chapter 1 the science of life. objectives to introduce the characteristics that are shared by all...
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ObjectivesObjectives
To introduce the characteristics that are To introduce the characteristics that are shared by all living organisms, including shared by all living organisms, including ourselvesourselves
How biologists use the scientific method How biologists use the scientific method to approach the study of living organismsto approach the study of living organisms
List and connect the seven unifying List and connect the seven unifying THEMES of BiologyTHEMES of Biology
History/Parts of the Microscope/Metric History/Parts of the Microscope/Metric SystemSystem
Branches of Branches of BiologyBiology
EcologyEcologyPathologyPathologyZoologyZoology
MicrobiolMicrobiologyogy
GeneticsGeneticsKinesiologKinesiologyy
What does it mean What does it mean to be alive?to be alive?
Biology is the study of LIFE, but in order Biology is the study of LIFE, but in order to fully comprehend the science, one but to fully comprehend the science, one but first define what it means to be alive?first define what it means to be alive?
Living, Non-living, or Dead? Can you Living, Non-living, or Dead? Can you differentiate?differentiate?
Life is characterized by the presence of Life is characterized by the presence of ALL seven of these properties at some ALL seven of these properties at some stage in an organism’s life.stage in an organism’s life.
1.1. Cellular organizationCellular organization
2.2. ReproductionReproduction
3.3. Metabolism Metabolism
4.4. DevelopmentDevelopment
5. Heredity5. Heredity 6. Responsiveness6. Responsiveness 7. Growth & 7. Growth &
Homeostasis Homeostasis
Unifying Themes in Unifying Themes in BiologyBiology
Theme #1 Cellular Structure & Theme #1 Cellular Structure & FunctionFunction
All living things are made of cells, All living things are made of cells, which are the smallest unit capable which are the smallest unit capable of all lifeof all life
Your body contains more than Your body contains more than 100 trillion cells 100 trillion cells (100,000,000,000,000)(100,000,000,000,000)
Unifying Themes Unifying Themes in Biologyin Biology
Theme #2 – ReproductionTheme #2 – Reproduction Reproduction is the process by which Reproduction is the process by which
organisms make more of their own organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the nextkind from one generation to the next
Sexual vs. Asexual ReproductionSexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
Time frames for reproduction vary Time frames for reproduction vary among living organisms. Some among living organisms. Some bacteria produce offspring 15 minutes bacteria produce offspring 15 minutes
Unifying Themes in Unifying Themes in BiologyBiology
Theme #3- MetabolismTheme #3- Metabolism All living things use energy to move, All living things use energy to move,
grow and process information. grow and process information. Without energy, life will undoubtedly Without energy, life will undoubtedly stop.stop.
METABOLISM is the sum of all METABOLISM is the sum of all of the chemical reactions carried of the chemical reactions carried out in an organism.out in an organism.
Ultimately, almost all energy on the Ultimately, almost all energy on the planet ultimately comes from the sun.planet ultimately comes from the sun.
Autotrophs vs. HeterotrophsAutotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Sugar, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen Sugar, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and the sun are the key factors in the and the sun are the key factors in the processprocess
Unifying Themes in Unifying Themes in BiologyBiology
Theme #4 HomeostasisTheme #4 Homeostasis All living things must maintain a stable All living things must maintain a stable
internal environment in order to function internal environment in order to function properly ( the normal properly ( the normal body temperature body temperature for a person is ~98.6 degrees F.) for a person is ~98.6 degrees F.)
The maintenance of stable internal The maintenance of stable internal conditions, despite changesin an conditions, despite changesin an external environment is called external environment is called HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS
Organisms must respond to external Organisms must respond to external changes and adjust their internal changes and adjust their internal environment accordingly.environment accordingly.
Unifying Themes in Unifying Themes in BiologyBiology
Theme #5- HeredityTheme #5- Heredity All living things pass on traits to All living things pass on traits to
their offspring through genes that their offspring through genes that are passed from one generation to are passed from one generation to the nextthe next
The GENE is the basic unit of The GENE is the basic unit of heredity which can be found in a heredity which can be found in a molecule called Deoxyribonucleic molecule called Deoxyribonucleic Acid aka DNA. Acid aka DNA.
DNA can often become damaged DNA can often become damaged resulting in a mutation.resulting in a mutation.
more about heredity & DNA in more about heredity & DNA in chapters 9 & 10…chapters 9 & 10…
Unifying Themes in Unifying Themes in BiologyBiology
Theme #6- EvolutionTheme #6- Evolution The diversity of our living world is the The diversity of our living world is the
result of a long history of change. result of a long history of change. Change over time is essentially referred Change over time is essentially referred
to as EVOLUTION.to as EVOLUTION. Species, groups of genetically similar Species, groups of genetically similar
organisms that can produce fertile organisms that can produce fertile offspring, have also changed over time.offspring, have also changed over time.
