chapter 3 - analysis of movement introductory...

52

ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT

CHAPTER 3 - ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT

Introductory anatomy of the skeletal and

muscular systems

The skeletal system• The appendicular skeletal system (figure3.1)consistsoftheshouldergirdle,skull,hipgirdle,legandarmbones.

• The axial skeleton (figure3.1)consistsoftheskull,vertebralcolumn,ribsandsternum.

The functions of the skeletal systemaretoactasaleversystem,assurfaceareaforattachmentofmuscle,tendonsandligaments,andtogiveshapeandsupporttothebody.Also,redandwhitebloodcellsaremanufacturedwithinbonemarrow,andbonesstorefatsandminerals.

Types of bones and principal functionsSee a summary of these terms in figure 3.1.• Long bones,forexample,thefemur(whichactsasalever).

• Short bones,forexample,carpals(whichhavestrengthandlightness).

• Flat bones,forexample,thepelvis(whichhasalargesurfaceareaformuscleandtendonattachments),thecranium(whichhasthefunctionofbrainprotection).

• Irregular bones,forexample,thevertebrae(whichprotectthespinalcord),thepatella(asesamoidbonewhichincreasesthemechanicaladvantageofthequadricepstendon).

THESKELETON

longbones

shortbones

axial

flat bones

appendicular

irregularbones

skull skull

mandiblemandible

clavicle

sternum

scapula

ribsribs

humerus

ulna

radius

pelvis vertebralcolumn

vertebralcolumn

sacrumsacrum

carpals metacarpals

phalanges

femur

patella

tibia

fibula

tarsals

metatarsalsphalanges

ulna

carpals

figure 3.2 – the human skeleton

Youneedtofamiliariseyourselfwiththenamesofbonesinfigure3.2thatarticulateattheankle,knee,hip,shoulderandelbow,whenyouanswermovementanalysisquestions.

STUDENT NOTE

Ageneraloverviewoftheskeletalsystemismeanttobeusedasanintroduction,butwillnotbedirectlyexamined.Yourmainfocusforrevisionisonmovementanalysisinrelationtosportingoractivity-basedperformances.

STUDENT NOTE

SECTION A – CHAPTER 3

figure 3.1 – the skeleton

53

APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Bony featuresProtrusionsanddepressionsactastheplacesonbonesatwhichligamentsandmuscletendonsattach(theirshapeincreasesthesurfaceareaontheboneavailableforattachment).

Cartilage• Hyaline (articular) cartilagehasasmooth,solidmatrixwhichsitsontheendsofbones,andformstheexactsurfaceswhichareincontactandmoveacrossoneanotherwhenajointisused.

• White fibro-cartilageistoughandslightlyflexibleandexistsbetweenvertebrae.• Yellow elastic cartilageissoftandelasticandexistsintheearlobes.

The structure and function of bone tissue• Theperiosteumisanouterprotectivecoveringofbonewhichprovidesattachmentformuscletendonsandligaments.Thedeeperlayersoftheperiosteumareresponsibleforgrowthinbonewidth.

• Theepiphyseal discorgrowthplateisthesegmentofaboneinwhichanincreaseinbonelengthtakesplace.• Compact bone consistsofsolidbonetissue,locateddowntheshaftofalongboneandtheouterlayersofshort,flatandirregularbones.Itsdensestructuregivesstrengthandsupport.

• Cancellous bonehasalattice-likeorspongyappearance.Itislight-weightandislocatedattheendsofalongbone,inadditiontoprovidingtheinternalbonetissueinshort,flatandirregularbones.

Types of joints and articulating bones

Articulationisdefinedas‘a place where two or more bones meet to form a joint’.

Joint typesJointtypes(figure3.3)are:• Fibrous or immovable–forexample,betweenbonesofthecranium.

• Cartilaginous or slightly moveable–forexample,vertebraldiscs.

• Synovial or freely moveable(classifiedintable3.1onpage55).

Synovial jointSeefigure3.4forthelocationsoftheelementsofasynovialjoint.• Synovial fluidreducesjointfrictionbylubrication,andmaintainsjointstability.

• Synovial membraneenclosesfluidandsecretesfluid.• Joint capsuleisasleeveoftough,fibroustissuesurroundingthejoint.

• Aligamentisanextensionofthejointcapsuleconsistingofstrong,fibrousconnectivetissuethatprovidesstabilitybyjoiningbonetobone.

• Articular cartilagepreventsfrictionbetweenbones,andcushionstheendsofbones.

• Bursaepreventfrictionandwear.• Pads of fatcushionthejoint.• Menisci helpbonesfittogetherandimprovestabilisationofthejoint.

