chapter 16 section 1 russia and the western republics

CHAPTER 16 SECTION CHAPTER 16 SECTION 11

RUSSIA AND THE RUSSIA AND THE WESTERN WESTERN

REPUBLICSREPUBLICS

HISTORY OF EXPANSIONHISTORY OF EXPANSION

VIKINGS SETTLED BETWEEN THE

BALTIC AND BLACK SEAS

IN THE NINTH CENTURY

MONGOLS FROM THE EAST

INVADED 400 YEARS LATER AND

CONTROLLEDTHE REGION UNTIL

THE 1500S

IVAN THE GREAT UNIFIED IVAN THE GREAT UNIFIED THE REGION IN THE THE REGION IN THE 1500S.1500S.

St. Basil’s Cathedral St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow was in Moscow was

completed in 1555, completed in 1555,

under the rule of under the rule of Czar Ivan the Czar Ivan the

Terrible. Terrible.

Legend has it that Ivan Legend has it that Ivan had the architect of this had the architect of this

beautiful building beautiful building blinded so that he could blinded so that he could

never build or design never build or design anything as beautiful anything as beautiful

again, for anyone else.again, for anyone else.

St. Basil’s is a Russian St. Basil’s is a Russian Orthodox Church and Orthodox Church and

is decorated with is decorated with paintings and gilding paintings and gilding

on all its interior on all its interior wallswalls..

THE KREMLINTHE KREMLIN

The Kremlin The Kremlin

(“fortress” in (“fortress” in Russian) surrounds Russian) surrounds

government government buildings and what buildings and what

were once the Czar’s were once the Czar’s personal churches.personal churches.

KREMLIN KREMLIN CATHEDRALSCATHEDRALS

CATHEDRAL OF THE CATHEDRAL OF THE ASSUMPTIONASSUMPTION

CATHEDRAL OF THE CATHEDRAL OF THE ANNUNCIATIONANNUNCIATION

ST. PETERSBURGST. PETERSBURG

PETER THE GREAT PETER THE GREAT DESIGNED THE DESIGNED THE

CITY, CITY, WHICH WAS BUILT WHICH WAS BUILT

FROM A FROM A MOSQUITO-MOSQUITO-

INFESTED SWAMP. INFESTED SWAMP.

IT BECAME A IT BECAME A COMPLEX OF COMPLEX OF ISLANDS AND ISLANDS AND CANALS WITH CANALS WITH HUNDREDS OF HUNDREDS OF

BRIDGES.BRIDGES.

EVERY BRIDGE IS UNIQUEEVERY BRIDGE IS UNIQUE

THE FIRST STRUCTURE HE THE FIRST STRUCTURE HE BUILT WAS BUILT WAS

THE FORTRESS OF THE FORTRESS OF SAINTS PETER AND PAUL SAINTS PETER AND PAUL

OVERLOOKING THE NEVA OVERLOOKING THE NEVA RIVER.RIVER.

INSIDE THE FORT INSIDE THE FORT WAS PETER THE WAS PETER THE

GREAT’S GREAT’S PERSONAL PERSONAL

CATHEDRALCATHEDRAL

ICON IN THE ICON IN THE CATHEDRALCATHEDRAL

PETER BUILT THE ADMIRALTY PETER BUILT THE ADMIRALTY FOR THE COMMANDERS OF FOR THE COMMANDERS OF

THE RUSSIAN NAVYTHE RUSSIAN NAVY

This is a statue of Peter The Great. The body was cast in bronze before he died The head was cast from his death mask andadded later.The only problem is that the head of the statue is ended up to be too small for the bronze body!

