chapter 1 define psychology. psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour...

Psychology Revision

CHAPTER 1

QUESTION 1

Define Psychology.

Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour in humans.

QUESTION2

What is the difference between OVERT and COVER Behaviours?

Behaviour: any observable actionOvert Behaviours: behaviours that can be

seen. Mental Processes: thoughts and

feelings that are personal and internal and cannot be observed directly.

Covert Behaviours: internal behaviour that cannot be seen. (emotions, thinking, remembering)

QUESTION 3

Fill in the Blanks......

Perception: our understanding of the world and the ______________

Cognition: refers to our _____________ Emotion: refers to how we ____________-

Environment Thought Feel

QUESTION 4

Psychology developed from 2 different areas

1______________ 2_________________

philosophy natural science.

QUESTION 5

TRUE OR FALSE

Psychology is known as a science due to researchers using the scientific method when conduction experiments?

TRUE!!!!!!

QUESTION 6

Did Wilhelm Wundt or William James believe that the consciousness does not exist as bits and pieces but flows like a stream. (stream of consciousness) ??

WILLIAM JAMES

QUESTION 7

FILL IN THE BLANKS!!

James thought that like a stream, the consciousness (sense of awareness) has the following properties

-it is personal-it is constantly changing-it is_____________-it is selective-it is active

CONTINUOUS!!!

QUESTION 8

Who’s approach became known as STRUCTURALISM and who’s approach became known as FUNCTIONALISM?

Wundt’s approach with an emphasis on the basic mental processes became known at STRUCTURALISM (analysing the contents of the mind by studying its basic parts, its structure)

James’ interest in how the mind worked became know as FUNCTIONALISM (emphasises that the function, NOT the structure of consciousness should be studied)

Chapter 2

QUESTION I9

Name the 4 perspectives in psychology

1) Behavioural2) Cognitive3) Socio-cultural4) biological

Biological

Paul Broca

Wilder Penfield

Roger Sperry

Behavioural

John Watson

Ivan Pavlov

B.F Skinner

Cognitive

Herman Ebbinghaus

Jean Piaget

Howard Gardner

Socio Cultural

Solomon Ash

Stanley Milgriim

Phillip Zimbardo

Psychological Perspectives

QUESTION 10

Which perspective Focus on how physiological structures and bodily functions influence our thoughts/ feelings?

BIOLOGICAL

QUESTION 11

Which perspective Emphasises the effect of mental processes on behaviour?

COGNITIVE

QUESTION 12

• WHICH perspective AKA: the learning perspective. Focuses on learning.

• Looks at the effect of the environment (external influences) on behaviour.

BEHAVIOURAL

QUESTION 13

WHAT IS A PSEUDOSCIENCE?

Pseudoscience is a claim, belief, or practice which is presented as scientific. Pseudoscience is often characterized by the use of vague, exaggerated or unprovable claims.

QUESTION 14

WHAT IS THE BARNUM EFFECT?

Barnum Effect: the tendency to agree with statements that are general and vague.

QUESTION 15

WHICH COGNITIVE THEORIST FOUND that children think differently to adults and Developed a cognitive development theory of children consisting of 4 stages.

JEAN PIAGET!

CHAPTER 3

QUESTION 16

DEFINE STIMULI

information from the environment

QUESTION 17

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSATION AND PERCEPTION?

Sensation: when your sensory organs detect stimuli from the environment and transmit it to the brain in a form that the brain can understand.

Perception: when the stimuli is given meaning as the brain organises and interprets it.

QUESTION 18

FILL IN THE GAPS

The visible light spectrum ranges in wavelengths from _____nanometres-_______nanometres

380-760 NM

QUESTION 19

FILL IN THE GAPS

The eye detects electromagnetic energy. This needs to be converted into _____________________________ in order for the brain to interpret it...

ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY

QUESTION 20 (2 person question)

On the board draw the eye and label the following structures

CorneaAqueous humourPupilIrisLensCiliary musclesVitreous humourRetinaFoveaOptice nerve

QUESTION 21

WHAT AM I?

I live in the back of the eye. I convert light into electromagnetic energy so the brain can interpret it. I help you see during the day and help with clear vision. There are heaps of me in the fovea to. There are 6.5million in each retina and i help you see colour.

What am i?

PHOTORECPETOR KNOWN AS CONES

QUESTION 22

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABSOLUTE AND DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLDS?

Absolute threshold: the lowest level of a stimulus that a person can detect. Needs to be seen 50% of the time

Vision: candle flame seen at 50km under ideal conditions 50% of the time.

