chapter 1 pg. 2-25. key vocabulary terms 1.science 2.technology 3.chemistry 4.physics 5.geology...

Chapter 1Pg. 2-25

Key Vocabulary Terms

What is Science?

Section 1.1Pg. 2-6

SCIENCE• _______ is a system of knowledge and the

methods you use to find that knowledge.

• The goal of science is to expand _________.

• Science begins with _________ and often ends with _________.– curiosity provides questions, but is usually not

enough to arrive at scientific results.

SCIENCE

• _______ such as observing and measuring provide ways to find answers.

• Experiment observations can be…– ___________: they are descriptive– ___________: they are numerical

SCIENCE

• Pure Science vs. Applied Science– Pure (natural) Science is done in a _________• Ex: a biologist might discover a drug that kills a bacteria

– Applied Science is also called __________ or engineering• Ex: a physician might find out if that drug cures a

patient

TECHNOLOGY

• Technology is the use of knowledge to solve ________ problems.

• The ____ of technology is to apply knowledge.

• Science and technology are ____________. Advances in one lead to advances in the other.

Branches of Science

• The study of ______ is divided into social and natural science.

• There are _________ and disadvantages to subdividing science.

• Natural Science1. ________ Science2. _____________ Science3. ____ Science

Branches of Science

1. Physical Science- focuses on ________ thingsa) Chemistry- the study of the composition,

structure, ________, and reactions of _____b) Physics- the study of matter and ______ and the

interactions between the two through forces and _______.

Branches of Science

2. Earth and Space Science- the application of _______ and chemistry to the study of Earth

a) Geology- the study of the _____, history, and structure of Earth (traditional focus is the study of rocks)

b) Astronomy- the foundation of space science; the study of the universe ________ Earth, including the sun, moon, planets, and stars

Branches of Science

3. Life Science- a) Biology- the study of ______ things; the physics

and chemistry of living things; the study of the origin and ________ of living things

Biologist study the different ways that ________ grow, survive, and reproduce

Branches of Science

BIG IDEA…PHYSICAL SCIENCE1.Space and Time– The ________ is both very old and very big

2.Matter and Change– A very small amount of the universe is ______– Matter has volume and ____ and is made up of

atoms– _____ consist of even smaller building blocks

called electrons, protons, and neutrons

BIG IDEA…PHYSICAL SCIENCE3.Forces and Motion– Forces cause ________ in motion– _____ of physics allow these movements to be

calculated exactly4.Energy– Exists in ____ forms– Kinetic and ________ – Energy can be transferred from one form or

object to another, but it can _____ be destroyed

Assessment1. How does the scientific process start and

end?2. How are science and technology related?3. What are the branches of natural science?4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of

subdividing science into many different areas.

5. Why do scientists seek to discover new laws of the universe?

Using a Scientific Approach

Section 1.2Pg. 7-11

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• An ________ plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating _________

• The ____ of any scientific method is to solve a problem or to better _________ an observed event.

1. Making Observations– _________ that you obtain through your ______– Repeatable observations FACTS

1. Forming a Hypothesis– A proposed ______ to a question– It must be ________

Steps of SCIENTIFIC METHOD

3. Testing a Hypothesis– Experiments are performed to ____ hypotheses• Experiment:

o Variable- any factor that can ______ in the experimenta) Manipulated Variable: causes a change in another

(___________) b) Responding Variable: changes in ________ to the

manipulated variable (_________)o Controlled Experiment- an experiment in which only one

variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time. While the responding variable is ________ for changes, all other variables are kept constant or controlled.

Steps of SCIENTIFIC METHOD

4. Analyze Data & Draw Conclusions– Use the data collected from the ___________– If the data does not support the _________ a

new experiment must be designed to test the revised or new hypothesis

5. Developing a _______– The hypothesis must be supported in repeated

experiments to begin development of a theory– Scientific Theory- a well-tested _________ for a

set of observations or experimental results– Theories are _______ proved

Steps of SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Scientific Laws

• Scientific Law- a statement that summarizes a pattern found in _______

• A scientific law _______ an observed pattern in nature without attempting to ______ it.

