chapter 05 - electricity for lighting
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ELECTRICITY FORELECTRICITY FORLIGHTINGLIGHTINGbyby
EngrEngr. Alexis T.. Alexis T. BelonioBelonio
Department of Agricultural Engineering andDepartment of Agricultural Engineering andEnvironmental ManagementEnvironmental Management
College of AgricultureCollege of Agriculture
Central Philippine UniversityCentral Philippine UniversityIloilo CityIloilo City
atbelonio@yahoo.comatbelonio@yahoo.com
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IntroductionIntroduction
Good lighting is theGood lighting is the
right amount of theright amount of theright kind of light in theright kind of light in the
right places.right places.
Good lighting is vital toGood lighting is vital to
our health, comfort,our health, comfort,
and convenience.and convenience.
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Definition and PrinciplesDefinition and Principles
LightLightIt is a visually evaluated radiant energy.It is a visually evaluated radiant energy.
Lumen is a unit measure of light source output.Lumen is a unit measure of light source output.It is used when the lighted area is measured inIt is used when the lighted area is measured insquare feet and the intensity is measured insquare feet and the intensity is measured in
footfoot--candles.candles. Light intensity is measured in units known asLight intensity is measured in units known as
foot candles.foot candles.
One footOne foot--candle of intensity is a quantity of onecandle of intensity is a quantity of onelumen per square foot area.lumen per square foot area.
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The foot candle ftThe foot candle ft--c has been accepted inc has been accepted in
illumination engineering as the unit useillumination engineering as the unit usewhen specifying the intensity of lightwhen specifying the intensity of light
needed for the various seeing task.needed for the various seeing task.
A footA foot--candle meter is used for measuringcandle meter is used for measuring
the light intensity of various location.the light intensity of various location.
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Lighting Broiler Farm
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Quality of LightQuality of Light
Quality and quantity are essentials in goodQuality and quantity are essentials in good
lighting.lighting. Good quality lighting means the area isGood quality lighting means the area is
free from glare, wellfree from glare, well--diffused, and welldiffused, and well
distributed.distributed.
Good quality lighting means there isGood quality lighting means there is
absence of discomfort, eye fatigue,absence of discomfort, eye fatigue,annoyance, and contrasting shadows.annoyance, and contrasting shadows.
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LuminaireLuminaire
It is the most importantIt is the most important
lighting fixture accessorylighting fixture accessory LuminaireLuminaire conceals theconceals the
light source or to redirectlight source or to redirect
the light or to break upthe light or to break upand distribute the light,and distribute the light,
and for decoration.and for decoration.
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Types ofTypes of LuminaireLuminaire
Direct TypeDirect Typesuited for general purposesuited for general purpose
farm use. It the most efficient among thefarm use. It the most efficient among thedifferent types ofdifferent types of luminaireluminaire.. Shallow DomeShallow Dome
Standard DomeStandard Dome
Deep BowlDeep Bowl
Shallow Dome Standard Dome DeepBowl
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Semi or indirect Type suited forresidential applications. It eliminate glare
and provide excellent quality but gives lessintensity per watt.
Semi-direct type
Indirect type
Semi-Direct Indirect
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Types of Incandescent BulbsTypes of Incandescent Bulbs Inside frosted bulbsInside frosted bulbsfor general usefor general use
Clear glass bulbsClear glass bulbs
SilverSilver--bowl bulbsbowl bulbsreflects the light backreflects the light backtoward the screw basetoward the screw base
Blue bulbsBlue bulbsreduces glare but also reducesreduces glare but also reduces
outputoutput Milky white bulbsMilky white bulbsgives off a soft white lightgives off a soft white light
Lumen per output per watt is higher for theLumen per output per watt is higher for the
larger wattage ratings.larger wattage ratings. Larger bulbs are more efficient.Larger bulbs are more efficient.
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Fluorescent LampFluorescent Lamp
Light is produced when the enclosed gas isLight is produced when the enclosed gas ismade to react with the fluorescent materialmade to react with the fluorescent materialon the inside surface of the gas tube.on the inside surface of the gas tube.
Average life is from 2,500 to 6,000 hrsAverage life is from 2,500 to 6,000 hrs
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Recent types of fluorescent bulbsRecent types of fluorescent bulbs
Fluorescent lamp produces about threeFluorescent lamp produces about threetimes more light per watt thantimes more light per watt thanincandescent bulb.incandescent bulb.
Fluorescent lamp is favorably costFluorescent lamp is favorably costeffective as compared with incandescenteffective as compared with incandescentlamp.lamp.