Species with favorable traits are Species with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce more likely to survive and reproduce a process known as NATURAL a process known as NATURAL SELECTION. - more about Darwin SELECTION. - more about Darwin & Natural Selection in chapter 15& Natural Selection in chapter 15
Unifying Themes in Unifying Themes in BiologyBiology
Theme #7- InterdependenceTheme #7- Interdependence This is concept that organisms in a This is concept that organisms in a
biological community live and biological community live and interact with other organisms.interact with other organisms.
Ecology is the branch of biology that Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms studies the interactions of organisms with one another and also the with one another and also the
nonliving part of their environmentnonliving part of their environment..
The HistoryThe History Hans and Zacharias Janssen of Hans and Zacharias Janssen of
Holland in the 1590’s created the Holland in the 1590’s created the “first” compound microscope“first” compound microscope
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek and Anthony van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke made improvements Robert Hooke made improvements by working on the lensesby working on the lenses
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek1632-1723
Robert Hooke 1635-1703
Hooke Microscope
How a Microscope WorksHow a Microscope Works
Convex Lenses arecurved glass used to make microscopes(and glasses etc.)
Convex Lenses bendlight and focus it inone spot.
How a Microscope WorksHow a Microscope Works
Ocular Lens(Magnifies Image)
Objective Lens(Gathers Light, Magnifies And Focuses Image Inside Body Tube)Body Tube
(Image Focuses)
•Bending Light: The objective (bottom) convex lens magnifies and focuses (bends) the image inside the body tube and the ocular convex (top) lens of a microscope magnifies it (again).
Body Tube
Nose Piece
ObjectiveLenses
Stage Clips
Diaphragm
Light Source
Ocular Lens
Arm
Stage
Coarse Adj.
Fine Adjustment
Base
Body TubeBody Tube
The body tube holds the objective The body tube holds the objective lenses and the ocular lens at the lenses and the ocular lens at the proper distanceproper distance
DiaphragmDiaphragm
The Diaphragm controls the amount The Diaphragm controls the amount of light on the slide/specimenof light on the slide/specimen
Turn to let more light in or tomake dimmer.
Diagram
Stage ClipsStage Clips
These 2 clips hold the These 2 clips hold the slide/specimen in place on the stage.slide/specimen in place on the stage.
Diagram
Objective LensesObjective Lenses
The Objective Lenses increase The Objective Lenses increase magnification (usually from 10x to magnification (usually from 10x to 40x)40x)
Diagram
Light SourceLight Source
Projects light upwards through the Projects light upwards through the diaphragm, the specimen and the diaphragm, the specimen and the lenseslenses
Some have lights, others have Some have lights, others have mirrors where you must move the mirrors where you must move the mirror to reflect lightmirror to reflect light
Diagram
Ocular Lens/EyepieceOcular Lens/Eyepiece
Magnifies the specimen imageMagnifies the specimen image
Diagram
ArmArm
Used to support the microscope Used to support the microscope when carried. Holds the body tube, when carried. Holds the body tube, nose piece and objective lensesnose piece and objective lenses
Diagram
Coarse Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment Knob
Moves the stage up and down Moves the stage up and down (quickly) for focusing your image(quickly) for focusing your image
Diagram
Fine Adjustment KnobFine Adjustment Knob
This knob moves the stage This knob moves the stage SLIGHTLY to sharpen the imageSLIGHTLY to sharpen the image
Diagram
MagnificationMagnification
To determine your magnification…To determine your magnification…you just multiply the ocular lens by you just multiply the ocular lens by the objective lensthe objective lens
Ocular 10x Objective 40x:10 x 40 = Ocular 10x Objective 40x:10 x 40 = 400400
Objective Lens have their magnificationwritten on them.
Ocular lenses usually magnifies by 10x
So the object is 400 times “larger”
Using a MicroscopeUsing a Microscope
Start on the lowest magnificationStart on the lowest magnification Don’t use the coarse adjustment Don’t use the coarse adjustment
knob on high magnification…you’ll knob on high magnification…you’ll break the slide!!!break the slide!!!
Place slide on stage and lock clipsPlace slide on stage and lock clips Adjust light source (if it’s a mirror…Adjust light source (if it’s a mirror…
don’t stand in front of it!)don’t stand in front of it!) Use fine adjustment to focusUse fine adjustment to focus
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