Differential threshold: the smallest difference or change that can be discriminated between two stimuli.

QUESTION 23 (2 PERSON QUESTION)

THE VISUAL PERCEPTUAL PROCESS OCCURS IN 6 STAGES.

WHAT ARE THOSE STAGES IN ORDER AND WHAT DOES EACH STAGE DO?

Reception

Transduction

Transmission

Selection

Organisation

Interpretation

R: receive the lightTransdu: convert into electromagneticTransmi: send to brainS: select all the diff infoO: organise all the lines. Shapes togetherI: put meaning to it so we can understand it.

Visual perceptual principles: a set of consistent instructions which helps organise and interpret visual stimuli in a reliable and meaningful manner.

QUESTION 24

Name the 4 Gestalt Principles

1. Figure ground2. Similarity3. Proximity4. Closure

QUESTION 25

FILL IN THE FOLLOWING CONCEPT MAP

Visual Perceptual Principles

Gestalt Principles

Figure ground

Similarity

Depth Perception Principles

Pictorial depth cues

Constancies

Visual Perceptual Principles

Gestalt Principles

Figure ground

Closure

Proximity

Similarity

Depth Perception Principles

retinal disparity

Convergence

Accommodation

Pictorial depth cues

Constancies

Size

Shape

Orientation

QUESTION 26

WHAT PRINCIPLE IS THIS

PROXIMITY

QUESTION 27

WHAT PRINICPLE IS THIS

SIMILARITY

QUESTION 28

WHAT ARE DEPTH PERCEPTION PRINCIPLES?

Cues or signals that assist our ability to judge distance and depth.

Monocular Depth Cues (one eye)

Binocular Depth Cues (two eyes)

Primary Depth Cues

Accommodation Retinal DisparityConvergence

Secondary Depth Cues

Linear perspectiveInterpositionTexture gradientRelative sizeHeight in the visual field.

QUESTION 29

WHAT IS ACCOMMODATION?

Accommodation: the changing shape of the lens. When an object is close the lens bulges. When an object is far away the lens stretches. This is due to the relaxation and contraction of the ciliary muscles around the lens. (monocular)

QUESTION 30

WHAT IS RETINAL DISPARITY?

Retinal Disparity: fusing two slightly different images together because each eye sees something different. The bigger the difference the closer the object. (binocular)

QUESTION 31

WHAT ARE PICTORIAL DEPTH CUES?

Pictorial Depth Cues: these cues are present in signs and symbols as well as natural and man made environments. Artists also use them in their work to create depth. All pictorial depth cues are monocular.

QUESTION 32

WHAT IS THIS PICTURE AN EXAMPLE OF?

1) Linear Perspective:

Two lines converging together provide a cue for depth. Closer the lines are the further away it is.

QUESTION 33

EXPLAIN WHAT TEXTURE GRADIENT IS?

3) Texture Gradient

The amount of detail. The closer it is the more detail you can see.

QUESTION 34

EXPLAIN WHY THE BOAT ON THE RIGHT LOOKS FURTHER AWAY WITH REFERENCE TO A PICTORIAL DEPTH CUE.

5) Height in the Visual Field

Uses the horizon line a cue for depth. The closer an object is to the horizon line the further away it is

QUESTION 35

EXPLAIN AND PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF SIZE CONSTANCY.

1) Size constancy:Even though the size of the object

changes on the retina it doesn’t mean that the actual size of the object changes.

QUESTION 36

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORIENTATION AND SHAPE CONSTANCY?

2) Shape constancy:

Even though the shape of the object changes on the retina, it doesn’t mean that the actual shape of the object is changing.

3) Orientation constancy:Perceiving an objects true

orientation despite changes in the orientation of the object on the retina.

Eg: when you watch TV upside down you don’t believe that the world has turned upside down.

QUESTION 37

FILL IN THE GAPS ON THIS SLIDE..

The effect of psychological factors on Perceptual Set.

There are a number of things which influence how we interpret the world. These are;

1. P_____________2. C_________3. C_______________4. M____________5. E_____________

These influences are known as psychological

factors

The effect of psychological factors on Perceptual Set.

There are a number of things which influence how we interpret the world. These are;

1. Past experience2. Context3. Culture4. Motivational level5. Emotional state

These influences are known as psychological

factors

QUESTION 38

Our expectancy or mental predisposition to see what we want to see is called A ___________________________________

Perceptual set

Perceptual SetAKA: Expectancy

Our expectancy or mental predisposition to see what we want to see is called a

perceptual set.Perceptual set is influence by the

psychological factors.

