chapter 24: mass society and democracy
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Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy
Growth of Industrial Prosperity
The Second Industrial Revolution
• Bessemer Process– Henry Bessemer– Production of steel– Cheaper and more efficient process
• Electricity– Thomas Edison’s electrical lights– Joseph Swan’s light bulb– Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone– Guglielmo Marconi’s radio waves
The Second Industrial Revolution
• Internal combustion engine– Automobiles– The Wright Brothers’ airplane
• Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1903• Led to airlines beginning in 1919
• Assembly line (Henry Ford)– Manufactured goods more efficiently– Instead of the people moving, the product moved down a
conveyor belt– Led to mass production (benefits?)
Organizing the Working Classes
• Karl Marx– Communist Manifesto (1848)
• Industrial Revolution led to poor factory conditions• Capitalism was the problem behind it• Claimed all of world history is “history of class struggles”• Battle between:
– Bourgeoisie (Middle Class Oppressors)» Owned and ran everything
– Proletariat (Working Class Oppressed)» Controlled and owned nothing
– Eventually this will lead to revolution and destruction of classes
Organizing the Working Classes• Socialism– Parties formed based on Marxist ideas– German Social Democratic Party
• Wanted revolution to become one political party• Competition for election into parliament• Would allow for laws regarding working conditions to be passed
– However people were divided over how these parties should be run• Some wanted true Marxists ideas and revolution• Others wanted more peaceful methods (revisionists)
Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy
Modern ideas and Uncertainty
Modernism
• 1870-1914• Rebellion against traditional style of art and literature• Literature– Addressed social problems
• Women in society• Alcoholism• Urban slums
– Symbolist writers• True reality was the human mind• Everything seen is just symbols of the mind
Modernism• Painting– Impressionism
• Went to the outdoors for inspiration (Nature)• Claude Monet
– Postimpressionism• Art as a spiritual experience• Vincent van Gogh (Starry Nights)
– Cubism• Geometric designs in art• Pablo Picasso
– Abstract• Line and color only (Speaks to the soul)• Wassily Kandinsky
Claude Monet- Japanese Bridge
Van Gogh- Starry Nights
Picasso- Houses on the Hill
Pablo Picasso- The Old Guitarist
Wassily Kandinsky-
Modernism• Architecture– Functionalism
• Buildings should be functional not ornate• Simplify buildings• Louis H. Sullivan
• Music– Igor Stravinsky
• The Rite of Spring (1913)– Bold rhythms and expressive sound
Uncertainty in Science• Marie Curie
– French Scientist– Discovered element radium
• Gave off energy known as radiation• Found within an atom
• Albert Einstein– Theory of Relativity
• Space and time not absolute but relative to who is looking at it• Matter is another form of energy
• Sigmund Freud– Psychoanalysis
• Allows therapist to go deep into a person’s mind and unlock memories
• Helped to unlock repressed memories to help heal
Extreme Nationalism• Social Darwinism– Herbert Spencer
• Social progress came from the idea “survival of the fittest”• Strong survive and weak die• Social progress stresses helping the weak/poor• Nations were in a “struggle for existence”
– Nations compete for resources– Used to justify racism and discrimination
Extreme Nationalism
• Anti-Semitism– Hostility towards Jewish people
• Dreyfus Affair– French military officer accused of selling secrets– Evidence showed otherwise
• Russia– Pogroms
» Organized massacres of the Jewish people» 25,000 emigrated from Russia
• Zionism– Movement to create homeland for Jews in Palestine
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