JOINT TYPES

fibrous orimmovable

cartilaginousor slightlymoveable

synovial orfreely

moveable

compact bone

synovial cavityfilled with

synovial fluidsynovialmembrane

cancellousbone

ligament

joint capsule

articular (hyaline)cartilage

medullary cavity

figure 3.3 – joint types

figure 3.4 – a synovial joint

Types of joints and articulating bones

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ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT

Terms used in movement analysisTermsofmovementconsistofthreemainsections:• Planesofthebody.• Axesofthebody.• Movementpatterns.

Tohelpanalysemovement,itispossibletoimagineaseriesoflinesandsurfacesthatdividethebodyintosections–thelinesarecalledaxes andthesurfacescalled planes.

Planes of the bodyThetermbody planeisdefinedas‘an imaginary flat surface running through the centre of gravity of the body’, andisusedtoassistintheunderstandingofmovementofbodysegmentswithrespecttooneanother.Withineachplaneanaxiscanbeidentifiedinassociationwithaparticularjointaboutwhichthemovementtakesplace.

Three imaginary planesRefertofigure3.5.• Frontal (coronal) plane

• Averticalplanethatdividesthebodyintofront and backsections.• Movementsinthisplaneareabductionandadduction,asforexampleinacartwheel.

• Andspinallateralflexion,asforexampleinsideflexiontrunkbends.

• Sagittal (median) plane • Averticalplanethatdividesthebodyintoleft and rightsides.• Movementsinthisplaneincludeflexionandextension,asforexampleinsomersaults,bicepscurl,polevaulttake-off,sprinting,dorsiflexion,andplantarflexion.

• Transverse (horizontal) plane• Ahorizontalplanethatdividesthebodyintoupperandlowersections.• Movementsarerotationalmovementpatternssuchassupination,pronation,andspinalrotation.

• Examplemovementswouldbetwistingorturning,thespinningskater,discus,hammerorskiturns.

Axes of rotation Anaxisofrotationisdefinedas‘an imaginary line about which the body rotates or spins, at right angles to the plane’–lookatfigure3.5axeslabelledA,BandC.

Three imaginary axes • Longitudinal axis

• AxisAonfigure3.5.• Thisaxisrunsverticallyfromthetopoftheheadtoapointbetweenthefeet.•Movementsinthetransverseplaneaboutthelongitudinalaxisarerotationalmovements.• Examplesofsportingmovementswouldbethespinningskaterandthehammerthrow.

• Transverse axis • AxisBonfigure3.5.Thisaxisrunshorizontallyfromsidetosideacrossthebody betweenoppositehipsatrightanglestothesagittalplane.

•Movementswithinthesagittalplaneaboutthetransverseaxisareflexion,extension,hyperextension,dorsiflexionandplantarflexion.

• Sportsmovementsaboutthisaxisincludesitups,andthehighjumpFosburyFlopflightphase.

Sagittal Frontal

Transverse

Axis A

Axis B

Axis C

figure 3.5 – planes and axes

SECTION A – CHAPTER 3

55Joint actions

APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• Frontal axis (sometimescalledthe front axis)• AxisConfigure3.5.• Thisaxisrunshorizontallyfromfronttobackbetweenbellybuttonandlumbarspine.•Movementsinthefrontalplaneaboutthefrontalaxisincludeabduction,adductionandspinallateralflexion.• Examplesofsportsmovementsaboutthisaxisareacartwheel,andthebowlingactionincricket.

Joint actions

Intable3.1themovementrangesofsynovialjointsareclassifiedaccordingtotheiraxesofmovement.Thismeansthatjointsthatallowonlyoneplaneofmovementareidentifiedasaone-axisjoint,atwo-axesjointhasmovementwithinanytwoplanes,whereasathree-axesjointhasmovementinallthreeplanes.

Table3.1– summary of synovial joint types and movement ranges

synovial joint types movement range example body place: articulating bones

ball and socket 3axes,flexion/extension,abduction/adduction,rotation,circumduction

hip:femur,acetabulumofpelvis.shoulder:scapula,humerus.

hinge 1axis,flexion/extension knee:femur,tibia.elbow:humerus,radius,ulna.

pivot 1axis,rotation spine:atlas:odontoidprocessofaxis(turnsheadsidetoside).elbow:proximalendsofradiusandulna.

condyloid (modified ball and socket)

2axes,flexion/extension,abduction/adduction

=circumduction

knuckles:jointoffingers:metacarpals,phalanges.wrist:radius,carpals.

saddle 2axes,flexion/extension,abduction/adduction

=circumduction

joint at base of thumb:carpal,metacarpal.

gliding alittlemovementinalldirections

centre of chest:clavicle,sternum.spine:articulatingsurfaces.wrist:carpals.ankle:tarsals.