There are two ways of processing information

1. Top-down2. Bottom-up

Top-Down ProcessingWhen we observe the whole image first

and apply existing knowledge to give it meaning.

TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

Drawing on past experience and knowledge to

interpret sensationsInterpret

information according to expectations

A perception is formed

For example: when you read your essay you usually miss spelling mistakes. This is because you are reading your work as you wanted it to be rather then what was on the page. You read what you expect to read rather then what you have written. You look at it as a whole rather than each word.

Bottom-Up ProcessingWhen we analyse the individual parts of

a stimulus to gain meaning of the whole.

A perception is formed

Creating a whole picture from the

individual elements

Analysing the specific features or

elements of a stimulus

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

For example: children use bottom up processing because they don’t have much past experience. They ask questions to make sense of their thoughts. Eg. its large and grey, it has four legs, big ears and a trunk. It is an elephant.

QUESTION 39

Why does the muller lyre illusion occur?

Both lines are of equal length.It occurs because the eyes look at the

wrong spot. They look at the ends rather then the lines.

QUESTION 40

What is the AMES ROOM/

An Ames room is a distorted room that is used to create a Visual Illusion.

An Ames room is constructed so that from the front it appears to be an ordinary cubic-shaped room, with a back wall and two side walls parallel to each other and perpendicular to the horizontally level floor and ceiling. However, this is a trick of perspective and the true shape of the room is trapezoidal: the walls are slanted and the ceiling and floor are at an incline, and the right corner is much closer to the front-positioned observer than the left corner (or vice versa).

QUESTION 41

DEFINE: Independent variable Dependent variable Extraneous variable

1) Independent (what is being manipulated)

2) Dependent (what is measured)3) Extraneous (variables the influence the

outcome of an experiment)

QUESTION 42

FILL IN THE GAPS: For example, you could test how the

amount of water you give to a plant affects how much it grows. The amount of water would be the _____________variable, and the growth of the plant, would be the __________ variable.

1) INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

QUESTION 43

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POPULATION AND A SAMPLE. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH.

Population: the whole large group that is of interest to the researcher. (the whole school)

Sample: the smaller subgroup of the population that has been selected to participate. (home group)

Representative: the sample must be typical of the population from which it is drawn from.

The more representative your sample is the more likely you are able to draw conclusions from your results and make generalisations.

QUESTION 44

THERE ARE 3 TECHNIQUES TO SAMPLING. THEY ARE

RANDOM STRATIFIED OPPORTUNITY

EXPLAIN EACH TECHNIQUE....

1) Random: everyone from the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection depends on chance.

a) Lottery method: drawing names out randomlyb) Table of random numbers: a grid of randomised

numbers used to select or allocate participants.2) Stratified random sampling: if the population contains

sub groups (stratum/strata) then each subgroup needs to be represented in the sample. Eg. Population is a primary school, subgroups= year levels. For the sample you need to include students from all year levels.

3) Opportunity sampling: obtaining a sample by only including those who are available (aka convenience sampling)

QUESTION 45

HOW MANY STEPS IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?

THERE ARE 6 STEPS.

EXTRA POINT IF YOU CAN NAME THEM?

The 6 step scientific method

1) Identify the research problem and formulate a question

2) Construct a testable hypothesis3) Designing the study4) Gathering the data5) Processing the data, analysing and

interpreting the results6) Writing a research report.

QUESTION 46

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HYPOTHESIS AND AN OPERATIONAL HYPOTHESIS?

A hypothesis is an educated guess of what you think may happen.

An operational hypothesis is a testable hypothesis which includes what you are testing, who you are testing and how you are testing it.

Things you need to include in your hypothesis-Independent variable: the treatment the

participants are exposed to.-Dependent variable: the factor that is expected

to change as a result of the treatment -Population: who is involved in the experiment.

QUESTION 47

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DATA; QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE.... EXPLAIN EACH AND PROVIDE AN

EXAMPLE.

There are two types of data.1)Qualitative: descriptive data expressed

in words2)Quantitative: measurable data,

expressed in scores and number.

QUESTION 48

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CONTROL GROUP AND AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP?

A CONTROL GROUP IS WHAT WE USE TO COMPARE OUR EXPERIMENTAL GROUP TO IN ORDER TO SEE IF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE INFLUENCED THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE. The experimental group is the group that would get for example the experimental drug..

QUESTION 49

What is the difference between raw data and descriptive statistics?

Raw data is data that comes directly from the experiment, has not been processed yet.

Descriptive statistics is the raw data once it has been processed and an average or p value has been calculated.