It is frequently employ when a person isIt is frequently employ when a person isworking close to the bulb since it is moreworking close to the bulb since it is morecooler than the incandescent bulb. Itcooler than the incandescent bulb. It
produces less amount of infrared energyproduces less amount of infrared energyand lower wattage rating for the sameand lower wattage rating for the sameamount of light.amount of light.
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Lighting ArrangementLighting Arrangement
Local LightingLocal Lightingarranging the light source relativelyarranging the light source relativelyclose to work, such as desk lamp or a lamp overclose to work, such as desk lamp or a lamp overworkbench. The plan is to provide light for certainworkbench. The plan is to provide light for certain
limited areas and not to be concerned with lighting inlimited areas and not to be concerned with lighting inlarge space.large space.
General LightingGeneral LightingA light source arrangement whichA light source arrangement which
are designed to supply a fairly uniform light intensityare designed to supply a fairly uniform light intensityover large areas. It generally supplies light of lowover large areas. It generally supplies light of lowintensity.intensity.
Combination of Local and General LightingCombination of Local and General LightingIn thisIn thisarrangement, the entire space is lighted generally andarrangement, the entire space is lighted generally andthen supplemental lighting is employed for a specialthen supplemental lighting is employed for a speciallocal area within the space. The general lightinglocal area within the space. The general lighting
should be 1/3 of the light at those areas which are toshould be 1/3 of the light at those areas which are toreceive the highest intensity.receive the highest intensity.
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Room IndexRoom Index
Refers to the proportion of room dimension inRefers to the proportion of room dimension interms of the amount of light received in a giventerms of the amount of light received in a givenspecific area.specific area.
It is the walls wastes light.It is the walls wastes light.
The walls and ceiling absorb some of the lightThe walls and ceiling absorb some of the lightand much of the light reflected by the walls doesand much of the light reflected by the walls doesnot reach the useful places.not reach the useful places.
Large rooms having lower ratio of wall area toLarge rooms having lower ratio of wall area tofloor area use light more efficiently than smallfloor area use light more efficiently than smallrooms.rooms.
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Coefficient of UtilizationCoefficient of Utilization
It is the ratio of the quantity of light on the working placeIt is the ratio of the quantity of light on the working place
to the quantity of light output from the source.to the quantity of light output from the source.
It is the expression of the efficiency of the lightingIt is the expression of the efficiency of the lighting
arrangement and it is influenced by the room index, thearrangement and it is influenced by the room index, the
luminaireluminaire, and condition of the walls., and condition of the walls.
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Formula for Lamp Lumen RequiredFormula for Lamp Lumen Required
Foot Candles x Floor Area
Lamp Lumen Rqd = ---------------------------------------------
Coeff of Utilization x Service Factor
Service factor is taken as 0.7 which allows for a decrease in lumenoutput as the total hours of lamp use increase and as the surface ofthe lamp and luminaire become dusty and spotted with use
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Recommended Lighting IntensityRecommended Lighting Intensity
for Swine Housingfor Swine Housing
AreaArea Lighting IntensityLighting IntensityLuxLux (Lumen/m(Lumen/m22))
Breeding, gestation,Breeding, gestation,andand farrowingfarrowing 150150
NurseriesNurseries 100100
Growing and finishingGrowing and finishing 5050
Inspection areasInspection areas 200200
Based on PAES 401:2001
R d d Li htiR d d Li hti
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Recommended LightingRecommended Lighting