Movement patterns at joints, the terminologyThepossiblerangesofmovementswithinasynovialjoint(figure3.6)varyaccordingtotheshapeofthearticularsurfacesandthereforeaccordingtothejointtype.Thesemovementpatternshavebeencategorisedaccordingtotherelevantbodyplanes.

Movement patterns in the sagittal (median) plane:Flexionmeanstobend,resultinginadecreasedanglearoundthejoint–forexample,bendingoftheknee.

Extensionmeanstostraighten,resultinginanincreasedanglearoundthejoint–forexample,straighteningofthekneefromabent-leggedtostraight-leggedposition.

Hyperextensionistheforcedextensionofajointbeyonditsnormalrangeofmotion–forexample,thearchedspinethatiscreatedintheflightphaseoftheFosburyFlophighjumptechnique.

Plantarflexioninvolvesextendingthetoestherebyincreasingtheangleattheankle–forexample,standingontip-toes.

Dorsiflexiondescribesmovementofthefoottowardstheshin–forexample,walkingonone’sheels.

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ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT

Movement patterns in the frontal (coronal) plane:Abductionmeanstotakeawayandsoischaracterisedbymovementawayfromthemidline–forexample,acartwheelingymnastics.

Adductionmeanstobringtogetherandsoischaracterisedbymovementtowardsthemidline–forexample,bringingthelowerlegsbacktogetherfromtheinvertedcartwheel.

Lateral flexionissidewaysbending.

Eversionisthejointactionattheanklecharacterisedbytheturningofthesoleofthefootlaterallyoutwards–forexample,thekickactioninbreaststroke. Inversionisthejointactionattheanklecharacterisedbytheturningofthesoleofthefootmediallyinwards–forexample,afootballplayerinvertsthefoottopasstheballwiththeoutsideofhisorherboot.

Depressiondescribesmovementoftheshouldersdownwards–forexample,thepreparationforadeadlift,grippingthebar.

Elevationdescribesmovementoftheshouldersupwards–forexample,ashouldershrug.

Movement patterns in the transverse (horizontal) plane:Horizontal abduction and adductionStartoffwithyourarmstretchedoutinfrontofyouparalleltotheground,whilstyourshoulderisflexed.Nowmoveyourarmawayandtothesideofthebody.Thisiscalledhorizontalabduction(alsoknownashorizontalextension).Ifyoureturnbacktoyourstartingpositionyouwillhaveperformedhorizontaladduction(alsoknownashorizontalflexion).Adiscusthrowerduringthepreparatoryswing(horizontalabduction)andreleaseofadiscus(horizontaladduction)performsthesemovementpatterns.

Pronationischaracterisedbytherotationoftheforearmmediallysothatthehandfacesdownwards–forexample,atop-spinforehandintennis.

Supinationischaracterisedbytherotationoftheforearmlaterallysothatthehandfacesupwards–forexample,therighthandactioninahockeyflick.

Rotationistheturningofastructurearounditslongaxis.Rotationcanbeinwards,hencemedial rotationofthehumeruswiththeforearmflexedbringsthehandtowardsthebody–forexample,inthebreaststrokethehumerusrotatesmediallyasthehandsenterthewater.Rotationcanbeoutwards,hencelateral rotationofthehumerusdescribesamovementwherebythehandmovesawayfromthebody–forexample,thehumerusrotateslaterallyinpreparationfortheforehandstrokeintennis.

extension

horizontalabduction

circumduction

horizontaladduction

flexion

adduction

abduction

depression

elevation

plantarflexion

dorsiflexion

eversion

inversion

pronation

supination

lateralflexion

hyperextension

rotation

MOVEMENTPATTERNS

wrist joint(flexion / extension,

abduction / adduction)

elbow joint(flexion / extension)

hip joint(flexion / extension

abduction / adduction= circumduction +

medial / lateralrotation)

radio-ulnar joint(pronation / supination)

vertebral column(flexion / extension

lateral flexion,rotation)

knee joint(flexion / extension)

ankle joint(dorsiflexion /plantarflexion,

inversion /eversion)

shoulder joint(flexion, extension abduction /adduction = circumduction +horizontal flexion / extension

medial / lateral rotation)

figure 3.6 – movement patterns

figure 3.7 – major joints – movement patterns

SECTION A – CHAPTER 3

57Introductory anatomy of the muscular system

APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Circumductionisacombinationofflexion,extension,abductionandadduction–forexample,whentheupperarmmoves(armcircling)sothatitdescribesaconewiththeshoulderjointattheapex.Circumductionisacombinationoftwoplanes–sagittalandfrontal planes. Mostmovementsthatoccurinphysicalactivitiesarecombinationsofthemovementsexplainedinfigure3.7.