NEXT TO THE RIVER NEVA NEXT TO THE RIVER NEVA IS THE WINTER PALACE OF IS THE WINTER PALACE OF

THE CZARSTHE CZARS

TODAY, THE WINTER TODAY, THE WINTER PALACE IS HOME TO PALACE IS HOME TO

THE HERMITAGE, ONE THE HERMITAGE, ONE OF THE LARGEST ART OF THE LARGEST ART

MUSEUMS IN THE MUSEUMS IN THE WORLDWORLD

THE CATHERINE THE GREAT THE CATHERINE THE GREAT CHANDELIER IN THE CHANDELIER IN THE HERMITAGE MUSEUMHERMITAGE MUSEUM

PETER DESIGNED HIS PETER DESIGNED HIS CITY TO IMITATE PARISCITY TO IMITATE PARIS

NEXT TO THE WINTER PALACENEXT TO THE WINTER PALACE

ONE OF THE MOST ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL CHURCHES BEAUTIFUL CHURCHES IN ST. PETERSBURG IS IN ST. PETERSBURG IS

THETHE

CHURCH ON SPILLED CHURCH ON SPILLED BLOOD, BLOOD,

NAMED FOR THE SITE NAMED FOR THE SITE WHERE THE CZAR’S SON WHERE THE CZAR’S SON

WAS ASSASSINATED.WAS ASSASSINATED.

IT IS COMPLETELY COVERED IN IT IS COMPLETELY COVERED IN MOSAIC TILE ON THE MOSAIC TILE ON THE EXTERIOR.EXTERIOR.

1917 AND THE 1917 AND THE REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

OUTSIDE THE WINTER OUTSIDE THE WINTER PALACE, THE HOME OF PALACE, THE HOME OF THE ROMANOV FAMILY THE ROMANOV FAMILY FOR A FEW MONTHS OF FOR A FEW MONTHS OF THE YEAR, A PROTEST IN THE YEAR, A PROTEST IN

1917 GREW INTO THE 1917 GREW INTO THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION.RUSSIAN REVOLUTION.

REVOLUTIONARY SQUAREREVOLUTIONARY SQUARE

ARCH IN REVOLUTIONARY ARCH IN REVOLUTIONARY SQUARESQUARE

CommunismCommunism

Led by the writings of Karl Marx, Led by the writings of Karl Marx, a German philosopher, Vladimir a German philosopher, Vladimir Lenin instituted a command Lenin instituted a command economy, originally thought to economy, originally thought to improve the lives of workersimprove the lives of workers

Instead, communism led to Instead, communism led to scarcity, inefficiency, and lack of scarcity, inefficiency, and lack of consumer goodsconsumer goods

Collective FarmsCollective Farms

Large state farms, called Large state farms, called collectivescollectives, , were formed, and workers were were formed, and workers were moved by force by the government to moved by force by the government to work on them.work on them.

The farms were The farms were inefficient inefficient and did not and did not reward hard work.reward hard work.

Many Many people starvedpeople starved because of the because of the failure of the farms to feed the Soviet failure of the farms to feed the Soviet people.people.

OUTSIDE THE OUTSIDE THE KREMLIN IS RED KREMLIN IS RED

SQUARE, SQUARE, LOCATION OF LOCATION OF LENIN’S TOMBLENIN’S TOMB

LENIN’S TOMBLENIN’S TOMB

A CUSTOM AMONG A CUSTOM AMONG RUSSIAN COUPLES RUSSIAN COUPLES

IS TO VISIT IS TO VISIT MONUMENTS IN MONUMENTS IN

RED SQUARE RED SQUARE BEFORE THEIR BEFORE THEIR

MARRIAGE MARRIAGE CEREMONY. CEREMONY.

THEY TAKE PICTURES, THEY TAKE PICTURES, AND THE BRIDE LAYS AND THE BRIDE LAYS HER BOUQUET AT A HER BOUQUET AT A

CHOSEN MONUMENT, CHOSEN MONUMENT, USUALLY TO HONOR USUALLY TO HONOR FALLEN SOLDIERS.FALLEN SOLDIERS.

OUTSIDE RED SQUARE OUTSIDE RED SQUARE IS THE WAR IS THE WAR

MEMORIAL TO MEMORIAL TO RUSSIANS WHO DIED RUSSIANS WHO DIED

IN WORLD WAR II. IN WORLD WAR II. THE GUARDS CHANGE THE GUARDS CHANGE EVERY FEW HOURS.EVERY FEW HOURS.

