chapter 14 liquids and solids. exit copyright by mcdougal littell. all rights reserved.2 figure...

Chapter 14Chapter 14

Liquids and Solids

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Figure 14.1: Representations of the gas, liquid, and solid states. Figure 14.1: Representations of the gas, liquid, and solid states.

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Figure 14.2: Intermolecular forces exist Figure 14.2: Intermolecular forces exist betweenbetween molecules. Bonds exist molecules. Bonds exist withinwithin molecules. molecules.

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Figure 14.3: (a) Figure 14.3: (a) Interaction of Interaction of

two polar two polar molecules. (b) molecules. (b) Interaction of Interaction of

many dipoles in many dipoles in a liquid.a liquid.

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Figure 14.4: Polar water molecules.Figure 14.4: Polar water molecules.

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Figure 14.4: Hydrogen bonding among water molecules.Figure 14.4: Hydrogen bonding among water molecules.

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Figure 14.5: The boiling points of covalent hydrides.Figure 14.5: The boiling points of covalent hydrides.

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Figure 14.6: Atoms with spherical electron probability.Figure 14.6: Atoms with spherical electron probability.

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14.6: The atom on the left develops an instantaneous dipole. 14.6: The atom on the left develops an instantaneous dipole.

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Figure 14.6: Instantaneous dipole on A induces a dipole on B.Figure 14.6: Instantaneous dipole on A induces a dipole on B.

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Figure 14.7: The heating/cooling curve for water heated or cooled at a constant rate. Figure 14.7: The heating/cooling curve for water heated or cooled at a constant rate.

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Figure 14.8: Figure 14.8: Both liquid Both liquid water and water and

gaseous water gaseous water contain Hcontain H22O O molecules.molecules.

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Figure 14.9: Microscopic view of a liquid near its surface.Figure 14.9: Microscopic view of a liquid near its surface.

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Figure 14.10: Behavior of a liquid in a closed container.Figure 14.10: Behavior of a liquid in a closed container.

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Figure 14.11: (a) Measuring vapor of a liquid by using a simple barometer. Figure 14.11: (a) Measuring vapor of a liquid by using a simple barometer. (b) The water vapor pushed the mercury level down. (b) The water vapor pushed the mercury level down.

(c) Diethyl ether shows a higher vapor pressure than water. (c) Diethyl ether shows a higher vapor pressure than water.

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Figure 14.12: Water rapidly boiling on a stove.Figure 14.12: Water rapidly boiling on a stove.

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Figure 14.13: Bubble expands as HFigure 14.13: Bubble expands as H22O molecules enter.O molecules enter.

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Figure 14.14: The formation of the bubble is opposed by atmospheric pressure.Figure 14.14: The formation of the bubble is opposed by atmospheric pressure.

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Figure 14.15: Sodium and chloride ions.Figure 14.15: Sodium and chloride ions.

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Figure 14.17: The classes of crystalline solids.Figure 14.17: The classes of crystalline solids.

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Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of diamond.Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of diamond.

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Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of sodium chloride.Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of sodium chloride.

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Figure 14.18: A molecular solid.Figure 14.18: A molecular solid.

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Figure 14.19: The packing of Cl¯ and NaFigure 14.19: The packing of Cl¯ and Na++ ions in solid sodium chloride. ions in solid sodium chloride.

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Figure 14.21: A representation of part of the structure of solid phosphorus.Figure 14.21: A representation of part of the structure of solid phosphorus.

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Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of brass.Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of brass.

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Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of steel.Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of steel.