Introductory anatomy of the muscular system

Body muscles

sternocleidomastoid

posterior deltoid

teres minorteres major

triceps brachii

latissimus dorsi

extensorsof wristand fingers

trapezius

infraspinatus

external abdominaloblique

gluteus maximus

gracilissemitendinosus

biceps femoris

semimembranosus

gastrocnemius

soleus

calcaneal tendon(achilles tendon)

ham

stri

ng

gro

up

facial muscles

anterior deltoid

biceps brachii

brachoradialis

adductors of thighpectineusadductor longusgracilis

sartorius

patella ligament

gastrocnemius

soleus lateral leg muscles

extensor digitorum longus

tibialis anterior

patella

vastus lateralisrectus femorisvastus medialis

quadricepsgroup

tensor fascia latae

external abdominaloblique

flexors of wristand fingers

rectus abdominus

serratus anterior

pectoralis major

trapezius

sternocleidomastoid

figure 3.8 – superficial anterior muscles figure 3.9 – superficial posterior muscles

Inyourmovementanalysisyouwillneedtoidentifymajorskeletalmusclesofthehumanbody(figures3.8and3.9above)inrelationtojointactivityandmuscleanalysisintables3.2,3.3and3.4below.Themusclesidentifiedinthesetablesgiveyouplentyofchoicetoselectfrom.Howeverifyourefertoyourexamsyllabusyoumaywishtofocusonthemusclesthatyourexamboardhasspecified.

STUDENT NOTE

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ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT

Table3.2– wrist, elbow and shoulder movements and muscles

body part / joint movement pattern active (agonist) muscles movement examples

wrist extension extensor carpi ulnaris,extensordigitorum

followthroughinanover-armthrow

flexion flexor carpi radialis,flexicarpiulnaris dumbbellwristcurls

arm / elbow

forearm / radio-ulnar (pivot)

flexion biceps brachii,brachialis bicepcurls

extension triceps brachii,anconeus(forearm) followthroughover-armthrow,benchpress,tricepsdips

supination supinator,bicepsbrachii catchingthebarduringaclean

pronation pronator teres,pronatorquadratus puttingtopspinonatennisball

shoulder joint adduction latissimus dorsi,anteriordeltoid,teresmajor/minor

recoveryphaseinoverarmthrow,tricepsdips

abduction medial deltoid,supraspinatus preparationphaseshoulderpass

flexion pectoralis major,anteriordeltoid,coracobrachialis

releasephaseinoverarmthrow,tricepsdips

extension posterior deltoid,latissimusdorsi,teresmajor

shoulderpositionduringjavelinapproachrun

medialrotation latissimus dorsi,posteriordeltoid,pectoralismajor,teresmajor,subscapularis

forehandstroke/followthroughattabletennis

horizontaladduction pectoralis major,anteriordeltoid armswingintothereleasephaseofadiscusthrow

horizontalabduction posterior deltoid,trapezius,latissimusdorsi

preparatoryswing(backward)ofthearminthediscus

lateralrotators teres minor, infraspinatus backhandstroke/followthroughattabletennis

shoulder or pectoral girdle (scapula + clavicle)

elevation upper fibres of trapezius,levatorscapulae,rhomboids

adumbbellshouldershrug

depression latissimus dorsi, lowerfibresoftrapezius,pectoralisminor,

serratusanterior(lowerfibres)

preparationfordeadliftwhengrippingthebar

protraction serratusanterior recoveryphaseduringbreaststroke

retraction rhomboids,trapezuis pullphaseduringbreaststroke

upwardrotation upper fibres of trapezius,serratusanterior

armrecoveryphaseduringbutterflystroke

downwardrotation lower fibres of trapezius,rhomboids armpullphaseduringbutterflystroke

4 rotator cuff muscles stabilise shoulder joint

supraspinatus

subscapularis

Themainagonistmuscleforeachmovementisinred boldfonttypeintables3.2,3.3and3.4.

