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THE NATURE OF SCIENCEChapter 1
1. METRIC SYSTEM
Length: Measured in Meters, Centimeters, and Millimeters
Mass: Measured in Grams and Kilograms
Volume: Measured in Liters and Milliliters
Temperature: Celsius
2. WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Give me your definition
SCIENCE IS…
Observing, Organizing and Analyzing experiments to gain evidence and recognize patterns
SCIENCE IS…
Learning and understanding the NATURAL world only
SCIENCE IS…
A process that is constantly changing– Open-minded– Skepticism
“The only certainty in science is uncertainty”
SCIENCE IS…
Based on curiosity and leads to discovery
WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR?
To help explain our world
To help predict what is to come
To make our lives better with the help of technology
3. THE METHOD OF SCIENCE
Scientific Methodology (or “Scientific Method”)– A series of “steps” that test a
scientific question about an event
OBSERVATION
Noticing and describing events in a careful way
Ask questions that nobody else has
4. FORM A HYPOTHESIS
Before a hypothesis we have inferences– A logical interpretation based on
what you know
This can lead to a hypothesis– Scientific explanation for a set of
observations that CAN BE TESTED!
– In the form of an “If/Then” Statement
BACK TO A HYPOTHESIS
Best definition: Testable prediction
Statement: Caffeine may cause sleeplessness in students
Hypothesis: IF sleeplessness in students is related to caffeine, THEN students who intake a high amount of caffeine will have a higher chance to not fall asleep.
DIY
Chlorophyll may be important for food production in plants.
Environmental temp. may affect animal metabolism.
Chocolate may cause pimples
5. EXPERIMENTATION
An experiment involves changing variables, or something that changes.
An experiment where you change one variable is known as a controlled experiment
Why would we want to change one thing?
VARIABLES
Independent Variable– The variable that you specifically change
Dependent Variable– The variable that you observe and record
data off of
Control Group– The part of the experiment that gets the
independent variable
6. COLLECT THAT DATA
Any records of the experiment or observations made in the experiment is known as Data
You need the right tools to do the job
Look out for possible errors
7. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
The evidence from the experiment is used to support, refute, or revise the hypothesis.– It does not prove it
Usually, a new experiment is created to help strengthen the results
After multiple tests, a valid conclusion can be draw
9. ECOLOGY
The interactions between species and the environment
CYTOLOGY
The study of cell structure and function
GENETICS AND HEREDITY
The study of DNA and how it is passed from generation to generation
MICROBIOLOGY
The study of microscopic organisms and their infectious diseases
BOTANY
The study of plants
ZOOLOGY
The study of animals
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
The study of structure and function of an organism’s body
10. TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE Technology is the use of science
to make our lives easier and increase our knowledge of the natural world
Advances in science lead to advances in technology and vice-versa
COMMUNICATION
Vital to modern science
Scientists share their findings through articles– This allows peer review to happen
where others can test and evaluate the findings
This can then spark others to build upon the original experiment
SOCIETY AND SCIENCE
People want answers and that’s where science comes into play
To use science involves understanding the limitations and how it affects society
Science only explains natural matters and does not use ethical or moral viewpoints
BIAS
A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific
11. EVERYDAY THEORIES
“I’ve got a theory” or “That’s just a theory”
It is not a scientific theory
This common theory is more like a hypothesis
SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
Well-tested explanation that brings together a board range of observations
Can help make accurate predictions about new situations
Theories are not proof just well explained and is the dominant view with scientists
EXAMPLE
Cell Theory– Statements about all cells
(Broad/General)
– All living things are made out of cells
– Prediction: If something is living, then you assume you would find it to be made out of cells
THE LAW
A phenomenon which is always true
Very Narrow
Well-established
Theories do not become laws but rather explain laws
GRAVITY
Law: Everything that has mass also has gravity
Theory: Explains the movement of objects in the universe
OPINION V.S FACT
Personal beliefs as a result of interpreting the facts
A truth known by actual experience or observation in nature
12 AND 13. STEM AND LEAF PLOTS See handout for vocabulary
13. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE This class is known as Biology– It means study of life
So what makes things living and nonliving?
No one characteristic can solve this but we have a list of common characteristics that can help us decide
WE NEED A BLUEPRINT
All life is based on a universal genetic code
This code is called DNA– Contains the information needed
to live, grow, and reproduce
DEVELOPMENT
Every organism has a pattern of growth and development
RESPONSE NEEDED
Organisms detect and respond to stimuli from the environment
Stimulus: Signal to which an organism responds
REPRODUCTION
They produce new organisms
Sexual Reproduction– Cells from two parents unite and
form the first cell of a new organism
Asexual Reproduction– Single organism produces
offspring identical to itself
STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT The inner body environment is
constant even though the outside may not be
This is known as Homeostasis
USE ENERGY
All organisms need materials and energy to grow and develop
The build up and break down of the energy in the body is known as metabolism
CELLS
Organisms are composed of one or more cells
AS A GROUP, WE EVOLVE
Over generations, groups of organisms change over time
Evidence from comes from the fossil record, to the features of proteins to sequences in the DNA
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