Intensity for Poultry FarmIntensity for Poultry FarmTypeType Lighting IntensityLighting Intensity
LuxLux (Lumen/m(Lumen/m22
))Broiler HouseBroiler House 200200
Layer HouseLayer House 200200
Source: PAES 402:2001 and PAES 403:2001
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Room Index According to SpaceRoom Index According to Space
Proportion (Room Width: 9.5 to 10.5)Proportion (Room Width: 9.5 to 10.5)
RoomRoomLengthLength
88--8.5 ft*8.5 ft* 99--9.5 ft*9.5 ft* 1010--11.5 ft*11.5 ft* 1212--13.5 ft*13.5 ft* 1414--16.5 ft*16.5 ft*
1010--1414 HH II JJ JJ --
1414--2020 HH II JJ JJ JJ
2020--3030 GG HH II JJ JJ
3030--4242 GG GG HH II JJ
4242--6060 FF GG HH II JJ
*Height of Light source above floor
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Room Index According to SpaceRoom Index According to Space
Proportion (Room Width: 13 to 15.5)Proportion (Room Width: 13 to 15.5)
RoomRoomLengthLength
88--8.5 ft*8.5 ft* 99--9.5 ft*9.5 ft* 1010--11.5 ft*11.5 ft* 1212--13.5 ft*13.5 ft* 1414--16.5 ft*16.5 ft*
1414--2020 GG HH HH II JJ
2020--3030 FF GG HH II JJ
3030--4242 FF FF GG HH II
4242--6060 EE FF FF HH II
6060--9090 EE EE FF GG HH
*Height of Light source above floor
R S
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Room Index According to SpaceRoom Index According to Space
Proportion (Room Width: 16 to18.5)Proportion (Room Width: 16 to18.5)
RoomRoomLengthLength
88--8.5 ft*8.5 ft* 99--9.5 ft*9.5 ft* 1010--11.5 ft*11.5 ft* 1212--13.5 ft*13.5 ft* 1414--16.5 ft*16.5 ft*
1414--2020 FF GG HH II JJ
2020--3030 FF FF GG HH II
3030--4242 EE FF GG HH HH
4242--6060 EE EE FF GG GG
6060--110110 EE EE FF GG GG
*Height of Light source above floor
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Room Index According to SpaceRoom Index According to Space
Proportion (Room Width: 19 to 21.5)Proportion (Room Width: 19 to 21.5)
RoomRoomLengthLength
88--8.5 ft*8.5 ft* 99--9.5 ft*9.5 ft* 1010--11.5 ft*11.5 ft* 1212--13.5 ft*13.5 ft* 1414--16.5 ft*16.5 ft*
2020--3030 EE FF GG HH II
3030--4242 EE EE FF GG HH
4242--6060 DD EE EE FF GG
6060--9090 DD EE EE FF GG
9090--140140 DD DD EE FF FF
*Height of Light source above floor
R I d A di t SR I d A di t S
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Room Index According to SpaceRoom Index According to Space
Proportion (Room Width: 22 to 26)Proportion (Room Width: 22 to 26)
RoomRoomLengthLength
88--8.5 ft*8.5 ft* 99--9.5 ft*9.5 ft* 1010--11.5 ft*11.5 ft* 1212--13.5 ft*13.5 ft* 1414--16.5 ft*16.5 ft*
2020--3030 EE EE FF GG HH
3030--4242 DD EE FF GG GG
4242--6060 DD DD EE FF GG
6060--9090 DD DD EE FF FF
9090--140140 CC DD EE EE FF
*Height of Light source above floor
R I d A di t SR I d A di t S
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Room Index According to SpaceRoom Index According to Space
Proportion (Room Width: 27 to 33)Proportion (Room Width: 27 to 33)
RoomRoomLengthLength
88--8.5 ft*8.5 ft* 99--9.5 ft*9.5 ft* 1010--11.5 ft*11.5 ft* 1212--13.5 ft*13.5 ft* 1414--16.5 ft*16.5 ft*
3030--4242 DD DD EE FF GG
4242--6060 CC DD DD FF FF
6060--9090 CC CC DD EE FF
9090--140140 CC CC DD EE EE
*Height of Light source above floor
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Coefficient of Utilization for Direct and SemiCoefficient of Utilization for Direct and Semi--
Direct Incandescent LampDirect Incandescent Lamp
Room IndexRoom Index Light InteriorsLight Interiors Dark InteriorsDark Interiors
AA 0.690.69 0.650.65
BB 0.670.67 0.630.63
CC 0.640.64 0.600.60
DD 0.620.62 0.580.58
EE 0.580.58 0.530.53
FF 0.530.53 0.480.48
GG 0.500.50 0.450.45
HH 0.460.46 0.420.42
II 0.420.42 0.370.37
JJ 0.340.34 0.280.28
Type of Luminaire: RLM Standard dome Frosted lamp
MS = 1.0 x MH
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C ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S i
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Coefficient of Utilization for Direct and SemiCoefficient of Utilization for Direct and Semi--
Direct Fluorescent LampDirect Fluorescent Lamp
Room IndexRoom Index Light InteriorsLight Interiors Dark InteriorsDark Interiors
AA 0.720.72 0.690.69
BB 0.700.70 0.680.68
CC 0.670.67 0.650.65
DD 0.650.65 0.630.63
EE 0.600.60 0.580.58