STUDENT NOTE

SECTION A – CHAPTER 3

teres minor,infraspinatus

59Introductory anatomy of the muscular system

APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Table3.3– trunk and spine movements and muscles

body part / joint movement pattern active (agonist) muscles movement examples

trunk / spine flexion rectus abdominus,internal/externalobliques,transversusabdominus

situps

core stability muscles

extension/hyperextensionsupportslowerback

erector spinae group-sacrospinalis/ extension-trunkpositionduringnetballshotatgoal,hyperextension-flightphaseofFosburyFlop

rotation external obliques,rectusabdominus,erectorspinae

hammerthrowswings,baraniintrampolining/gymnastics

lateralflexion internal obliques,rectusabdominus,erectorspinae,quadratuslumborum,sacrospinalis

sidebends,twistingtrunk/abdominalcurls

Table3.4– hip, knee and ankle movements and muscles

body part / joint movement pattern

active muscles (main agonist) movement examples

hip flexion iliopsoas,rectusfemoris,pectineus,sartorius,tensorfascialatae,adductorlongusandbrevis

squatstart(low)position,highkneeliftduringsprinting,movingthekneesupintoatuckposition

extension gluteus maximus,hamstringgroup,adductormagnus

highjumptake-off,rearlegdriveduringsprinting

adduction adductor longus / magnus / brevis,pectineus,gracilis

crossoverphaseduringjavelinrun-up,sidefootingafootball

abduction gluteus medius/minimus,sartorius,tensorfascialatae,piriformis

movementintotheinvertedphaseofacartwheel

medialrotation gluteus medius/minimus,tensorfascialatae,iliopsoas,gracilis

hipmovementacrosscircleduringtravelphaseofadiscusturn

lateralrotation gluteus maximus,psoasmajor,adductors,piriformis,sartorious

movementintoayogastorkposition

knee extension quadriceps group-rectusfemoris/vastusmedialis/vastusintermedius/vastuslateralis

highjumptake-off,rearlegdriveduringsprinting

flexion hamstring group-bicepsfemoris/semimembranosus/semitendinosus,sartorius,gracilis,gastrocnemius

squatstart(low)position,highkneeliftduringsprinting,movingthekneesupintoatuckposition

ankle plantarflexion gastrocnemius,soleus,tibialisposterior,peroneus,flexordigitorumlongus

take-offphaseduringjumping

dorsiflexion tibialis anterior,extensordigitorumlongus

landingphasefromjump

internal/external

multifidus(deeplumbarportion)

obliques,transversusabdominus

core stability muscles

60

ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT

Agonists and antagonists

Musculo-skeletal attachmentsLigaments attachbonetobonetolimittherangeofmovementofjoints.Tendons attachmuscletoboneacrossjointstotransmitthemuscleforce.Theyarestrongandmainlyinelastic–forexample,theAchillestendonattachesthegastrocnemiusmuscletotheperiostealbonetissueofcalcaneusortheheelbone.

Origins and insertion of musclesThetendonatthestaticendofthemuscleiscalledtheoriginandthetendonattheendofthemuscleclosesttothejointthatmovesiscalledtheinsertionofthatmuscle.

Antagonistic muscle actionThistermdescribesthefactthatmusclesworkinpairs(seethesummaryinfigure3.10,andthedetailsinfigure3.11).• Theagonististheactivemuscle,themuscleundertensionordoingworkandfunctioningastheprime moverofajointduringthedesiredmovement.

• Theantagonistrelaxestoallowtheagonisttoworkasmovementoccurs.• Forexample,curlingabar,theagonist=biceps brachii muscle,andtheantagonist= triceps brachii muscle.

Asynergist muscleholdsthebodyinpositionsothatanagonistmusclecanoperate,thuspreventinganyunwantedmovementsthatmightoccurastheprimemovercontracts.Forexample,thetrapeziusmuscleholdstheshoulderinplaceduringthebarcurlingexercise.

Afixatormusclebydefinitionisasynergistmuscle,butismorespecificallyreferredtoasafixatororstabiliser whenitimmobilisestheboneoftheprimemover’sorigin,thusprovidingastablebasefortheactionoftheprimemover.Forexample,thedeltoidmusclestabilisesthescapuladuringabarcurl.

MUSCLEFUNCTION

agonist

fixator

antagonist

synergist

agonist(biceps)

antagonist(triceps)

fixator(deltoid)

synergist(trapezius)

figure 3.10 – muscle function

figure 3.11 – muscle function – curling a bar

SECTION A – CHAPTER 3

61Types of muscular contraction

APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Types of muscular contraction

Duringmuscularcontraction,amusclemayshorten,lengthenorstaythesame.Whenamusclechangesitslength,thecontractionisclassifiedasdynamic.Whenthemuscleremainsthesamelength,astaticcontractionoccurs.

