pass to calculate the Earliest Times
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Finding the Critical Path (Cont.)Finding the Critical Path (Cont.)
TASK TimeImmediate
PredecessorsES EF LS LF Slack
A 3 - 0 3 0 3 0
B 4 A 3 7 7 11 4
C 2 A 3 5 3 5 0
D 6 B, C 7 13 11 17 4
E 5 C 5 10 5 10 0
F 3 C 5 8 9 12 4
G 7 E 10 17 10 17 0
H 5 E, F 10 15 12 17 2
I 8 D, G, H 17 25 17 25 0
LFE = min(LSG, LSH) = min(10, 12) = 10
General rule: The latest finishing time of an activity is the minimum of the latest start times of its immediate successors.
Slack = LS – ES = LF – EF
Critical activities = A, C, E, G, ICritical path = A-C-E-G-I
Step 2: Backward pass to calculate the Latest Times
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Finding the Critical Path (Cont.)Finding the Critical Path (Cont.)
A. Perform market survey
B. Design graphic icons
C. Develop process flow
D. Design input/output screens
E. Module 1 coding
F. Module 2 coding
G. Module 3 coding
H. Module 4 coding
I. Merge modules and graphics
Gantt Chart allow us to answer questions like…
1. On what date should the merging of graphics and the programming modules begin in order to complete project on time?
2. Suppose that the completion of Module 2 is to be delayed by two weeks. Will this delay the completion of the project?
3. How about module 3?
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Project Management SoftwareProject Management SoftwareMany systems are available
Three activities required to use: Establish project start or end date Enter tasks and assign task relationships Select scheduling method to review project reports
3.303.30
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
SummarySummarySkills of an effective project manager
Activities of project manager Initiation Planning Execution Closedown
Gantt and PERT Charts
Commercial Project Management Software
3.313.31
CHAPTER 4:CHAPTER 4:
Automated Tools for Automated Tools for Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
2.322.32
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Identify the trade-offs in using CASE tools Describe organizational forces for and against
adoption of CASE tools Describe the role of CASE tools and how they are
used to support the SDLC List and describe the typical components of a
comprehensive CASE environment Describe the general functions of upper CASE tools,
lower CASE tools, cross life-cycle CASE tools and the CASE repository
Describe visual and emerging development tools and how they are being used
4.334.33
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Introduction Introduction Computer-aided Software Engineering (CASE) Automated software tool used by systems analysts to
develop information systems Used to support and/or automate activities throughout
the systems development life cycle (SDLC) Increase productivity Improve overall quality of systems
Purpose of CASE is to facilitate a single design philosophy within and throughout the organization
4.344.34
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
The Use of CASE in The Use of CASE in OrganizationsOrganizations
CASE Tools may Support all SDLC Phases
4.354.35
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
The Use of CASE in The Use of CASE in OrganizationsOrganizations
Objectives of CASE Improve quality of systems developed Increase speed of development and design Ease and improve testing process through automated
checking Improve integration of development activities via common
methodologies Improve quality and completeness of documentation Help standardize the development process Improve project management Simplify program maintenance Promote reusability Improve software portability
4.364.36
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE and System QualityCASE and System QualityWidespread deployment has been slower than expectedSeveral factors that inhibit widespread deployment Cost
Between $5,000 and $15,000 per year to provide CASE tools to one systems analyst
Return on Investment Biggest benefits of CASE come in late stages of SDLC
Productivity Bottlenecks Inability of some tools to share information Difficulty in providing tools for all stages of SDLC
4.374.37
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
The Outlook for CASEThe Outlook for CASEFunctionality is increasing
Cost is decreasing
Reverse Engineering Tools Automated tools that read program source code as input and
create graphical and textual representations of program design-level information
Reengineering Tools Automated software that reads program source code,
analyzes it and automatically or interactively alters an existing system to improve quality and/or performance
4.384.38
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Driving and Resisting Forces for CASEDriving and Resisting Forces for CASE
4.394.39
Driving Forces (Table 4-3) Shorter development time Improved productivity Improved quality Improved worker skills Improved portability Improved management of
the development process
Resisting Forces (Table 4-4) High cost of CASE tools High cost of training Low organizational
confidence in IS dept. Lack of standard
methodologies within the organization
Viewing CASE as threat Lack of confidence in
CASE tools
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Components of CASEComponents of CASEUpper CASE
CASE tools designed to support the information planning and the project identification and selection, project initiation and planning, analysis and design phases of the systems development life cycle
Lower CASE CASE tools designed to support the implementation and
maintenance phases of the systems development life cycle
Cross life-cycle CASE CASE tools designed to support activities that occur across
multiple phases of the systems development life cycle
4.404.40
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Components of CASEComponents of CASE
4.414.41
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Components of CASEComponents of CASETypes of CASE tools
Diagramming tools Computer display and report generators Analysis tools used to check for incomplete, inconsistent or
incorrect specifications A central repository Documentation generators Code generators
Security FeaturesVersion ControlImport/ExportBackup and Recovery
4.424.42
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE versus Traditional CASE versus Traditional Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
Traditional approach does not offer support for integration of specification documentsOften, documentation is done after coding is completed in traditional systems developmentTraditional approach often leads to out- of-date documentation