QUESTION 50

Your ERA will consist of the following but one step is missing. What is the missing step?

TitleAbstractIntroductionResultsDiscussion/ ConclusionReferencesAppendices

METHOD

CHAPTER 5

QUESTION 51

EXPLAIN WHAT IS MEANT BY NATURE VS NURTURE.

Nature: characteristics which are inherited from your parents

Eg: eye colour, hair colour, blood type, bone structure

Nurture: Your environment and/or personal experiences define who you are as a person.

Eg: nutritional intake, vocabulary levels.

QUESTION 52

DEFINE MATURATION.

Maturation: “matured” This is the term given to how you have changed. It is the biological growth process that occurs across the lifespan. Eg. Crawling to walking to running

QUESTION 53

WHAT ARE DEVELOPMENTAL NORMS AND WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT?

Developmental norms: this is a guide to the general timeframe of when humans will reach different milestones in their development.

Developmental norms are necessary because it can alert parents to an abnormality in their child’s development

QUESTION 54

NAME AND EXPLAIN 2 ADAPTIVE REFLEXES INFANTS HAVE.

Development of perceptual abilities Adaptive reflexes (innate and pre-wired

abilities)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY

occur as a response to external stimuli Aides their survival (rooting reflex:

baby turns head when its cheek is brushed)

Grasp relfex, babinski reflex,

QUESTION 55

EXPLAIN GIBSON AND WALKS “VISUAL CLIFF EXPERIMENT”

WHEN DID THEY SUGGEST INFANTS JUDGE DEPTH BY?

Most infants can perceive depth as soon as they start to crawl. (Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff experiment)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Szr8PBo2Fqw

5:20

QUESTION 56

NAME 2 THINGS THAT OCCUR DURING ADOLECENCE.

Occurs between the ages of 11-20. Thinking is refined. Can think abstractly. Higher order thinking, form your own opinions Openness (open to new or unfamiliar ideas,

behaviours, experiences) increases in both boys and girls

Inflated sense of self worth and importance (belief that no one understands you and that your experiences are unique)

“Nothing can harm me” thinking which leads to risk taking behaviours, drinking, drugs..

Active hormones

QUESTION 57

WHEN DOES OLD AGE OCCUR AND WHAT HAPPENS IN THIS STAGE?

Stage occurs from 65 yr onwards All 5 senses become less sensitive Body may decline due to illness or injury. Memory loss Depression Retirement Loss of a spouse

Chapter 6

QUESTION 59

Define attachment and separation anxiety.

ATTAHCMENT: The close bond that develops between the infant and its care giver.

Separation anxiety: the emotional distress experienced by an infant when they are separated from the person they have formed an attachment to.

QUESTION 60

Briefly explain Harlow’s findings. (Rhesus monkeys)

He found that baby rhesus monkeys formed more of an attachment to the wire mother with a cloth compared to the bare wire mother. Shoes that security and comfort is more important when forming a bond compared to who is feeding them.

Question 61

What were Ainsworths three types of attachment? Explain all three

Secure attachment: play and explore while mum is present, upset when she leaves but easily comforted when she returns.

Resistant attachment: babies anxious even when mum is around. Protest when she leaves and cant be comfpretd when she returns. They become angry when she returs (how could you leave me)

Avoidant attachment: seek little contact with their mum and aren’t fussed when she leaves. Equally comfortable with their mum or a stranger.

Question 62

What are the 4 stages in Piaget’s 4 stage theory of cognitive development and at what age do they occur?

Sensorimotor 0-2 Pre operational 2-7 Concrete operational 7-11 Formal operational 11-adulthood

Question 63

Explain the difference between assimilation and accommodation with reference to an example.

Assimilation: taking in new information and fitting it in to what we already know.

Accommodation: changing our existing ideas (schemas) to fit in new information.

Question 64

What is egocentrism? What stage does it occur in?

Limited ability to share some one else’s point of view/ perspective. Occurs in preoperational stage

Question 65

What is conservation? What stage does it occur in?

Conservation: a task that requires children to understand the fact that even though the physical shape is altered the total amount remains the same. (pre operational stage)

Question 66

Why do experimenters sometimes use deception when conducting a study?

So they don’t alter their natural response due to being watched or know the true nature of the study.

Question 67

Why are ethics important?

In order to preserve the dignity and safety of everyone involved in the study. Psychologically and physically.

Question 68

Explain what is meant by informed consent

Supplying information about the purpose of a study and its procedures. The participant then needs to sign a consent form.

  .

Question 69

What is meant by debriefing?

Informing the participants about the true nature of the study after the procedure