Static contractions – isometric muscle contractionIn isometric contractions (figure3.12)thelengthofthemuscledoesnotchange,buttheamountoftensiondoesincreaseduringthecontractionprocess.

Inatrainingsituationisometricworkisdonebyexertingthemaximumpossibleforceinafixedpositionforsetsof10seconds,with60secondsrecovery.Isometriccontractionsareresponsiblefortheconstantlengthofposturalmusclesinthebodyandhencestabilisethetrunkinmanydynamicactivitiessuchasinsprinting.

Dynamic muscle contraction – concentric and eccentric contraction

Concentric muscle contraction Thistypeofcontractioninvolvesamuscleshorteningundertension(figure3.13)andisaformofisotonicmuscle contraction.Forexample,inthedrivingupwardsphaseinajumporsquat,thequadricepsmusclegroupperformsaconcentriccontractionasitshortenstoproduceextensionofthekneejoint.

Eccentric muscle contraction Thistypeofcontractioninvolvesamusclelengtheningundertensionandisaformofisotonicmusclecontraction.Whenamusclecontractseccentricallyitisactingasabrake,thuscontrollingthemovement.Forexample,duringthedownwardmovingpartofajumporsquat,thequadricepsmusclegroupislengtheningundertensionandsotheworkislabelledeccentricornegative.Eccentricmusclecontractionproducesthebiggestoverloadinamuscle,therebyenhancingitsdevelopmentasfarasstrengthisconcerned.Thechiefpracticaluseofeccentricmusclecontractionisinplyometric,elastic or explosivestrengthwork(figure3.14).

Foreccentriccontractions,theagonist muscleistheactivemuscle,whichinthiscaseislengthening.Inthecaseofthelandingfromajumporcontrolleddownwardmovementinasquat,thequadricepsmusclegrouplengthensundertension,andisthereforetheagonist.Tobetheagonistinthissituation,themusclemustbeundertension.Theantagonist muscle duringtheexampleofadownwardsquattingmovementwouldbethehamstringmusclegroup,whichgetsshorterandwhichrelaxesoractsasafixatorforthehipjoints.

Manymusclecontractionsinvolveacombinationofdynamicandstaticworkinwhichthemusclesshortenbysomeamount,andthedegreeoftensionincreases.

figure 3.12 – isometric holds

concentric muscle contraction(quadriceps)

eccentric muscle contraction(quadriceps)

figure 3.14 – eccentric contraction

figure 3.13 – concentric contraction

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ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT

Analysis of movement

Table3.5–the high jump

Afteracontinuallyacceleratedrun-upwithalongpenultimatestride,thejumper(figure3.15)hasaveryfastlasttake-offstride.

physical activity joint used articulating bones

movement produced

agonist muscles type of muscular contraction (isotonic)

high jump at take-off

figure 3.15a

ankle-take-offleg

talus,tibia,fibula plantarflexion gastrocnemius,soleus,tibialisposterior,peroneus,flexordigitorumlongus

concentric

knee-take-offleg

tibia,femur extension quadriceps group: rectusfemoris,vastusmedialis,vastusintermedius,vastuslateralis

concentric

shouldergirdle

clavicle,scapula elevation upper fibres of trapezius,rhomboids,levatorscapulae

concentric

high jump in flight

figure 3.15b

hips femur,acetabulumofpelvis

extension gluteus maximus,assistedby:

hamstring group:bicepsfemoris,semimembranosus,semitendinosus

concentric

spine vertebrae extension/hyperextension

erector spinae group concentric

figure a

figure b

figure 3.15 – high jump take-off and flight

Inthefollowingmovementanalysisexamples,notallagonistmuscleshavebeenlisted.Themainagonistmusclesareoutlinedinred.

Notethatintheflightphaseofthehighjump(figure3.15,figureb)themovementtakesplaceinthesagittalplaneaboutthetransverseaxis.

STUDENT NOTE

SECTION A – CHAPTER 3

63Analysis of movement

APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

physical activity joint type movement produced

agonist muscles antagonist muscles type of muscular contraction

leg action in sprinting

figure 3.16a left leg

ankle/hinge plantarflexion gastrocnemius,flexordigitorumlongus

tibialis anterior,extensordigitorumlongus

concentric/isotonic

knee/hinge extension quadriceps group hamstring group concentric/isotonic

action of hip joint

figure 3.16b left leg

hip/ballandsocket

flexion iliopsoas,rectusfemoris,adductorlongus/brevis

gluteus maximus,bicepsfemoris,adductormagnus

concentric/isotonic

action of the trunk

figure 3.16c

spine/cartilaginous

extension erector spinae group rectus abdominus isometric

Table3.6–sprinting leg action

Notethattheleversystemattheanklejoint(seefigure3.16)isasecondclassleverwiththefulcrum(pivot)undertheballofherfoot.Seethesectiononpage68laterfordetailsofleveractionatjoints.

figure a figure b figure c

Themainagonistmuscleforeachmovementisinred boldfonttype.Themainantagonistmuscleforeachmovementisinblue boldfonttypeintable3.6above.

