chapter 1 the nature and character of technological hazard
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CHAPTER 1
THE NATURE AND CHARACTER OF
TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARD
Hazards In general sense, hazards fall into
three classes: Natural Man-accentuated Man-made
Man-made / Man-accentuated
We can all name a major environmental disaster/hazard making newsBhopal Love CanalThree-Mile Island Times BeachMinamata Bay ChernobylTirana
Man-made / Man-accentuated, contBut, how often does it make news:
- how Bob Sirk cleans up after spilling oil or anti-freeze on his driveway- herbicide or insecticide washing into our lakes; streams; rivers- pounds of hydrocarbons enter rivers or lakes each time you use your boat or jetski
Do we even recognize these as tech hazards?
Technological HazardsDr. Susan Cutter, expert in the
field of hazards and perception offers:- “… the interaction of technology, society and the environment”- “… arise from our individual and collective
use of technology”- “... are often more pervasive and less publicly recognized than natural hazards - “… do not provide visual or auditory clues to their on-set
Technological Hazards, cont
Tech hazards are geographic because they have both location and distribution… they have geophysical risk and social vulnerability--- may be variable with physical environment--- may be variable with culture and economic standing--- often pose unique management problems--- place greater emphasis on scientific community / environmental regulators for
response--- “Science as a demi-god”
Technological Hazards, cont
They are products of our society and cannot be studied outside the context in which they occur--- level of society / societal perceptions define conceptualization and response to hazard
--- “… the public’s response… is often ambiguous, resulting in over- reactions, under-reactions, or no reactions”
Technological Hazards, cont
Risk that an activity may be harmful is always present, but until a society determines an activity is negatively impacting – the activity is not a tech hazard
Technological Hazards, cont
“hazardousness” and “vulnerability” are not well understood
Interesting: for the most part, vulnerable populations, do not occupy the most hazardous locations
Technological Hazards, cont
For physical and geographical landscapes geography:(1) reducing risk(2) detecting threats(3) reducing vulnerability to
threat(4) improve response to threat
(adapted from Cutter, ed.)
RISK, HAZARD, TOXICITY
Though they may be related by definition, and applied interchangeably, these concepts are not interchangeable
We need to remind ourselves of the differences
Toxic / ToxicityToxic generally refers to a narrow
group of substances that are poisonous and cause death or serious injury to organisms by interfering with normal body physiology
Toxicity toxins of sufficient quantity to pose a threat to human or environmental health[defined a form of chemical hazard]
Hazard
Broad term, refers to all dangerous materials (including toxic ones) that present an immediate or long-term human or environmental threat
A danger throughout material “lifespan”
Production-Utilization-Waste ByProduct-Disposal
Hazard, cont
Classes:(1) cultural(2) physical * and ones we will be dealing with*(3) biological
--- blends natural and technological
--- closest to being man-manipulated
Hazard, cont
Currently generating the greatest concerns
(4) chemicalcharacterized by:
(a) ignitability(b) corrosiveness(c) reactivity
Risk
Measure of the likelihood of a hazardous event occurring
The probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, economic loss, or environmental damage
Risk, cont
freq. of event/total no. of possible events
Risk Assessment (risk-benefit analysis)… the Desirability Quotient (DQ)
Hazards management - employs strategies to reduce and mitigate the effects of hazards on society and the environment
Risk assessment – estimation and quantification of risk in order to establish acceptable levels of risk to society--- risk / social benefit may be viewed as a
decay curve--- decision making must balance many elements
Old vs New Hazards
I’m a little unclear about the point of this section *
Tech hazards are related to industrial development and the use of science
They are not particularly new phenomena
What are “new” are toxic torts
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