• The explanation of such a pattern is provided by a scientific _______.

Scientific Models

• Model- ____________ of an object or event

• Scientific models make it easier to understand things that might be too difficult to ______ directly.

Steps of Scientific Method

Working Safely in Science• Follow safety precautions at all times

• ALWAYS follow your teacher’s instructions and the textbook/procedure directions exactly

• Wash your hands thoroughly and clean up your work area

after every scientific activity

MEASUREMENT

Section 1.3Pg. 14-20

Scientific Notation

• A way of expressing a ____ as the product of a number between 1 and __ and a power of 10.

• Example: 300,000,000– 3.0 x 108

• The _______ tells you that the decimal point is really 8 places to the right of the 3.• For numbers less than 1 that are written in scientific

notation, the exponent is _______.

Scientific Notation

• Example 2: 0.00086– S.N. is 8.6 x 10-4

• The negative exponent tells you how many decimal places there are to the left of the 8.6

• Scientific Notation makes very large or very small numbers ______ to work with.

Scientific Notation

• When multiplying…– Multiply the numbers that appear before the

multiplication signs – ___ the exponents

(3.0 x 108 m/s) x (5.0 x 102 s) = 15 x 1010m = 1.5 x 1011m

Scientific Notation

• When dividing…– Divide the numbers that appear before the

exponential terms– _________ the exponents

Scientific Notation

• Significant digits are one of the following: – non-zero numbers, – ______ in-between two non-zero numbers, – _______ zeroes after a decimal point or in _____ of the

decimal point when indicated

SI Units of Measurement

• International ________ of Units (SI)• ___ is a revised version of the metric system• Can readily interpret one another’s measurements

Base Units and Derived Units

• SI is built upon seven metric units, known as ____ units

Base Units• Length- the straight-line ________ between

two points meter (m)• Mass- the quantity of ______ in an object or

sample kilogram (kg)

• Derived Units are made from _________ base unitsDerived Units

• Volume- the ______ of space taken up by an object cubic meters

• Density- _____ of an object’s mass to its volume kilogram per cubic meter

Base Units and Derived Units

Metric Prefixes

• Indicate how many times a unit should be multiplied or divided by 10

Metric Prefixes

• From kilo- to milli-King Henry Doesn’t (Usually) Drinks Chocolate Milk

Limits of Measurement

• _______- a gauge of how exact a measurement is– EX: Analog clock- 5 min, Digital- 5 min 15 sec

the digital clock has more significant figures

– (sig. figs. Are all the digits that are known in a measurement, plus the last digit that is estimated)

– The _____ the sig. figs., the ____ precise the measurement is

• _______- the closeness of a measurement to the _____ value of what is being measured.– Ex: if digital clock is running 15 min slow, the clock

would remain precise to the nearest second, but the time displayed would not be accurate

Limits of Measurement

Measuring Temperature• ___________: instrument that measures

temperature, or how hot an object is

°C = (5/9)(°F – 32.0°) °F = (9/5)(°C)+32.0°

• SI unit for temp. is ______ (K), 0 K refers to the ______ possible temp. that can be reached.. In °C this is -273.15°C

K = °C + 273

Presenting Scientific Data

Chapter 1 Section 4Pg. 22

Organizing Data

• Scientists can organize their data by using _____ tables and ______1. Data Tables2. Line Graphs3. ____ Graphs4. Circle Graphs

Data Tables

• The _______ way to organize data

Line Graphs• Useful for showing changes that occur in

related ________– Manipulated variable plotted on _____– Responding variable plotted on _____-

Slope = Rise/Run• Direct proportion- relationship which the ratio

of 2 variables is _________• Inverse proportion- product of 2 variables is a

constant

Line Graphs

Bar Graph

• Used to _______ a set of measurements, amounts, or changes

Circle Graph

• Shows how a ____ or share of something relates to the _____

Communicating Data

• Scientists can ___________ results by writing in scientific journals or speaking at conferences

• Different scientists may ________ the same data differently…reason for __________

• Peer review can help determine if data was reported accurately and honestly