4.434.43
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE Diagramming ToolsCASE Diagramming ToolsEnable representation of a system and components visually
Effective for representing process flows, data structures and program structures
Several types of diagrams Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) Functional Hierarchy Diagrams Entity-Relationship Diagrams
4.444.44
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE Diagramming ToolsCASE Diagramming Tools
4.454.45
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE Form and Report CASE Form and Report Generator ToolsGenerator Tools
CASE tools that support the creation of software system forms and reports in order to prototype how the systems will look and feel to end users once it is completedTwo Purposes Create, modify and test prototypes of computer
display forms and reports Identify which data items to display or collect for
each form or report
4.464.46
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE Form and Report CASE Form and Report Generator ToolsGenerator Tools
4.474.47
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE Analysis ToolsCASE Analysis ToolsEnable automatic checking for incomplete, inconsistent or incorrect specifications in diagrams, forms and reportsTypes of analyses vary depending on the organization’s development methodology
4.484.48
Out of balance data flow …
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
I-CASE & RepositoryI-CASE & RepositoryIntegrated CASE (I-CASE)
Automated systems development environment that provides numerous tools to create diagrams, forms and reports
Provides analysis, reporting and code generation facilities Seamlessly shares and integrates data across and between
tools
Case Repository Repository is the central place to store information to be shared
between tools Holds complete information needed to create, modify and
evolve a software system from project initiation and planning to code generation and maintenance
4.494.49
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE RepositoryCASE Repository
4.504.50
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE RepositoryCASE Repository
4.514.51
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE RepositoryCASE RepositoryTwo Primary Segments 1. Information Repository 2. Data Dictionary
1. Information Repository Combines information about an organization’s
business information and its application portfolio Provides automated tools to manage and control
access to repository Business Information
Data stored in corporate databases Application Portfolio
Application programs used to manage business
4.524.52
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE RepositoryCASE Repository2. Data Dictionary
Contains all data definitions for all organizational applications Cross referencing
Enables one description of a data item to be stored and accessed by all individuals
Single definition for a data item is established and used Entries have a standard definition
Element name and alias Textual description of the element List of related elements Element type and format Range of acceptable values Other information unique to the proper processing of this element
4.534.53
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE RepositoryCASE RepositoryCASE Repository and the SDLC During project initiation and planning phase, all
information related to the problem being solved is stored in the repository Problem domain, project resources, history and
organizational context During analysis and design phases, all graphical
diagrams and prototype forms and reports are stored Data structures and diagrams stored in repository
can be used to generate code and documentation
4.544.54
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE RepositoryCASE RepositoryAdditional Advantages Assistance with project management tasks Facilitates in software reusability
The ability to design software modules in a manner so that they can be used again and again in different systems without significant modification
Types of reusability in IS? Source code Binary code
Functions Objects
Application4.554.55
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE Documentation Generator ToolsCASE Documentation Generator Tools
Enable the easy production of both technical and user documentation
Allow creation of master templates used to verify that documentation conforms to all stages of SDLC
4.564.56
Impact of Documentation Quality on System Maintenance
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
CASE Code Generation ToolsCASE Code Generation Tools
Enable the automatic generation of program and database definition code directly from the design documents, diagrams, forms and reports stored in the repository
4.574.57
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Visual and Emerging Visual and Emerging Development ToolsDevelopment Tools
Object-Oriented Development Tools Object
A chunk of program and data that is built to perform common functions within a system
Easily reused Encapsulation
Process of grouping data and instructions together
Development environment includes pre-defined objects and facilitates reuse of code
4.584.58
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Visual and Emerging Visual and Emerging Development ToolsDevelopment Tools
Visual Development Tools Enable developers to quickly create user interfaces Popular tools include:
Microsoft Visual Studio Delphi Powerbuilder ColdFusion
4.594.59
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
SummarySummaryUse of CASE in OrganizationsCategories of CASE ToolsComponents of CASE
Upper CASE Diagramming tools Form and report generators Analysis tools
Lower CASE Code generators
Cross Life-cycle CASE Project management tools
Repository and Data DictionaryVisual and Emerging Development Tools
4.604.60
D. Delen MSIS 5653 – Advanced Systems Development
Assignment #3Assignment #3Individual Assignment
Solve the problems 14 and 15 from Chapter 3: In problem 14:
Draw a network diagram Calculate the Earliest and Latest times Determine the Critical Activities and the Critical Path
Team Assignment Discuss the BEC Case questions at the end of Chapter 4
within your project team. Write a report (as a team) summarizing the answers of each question (resulted from your group discussions).
Assignments should be typed, professionally organized, and Assignments should be typed, professionally organized, and should have a cover page.should have a cover page.
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