Youmustlistall musclesinthequadricepsandhamstringgroupswhenyouanalysetheactionsofthekneeandhipsduringphysicalactivityintable3.6above.

STUDENT NOTE

figure 3.16 – sprint – a full stride

64

ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT

physical activity joint used articulating bones

movement produced agonist muscles type of muscular contraction (isotonic)

arm action in over arm throw

figure 3.17 a-c

elbow humerus,radius,ulna

elbowjointextendsasmovementprogresses

triceps brachii,anconeus

concentric

shouldergirdle

scapula,clavicle

elevation,upwardrotation

elevation: trapeziusupperfibres,levatorscapulae.

upward rotation: trapeziusupperfibres,serratusanterior

concentric

handjoints carpals,radius,ulna

supinationtopronation pronator teres,pronatorquadratus

concentric

figure a figure b figure c

Table3.7–the arm action in an over arm throw – sequence analysis

Notethattheleversystemoperatingattheelbowduringthismovementisafirstclasslever,withfulcrum(pivot)withintheelbowjoint,theeffortthroughthetricepsmuscle,andtheloadatthehandasforceisappliedtotheball.

physical activity

joint used articulating bones

movement produced

agonist muscles plane of movement

movement axis

type of muscular contraction (isotonic)

leg action in squat

figure 3.18

knee–figuresatoc

tibia,femur extensiontoflexion

quadriceps group sagittal transverse eccentric

hip–figuresctoe

femur,acetabulumofpelvis

flexiontoextension

gluteus maximus,hamstringgroup

sagittal transverse concentric

ankle–figurec

tibia,fibula,talus

dorsiflexion tibialis anterior sagittal transverse concentric

Table3.8–the full action of the squat, down then up

figure a b c d e

Themainagonistmuscleforeachmovementisinred boldfonttypeintables3.7and3.8below.

STUDENT NOTE

figure 3.17 – over arm throw

figure 3.18 – squat – down then up

SECTION A – CHAPTER 3

65Analysis of movement

APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

physical activity joint type movement produced

agonist muscles antagonist muscles type of muscular contraction (isotonic)

arm action in push-up – down movement

figure 3.19 a to c

elbow/hinge flexion triceps brachii,anconeus

biceps brachii,brachialis

eccentric

up movement

figure 3.19 c to e

shoulder/ballandsocket

horizontaladduction

pectoralis major,anteriordeltoid

trapezius, posteriordeltoid

concentric

Table3.9– the full action of the push-up, down then up

figure a

b

c

d

e

Notethatduringaverycontrolleddownwardeccentricphaseinfigures3.19a-ctheagonistmuscleisthetriceps brachiimuscle.Thisisbecausethetricepsbrachiimuscleisunderextremetensionbydefyinggravity,andsoactsasabraketocontrolthedownwardphaseofthepush-up.Thesamereasoningappliestotheanconeusmuscle.

Thepush-up(d-e),attheelbowjoint,takesplacewithinthesagittalplaneandaroundthetransverseaxis.

Duringthepush-up(d-e),attheshoulderjoint(horizontaladduction),takesplacewithinthetransverseplaneandaroundthelongitudinalaxis.

STUDENT NOTE

figure 3.19 – push-up – down then up

Themainagonistmuscleforeachmovementisinred boldfonttype.Themainantagonistmuscleforeachmovementisinblue boldfonttypeintable3.9above.

STUDENT NOTE

66

ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT

physical activity

joint type movement produced

agonist muscles body plane body axis type of muscular contraction (isotonic)

leg action in kicking (right leg)

figure 3.20

ankle/hinge plantarflexion tibialis anterior sagittal transverse eccentric

knee/hinge extension quadriceps group sagittal transverse concentric

hip/ballandsocket

flexion iliopsoas,rectusfemoris,adductorlongus/brevis

sagittal transverse concentric

Table3.10–this sequence covers the strike phase only for the kick

Themainagonistmuscleforeachmovementisinred boldfonttypeintable3.10below.

Astheankleplantarflexes,duringthefootstrikeoftheball,thetibialisanteriorlengthensandisunderextremetension.Thenastheballleavesthefootthismusclewillshorten(contract)andthefootwilldorsiflex.