THE CHANGING OF

THE GUARD AT THE

TOMB OF THEMONUMENT OF

THERUSSIAN SOLDIERS

Josef StalinJosef Stalin Stalin came to power Stalin came to power

after Lenin’s death.after Lenin’s death. His strict rule sent His strict rule sent political enemies to political enemies to

the “gulag,” or series the “gulag,” or series of concentration of concentration camps in Siberia.camps in Siberia.

He is believed to have He is believed to have sent 14 million people sent 14 million people to their deaths in the to their deaths in the

1930s and 1940’s.1930s and 1940’s.

TRANISTION TO TRANISTION TO MARKET ECONOMYMARKET ECONOMY

BORIS YELTSINBORIS YELTSIN and and MIKHAIL MIKHAIL GORBACHEVGORBACHEV are credited with opening are credited with opening

the Soviet economy up and relaxing the Soviet economy up and relaxing restrictions on the press.restrictions on the press.

NEXT TO RED SQUARE IS NEXT TO RED SQUARE IS THE FORMER GOVERNMENT THE FORMER GOVERNMENT STORE, KNOW AS G.U.M. STORE, KNOW AS G.U.M.

IT IS NOW A DESIGNER MALL IT IS NOW A DESIGNER MALL WITH FOUNTAINS AND WITH FOUNTAINS AND

GLASS CANOPY CEILING.GLASS CANOPY CEILING.

RUSSIAN POLITICS TODAYRUSSIAN POLITICS TODAY

RUSSIA’S FORMER PRESIDENT AND

CURRENT PREMIER, VLADIMIR PUTIN

PLACEDMORE

RESTRICTIONS ON THE PRESS.

HE IS HIGHLY POPULAR WITH

RUSSIANS, BUT HIS SUPPORTERS HAVE

SUPRESSEDOPPPOSING POLITICAL

VIEWS.

HIS POLITICAL PROTEGE, DMITRI MEDVEDEV,

IS RUSSIA’S CURRENTPRESIDENT

Rich Culture Rich Culture Russia has great ethnic Russia has great ethnic

diversity, with over 70 diversity, with over 70 different ethnic groups. different ethnic groups.

See the map on page 341See the map on page 341 Most Russians are Russian Most Russians are Russian

Orthodox Christian.Orthodox Christian. Buddhism, Islam, and Buddhism, Islam, and

Judaism are practiced here, Judaism are practiced here, but persecution has led but persecution has led many Jews to emigrate.many Jews to emigrate.

Even harsh rulers cannot Even harsh rulers cannot destroy the strong spiritual destroy the strong spiritual traditions in Russia.traditions in Russia.

ARTS AND LITERATUREARTS AND LITERATURE The Bolshoi (Moscow) and the Kirov The Bolshoi (Moscow) and the Kirov

Ballet are recognized the best in Ballet are recognized the best in the world, producing dancers like the world, producing dancers like Mikhail BaryshnikovMikhail Baryshnikov..

FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKYFYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY, novelist , novelist who wrote psychological works like who wrote psychological works like Crime and PunishmentCrime and Punishment

Aleksandr PushkinAleksandr Pushkin, Russia’s , Russia’s most important poetmost important poet

Artists often struggled against Artists often struggled against the government to express the government to express their talent. Some have been their talent. Some have been imprisoned or executed for imprisoned or executed for their artistic creations.their artistic creations.

Mikhail Barishnikov today at age 60

Barishnikov in 1979

TraditionsTraditions

THE DACHA, OR

COUNTRY HOUSE

ONE OF THE TRADITIONSIS TO VISIT A BANYA,

OR BATH HOUSE. AFTER A MASSAGE AND

STEAM BATH, RUSSIANSJUMP INTO ICY WATER.

THEN THEY REPEAT THE PROCESS AGAIN.