chapter 2 h. j. deblij. arithmetic population density : measure of total population relative to...

Chapter 2

H. J. deBlij

Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)

Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)

On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

Population distributionDescriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live

D

On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

Population distributionDescriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live

A

B

C

A. East Asia: ¼ of world populationB. South Asia: Bound by the

Himalayas to the north and a desert in Pakistan

C. Europe: Population concentrated in cities

D. North America: Megalopolis

Thomas Malthus An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798) Population growing exponentially

Food supplies growing linearly

What happened? Expansion of food supply sources (globalization) Increase in agricultural productivity (exponentially)

Number of years for a population to double in size (like a bank deposit at compound interest)

Decreased doubling time (rapid growth), then increased doubling time (growth slowed down)

Doubling time = 45 years

Doubling time = 54 years

http://www.census.gov/popclock/

Difference between births and deathsDoes not include immigration and

emigration

Difference between births and deathsDoes not include immigration and

emigration

The average number of children per woman

TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

The average number of children per woman

TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcSX4ytEfcE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_9SutNmfFk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc4HxPxNrZ0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B2xOvKFFz4

Significant demographic variations within countries: Higher growth rates in northeastern India,lower rates in southeastern India

1950s: Population planning program 1960s: National population planning program 1970s: Beginning of forced sterilization

program for men with 3 or more children; 22.5 million men sterilized

2004: Beginning of guns-for-sterilization program in Uttar Pradesh

Today: Use of advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates in most states

Changes in birth, death, and natural increase rates

Decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, resulting in a low or stable growth rate

Number of births in a year per 1,000 people

Number of births in a year per 1,000 people

Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

The Demographic Transition

Components of population composition– Gender distribution– Age distribution

Population pyramid: Graphic depiction of population by percentage in each age group, divided by gender

High infant mortalityShort life expectancyRapid population growth

Low infant mortalityLong life expectancy, especially for

femalesLittle or no growth, even natural decrease

Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year

Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year

Number of years a person born now can expect to live

Number of years a person born now can expect to live

Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children

Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children

Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

Sources of diseases Infectious diseases: Spread from person to person

Vectored: Spread through intermediary, such as an insect

Nonvectored: Spread directly from person to person

Chronic or degenerative diseases: Diseases of old age Genetic or inherited diseases: Passed through genes

Spread of diseases Endemic: Present in small area Epidemic: Spreads over large region Pandemic: Spreads worldwide

Chronic diseases reflecting longer life expectances

Decline in deaths from infectious diseases

HIV/AIDS• Became worldwide concern in 1980s (but probably present in Africa before then)• Infection long before symptoms appear• Social stigma• Many deaths among young adults

Effect of AIDS on population structureof South Africa

AIDS Impact on Children

Sparrow Rainbow Village, ahospice for child AIDS patientsnear Johannesburg, SouthAfrica

Expansive population policiesAnti-capitalist ideologies (e.g., Maoist

China, Soviet Union)Combating declining birth rates, aging

populations (e.g., Europe)Eugenic population policies (e.g., Nazi

Germany)Restrictive population policies

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlgYXaIdr7E