STUDENT NOTEfigure 3.20 – a kick

Practice questions

Warm-upquestion1) Hockeyinvolvesmovementatmanyjointsinthebody.Identifywhichbonesarticulateateachofthefollowingjoints:

shoulder,elbow,radio-ulnar,hip,knee,andankle. 6marks

Warm-upquestion2) Completethemissinggapsintable3.11namingthemainagonistandantagonistmuscles,bodyplaneandbodyaxisforeach

oftheactionsidentified. 6marksTable3.11–action at joints

action main agonist main antagonist body plane body axis

elevating the shoulders

extending the elbow joint

flexing the hip joint

flexing the knee joint

dorsiflexing the ankle joint

flexing the trunk

Warmupquestion3) Describethefollowingmovementterminology,andgiveaphysicalactivityforeachmovement:abduction,circumduction,

rotationandplantarflexion.Inwhichplane(s)doeseachmovementpatternoccur? 12marks

SECTION A – CHAPTER 3

67Practice questions

APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

4) Figures3.21atocshowthefinalstride,take-offandflightphaseofalongjump.

Usethesethreepicturestohelpyoucompletethefollowingjointanalysis.

a) Namethetypeofmusclecontractionoccurringin thelegwhosefootisincontactwiththeground infigure3.21a,namethemainagonistmuscle responsibleforthismusclecontractionandexplain whyyouhaveselectedthismuscle. 3marks

b) Completethefollowingjointanalysisbelowintable 3.12forfigure3.21b. 9marks

Table3.12– joint table

joint joint type articulating bones main agonist muscle

left ankle

left knee

left hip

c) Describethechangesinmovementpatternsintheleftankle,knee,hipandtrunkfromfigures3.21btoc. 4marks

d)) Suggesttwofactorsthataffecttherangeofmovementatthehipjoint.2marks 5) Figure3.22showsatennisplayercompletingaforehanddrive.Usethisfiguretohelp

youcompletethefollowingjointanalysis.

a) Fortheshoulderjointduringhorizontaladduction,identifythetypeofjoint,the articulatingbones,themainagonistmuscleandthetypeofmusclecontraction. 4marks

b) Usingthemusclesthatcreateelbowflexionduringtheforehanddrive,explainwhat ismeantbyantagonisticmuscleaction. 4marks

c) Namethemovementpatternproducedontherighthandsideofthetrunkandthe mainagonistcreatingthismovement. 2marks

d) Inwhichbodyplaneandaroundwhichaxisdoesthetennisforehandoccuratthe flexedrightelbowpositionshowinfigure3.22? 2marks

6) Theathleteinfigure3.23isholdingaplankbridgeposition.Usethephotographtohelp

youcompletethefollowingjointanalysis.

a) Identifythejointtype,articulatingbones,themainagonist(primemover)andtypeofmusclecontractionatthehip joint. 4marks

b) Explainwhythemusclecontractionisofthistype. 1mark

c) Explaintheroleofthecoremusclesinrelationtotheplankbridgeposition. 2marks

d) Therearefourrotatorcuffmusclesthatareinserted aroundthecufforcapovertheproximalhumerus.Name oneofthesemusclesandexplainhowthesemuscles providerangeofmovementandyetcollectivelyprotect theshoulderjoint. 2marks

figure b a

figure c

figure 3.21 – long jump take-off and flight

figure 3.22 – tennis forehand

figure 3.23 – athlete holding a plank position

7) Figures3.24atocshowanelitesprintercompletingafullrunningstride.

a) Analysetheactionofthehipjointfromthestrikepositionoftheleftlegtothecompletionofafullrunningstride. 3marks

b) Identifythemainagonistmusclesresponsibleforthesemovementpatternsinfiguresaandbonly. 2marks

c) Atthecompletionofthefullstridefocusontheleftfootplant,identifythebonesthatformtheanklejoint,thejoint actionandthemainagonistresponsibleforthismovementpattern. 4marks

d) Figurecshowstherightkneeinarecoveryposition.Identifythejointtype,mainagonistmusclegroup,itsantagonist musclegroupandthetypeofmusclecontractionoccurringatthisjoint. 4marks

e) Explaintheterm‘bodyplane’. 2marks

f) Inwhatplaneandaround whichaxisdoesthesprint legactionoccur? 2marks

8) Differentiateandgiveexamplesofconcentric,staticandeccentricwork. 6marks

figure a figure b figure c

figure 3.24 – sprint – a full stride

68

ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENTSECTION A – CHAPTER 3