FF 0.540.54 0.520.52
GG 0.510.51 0.490.49
HH 0.470.47 0.460.46
II 0.420.42 0.410.41
JJ 0.320.32 0.310.31
Type of Luminaire: Fluorescent Fixture % lumen up, 0% lumen down, 80 Direct RLM, 2-40 watts
MS = 1.0 x MH
C ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S iC ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S i
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Coefficient of Utilization for Direct and SemiCoefficient of Utilization for Direct and Semi--
Direct Fluorescent LampDirect Fluorescent Lamp
Room IndexRoom Index Light InteriorsLight Interiors Dark InteriorsDark Interiors
AA 0.580.58 0.560.56
BB 0.570.57 0.550.55
CC 0.550.55 0.530.53
DD 0.530.53 0.520.52
EE 0.500.50 0.480.48
FF 0.460.46 0.450.45
GG 0.430.43 0.420.42
HH 0.400.40 0.390.39
II 0.360.36 0.350.35
JJ 0.280.28 0.280.28
Type of Luminaire: Fluorescent Fixture % lumen up, 0% lumen down, 64 Direct RLM with louvers
MS = 0.9 x MH
C ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S iC ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S i
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Coefficient of Utilization for Direct and SemiCoefficient of Utilization for Direct and Semi--
Direct Fluorescent LampDirect Fluorescent Lamp
Room IndexRoom Index Light InteriorsLight Interiors Dark InteriorsDark Interiors
AA 0.410.41 0.160.16
BB 0.390.39 0.150.15
CC 0.340.34 0.130.13
DD 0.310.31 0.120.12
EE 0.280.28 0.110.11
FF 0.240.24 0.090.09
GG 0.220.22 0.080.08
HH 0.190.19 0.070.07
II 0.150.15 0.060.06
JJ 0.110.11 0.040.04
Type of Luminaire: Fluorescent Fixture % lumen up,80 % lumen down, 0 Indirect-glass, plastic, or metal
MS = 1.2 x MH
Lumen Ratings for InsideLumen Ratings for Inside FrostedFrosted
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Lumen Ratings for InsideLumen Ratings for Inside-- FrostedFrosted
Incandescent LampIncandescent LampWattsWatts Initial LumenInitial Lumen Lumen at 70%Lumen at 70%
Rated LifeRated LifeRated AverageRated Average
Laboratory Li fe, hrLaboratory Life, hr
66 4040 . . .. . . 1,5001,500
1010 7979 7272 1,5001,500
1515 140140 121121 1,2001,200
2525 260260 217217 1,0001,000
4040 468468 428428 1,0001,000
5050 660660 625625 1,0001,000
6060 828828 786786 1,0001,000
7575 1,1101,110 987987 750750100100 1,6201,620 1,5301,530 750750
150150 2,5802,580 2,3402,340 750750
200200 3,6403,640 3,2403,240 750750
300300 5,8205,820 5,1605,160 750750
Lumen Ratings for Preheat StartingLumen Ratings for Preheat Starting
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Lumen Ratings for Preheat StartingLumen Ratings for Preheat Starting
Fluorescent LampFluorescent LampWattsWatts TubeTube
Length, in.Length, in.3,5003,500
WhiteWhiteDaylightDaylight Soft WhiteSoft White 2500 2500
WhiteWhite
66 99 210210 186186 . . .. . . 198198
88 1212 330330 295295 . . .. . . 310310
1313 2121 585585 520520 . . .. . . 545545
1414 1515 490490 435435 380380 460460
1515 1818 615615 585585 480480 600600
2020 2424 920920 800800 700700 860860
3030 3636 1,4701,470 1,2501,250 1,1701,170 1,3801,380
4040 4848 2,3002,300 1,9201,920 1,7201,720 2,1002,100
100100 6060 4,2004,200 3,9003,900 3,3003,300 4,0004,000
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Required Number of Fluorescent BulbsRequired Number of Fluorescent Bulbs
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Required Number of Fluorescent BulbsRequired Number of Fluorescent Bulbs
for Different Lighting Intensityfor Different Lighting Intensity
LightingLightingIntensityIntensity
25W25W 40W40W
500500 0.6820.682 0.2660.266
400400 0.5460.546 0.2130.213
300300 0.4090.409 0.1600.160
200200 0.2730.273 0.1070.107
150150 0.2050.205 0.0800.080100100 0.1360.136 0.0530.053
5050 0.0680.068 0.0270.027
1010 0.0140.014 0.0050.005
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ReferencesReferences Brown, R. 1956. Farm electrification. McGrawBrown, R. 1956. Farm electrification. McGraw--Hill BookHill Book
Company. New York. 367pp.Company. New York. 367pp.
PAES. 2001. Philippine Agricultural Engineering StandardsPAES. 2001. Philippine Agricultural Engineering StandardsVolume II. AMTEC, CEAT, UPLB, College, Laguna.Volume II. AMTEC, CEAT, UPLB, College, Laguna.
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