chapter 3 - cell structure
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Biomolecules
Proteins Organic compounds made up primarily of
C, H, O, N.
Building blocks are called amino acids Functions
Transport and storage
Mechanical structure and support Motion
Information and control
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Carbohydrates
Contains C, H, O
Building blocks are monosaccharides
Types
Simple sugars- glucose, galactose,
fructose
Double sugars- sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharidesstarch, glycogenFunctions are energy storage, cell walls and
for structural support.
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Lipids
Known as fats Building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol
Types
Simplefatty acids, fats and oils Compoundphospholipids, sterols,
glycolipids
Functions: energy storage, membranecomponents, messengers
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Nucleic acids
Building blocks are nucleotides Types
DNA- makes up the genetic code
-double stranded helix as discoveredby James Watson and Francis Crick
- RNA
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Attributes of Life
Movement and Locomotion Responsiveness and Sensitivity
Growth and Nutrition
Systhesis and Excretion Reproduction and Evolution
Regulation and Homeostasis
Cellular Organization
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Cell Structure
Chapter 3
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Cell Theory
(Matthias Schleiden and Theodore
Schwann) All organisms are composed of one or
more cells.
Cells are the smallest living units of all
living organisms.
Cells arise only by division of apreviously existing cell.
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Cell Functions
Nutrition Digestion
Absorption
Biosynthesis Respiration
Excretion
Secretion
Response
Reproduction
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Visualizing Cells
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Nucleus
Relatively large structurewithin a cell
Directs cell activities Some simple single celled
organisms lack a nucleus
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Nucleus
Prokaryoteshave nonucleus
Eukaryoteshave a nucleus
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Prokaryotes
Single celled organism Kingdom Monera
Lacks a cell nucleus Internal structure is less
organized than other cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
Simplest organisms
Cytoplasmis surrounded by plasma
membrane and encased in a rigid cell
wall. no distinct interior compartments
Susceptibility of bacteria to
antibiotics depends on cell wallstructure.
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Prokaryotic Cells
Some use flagellum for locomotion threadlike structures protruding from cell
surfaceBacterial cell wall
Flagellin
Rotarymotor
Sheath
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Eukaryotic Cells
Characterized by compartmentalization byan endomembrane system, and the
presence of membrane-bound organelles.
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Generalized Eukaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotes
Human body has at least 85different cell types
All eukaryotes have a numberof structures in common
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Common structures
Organellessmaller parts ofthe cell with specific funtions
Cell membraneacts as agatekeeper
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Cell membrane
Controls what enters and leavesthe cell
Plants, algae and bacteriatypically have a tough outerstructure known as a cell wall
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Cell wall
Provides additional structureand protects the cell frompressure caused by movement
of water Animal cells do not have walls
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Cytoplasm
Organelles are surrounded bythis jelly like substance
Primary component is water
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Nucleus
Repository for genetic material
Directs activities of the cell Surface of nucleus bound by two phospholipid
bilayer membranes
nuclear membrane Nuclear poresprotein gatekeepers
Usually proteins going in and RNA going
out
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Other organelles Lysosomes
Golgi bodies
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts in plants
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Lysosome
Small round Store enzymes that break down
food into chemical compounds
Destroy cell organelles and thecell itself
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Golgi Apparatus
Look like a thick elastic band that has
been folded several times
collect, package, and distribute
molecules synthesized at one location
in the cell and utilized at another
location
Adds modifications to unfinishedproteins
Makes lysosomes
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Mitochondria
Energy factories Rod shaped
Change food into molecules thatcan be used for energy
Contain own DNA Can replicate themselves
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Mitochondria
A. "Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular
metabolismB. Structure- outer and inner membranes,
cristae
C. Have their own DNA
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Ribosome
Ribosomemake proteins forcellular use and communication
May be attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Layered membraneous Make and transport proteins
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Vacuole
Large organelle, without specificshape
Store waste or raw materialsused in synthesis of proteins
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Chlorplast
Found in plants and some otherorganisms
Contain chlorophyll
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Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiotic theory suggests engulfed
prokaryotes provided hosts with advantages
associated with specialized metabolic
activities.
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Theory of Endosymbiosis
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Plant Cells
Central vacuole
often found in the center of a plant, andserves as a storage facility for water andother materials
Cell wall primary wallslaid down while cell is
growing
middle lamellaglues cells together secondary wallsinside the primary cell
walls after growth
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Plant Cell
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Animal Cells
Animal cells lack cell walls.
form extracellular matrix
provides support, strength, and resilience
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C ll l
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Cellular processes
Respiration Osmosis
Diffusion Photosynthesis
R i ti
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Respiration
Cells break down carbohydratesand other molecules to produce
energy
Oxidation of glucose is one of
most common forms
R i ti
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Respiration
Breaking down of sugar intowater, carbon dioxide, and
energy
Energy is used to do the work of
the cell
O i & Diff i
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Osmosis & Diffusion
Transport of raw materials,wastes, and synthesized
materials out of the cell
Diff i
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules,especially gases and liquids
from areas of high concentration
to areas of low concentration
O i
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Osmosis
Specific type of diffusion Movement of water through a
membrane from areas of highconcentration to areas of low
concentration
E ilib i
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Equilibrium
Diffusion and osmosis happento enable a cell to reach
equilibrium
C ll l d ti
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Cellular reproduction
Three ways Fission
Mitosis Meiosis
Fi i
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Fission
Prokaryotes Cell grows larger and makes a
second copy of its DNA
At some point the cell membranedivides the cell by the growth of atransverse septum
Fi i
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Fission
Two new cells are formed as thedivision grows inward from eitherside of the cell
Two cells now called daughtercells
Sometimes known as binary
fission
Mitosis
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Mitosis
Eukaryotes Requires 6 stages
Interphase, prophase,metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, cytokinesis
Mitosis
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Mitosis
Creates cells that are identicalto the original cell.
Have the entire compliment ofchromosomes existing in pairs -
diploid
Meiosis
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Meiosis
Division of sex cells Stages of Meiosis I: Interphase
I, prophase I, metaphase I,anaphase I, telophase I,
cytokinesis I
Meiosis
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Meiosis
Meiosis II Interphase II, prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II,telophase II, cytokinesis II
Meiosis
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Meiosis
Each cell receives onechromosome from each pairrandomly
Resulting cells have half thenormal number of
Chromosomes - haploid
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