ch.24 “the new era”
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Ch.24“The New Era”
PoliticsWarren G. Harding “Return to normalcy”• Return to old-guard conservative Republicans.• Limited government regulation
Domestic Policy: -Reduction in income tax-Increased tariff rates (Fordney-McCumber Tariff)-Bureau of BudgetScandals and Death:-Appointed good and some VERY bad men for positions.
(Teapot Dome)-Died suddenly in August 1923.
Harding & Foreign PolicyPeace Movement
• Washington Conference: Stabilize armaments. • Five-Power Treaty - Navy ratios: US 5, Britain 5, Japan 3, France 1.67, Italy 1.67.• Four-Power Treaty - US, France, GB, and Japan respect
each other’s territory in the Pacific• Nine-Power Treaty - Open Door Policy
• Kellogg-Briand Pact- All nations signed a pact to not use aggressive force to achieve national ends.
• Dawes Plan- A cycle to help Germany pay war reparations and Britain and France pay back borrowed money to the US.
PoliticsCalvin Coolidge “Silent Cal”“The business of America is business”
• Election of 1924: Wins reelectionVetoes and inaction: • Vetoed almost everything, wouldn’t help struggling farmers or
veterans. • Andrew Mellon (Secretary of Treasury)- Reductions in taxes,
personal income and inheritances. • Herbert Hoover: (Commerce Department)- “Associationalism” – National organization of businessmen.
Coolidge declines a second term Herbert Hoover runs for president
“New Era” Economic Development
• 1921: Postwar recession• Business prosperity: (1922-1928)
Standard of living higher, indoor plumbing, central heating, electricity, income increased for most middle and working class.
Reasons for Business Prosperity: • Increased productivity: Assembly line, mass production• Energy Technologies: Oil and electricity instead of coal. • Technological Advancements• Government policy
Big Business & Unions
• Concentration of business in large firms. • Modern Administration System- (Alfred Sloan) Efficient
division• Trade Associations- Cooperation between businesses• “Welfare-Capitalism”- Keep the workers happy. Ex: Henry
Ford(Shortened work week, wage raises, safety, sanitation, pensions,
vacation, etc...)
*Lessened power of unions, few actually influenced by it.*• Unions ineffective because they were conservative• Lose what they had gained during progressivism. American Plan: Open Shop- Allow workers to not join unions. “American Plan”-Supreme Court-Upheld limiting strikers rights.
Women and Minorities
• Women: “Pink-Collar” Jobs- Low paying jobs (secretaries, salesclerks, telephone operators, etc…)
• Blacks: Janitors, garbage collectors, dish washers. *Neither group represented by unions*A. Philip Randolph- Sleeping Car Porters union• Increased wages, shorter hours, etc…• Most minorities faced job issues/ union issues.
Rough times for farmers
• Increase in tractors/production• Better planting technologies: Hybrid corn• Overproduction led to lower prices.
• “Parity”- Gov. ensure farmers a certain price for crops -McNary-Hangen Bill- Wouldn’t pass.
New Culture
• Consumerism- (Tons of new products)
• Automobile- (Increased transportation)
• Advertising- (Buy things you NEED?)
• Movies and Broadcasting- (Hollywood)
• Professional Women- ( Barely growing)
New Culture• Changing Ideas in Motherhood- (Birth control, & roles)
• Flapper- (Change in dress, hair-style, speech, behavior)
• Women’s Rights- (League of Women voters, Sheppard-Towner Act-Protective legislature for women.
• Youth Culture- Better education.
Decline of the “Self-Made Man”• “Self-Made Man” becomes more of a myth
than reality.• Men sought after other outlets for “manhood”• Heroes: Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and
Charles Lindbergh (Aviator flew solo across the Atlantic.)
Literature of Alienation
• Writing turned against religion and wartime. • Gertrude Stein called these postwar writers and peoplea “lost generation”• F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, & Sinclair Lewis,
Ezra Pound, & T.S Lewis spoke out against -Ideals of earlier times-Materialism
Harlem Renaissance
• Harlem NY became famous for black actors, artists, musicians, and writers.
Poets & Musicians: -Looked at African American hertiage-Jazz Age- Duke Ellington & Louis Armstrong-Blues- Bessie Smith, Paul Robeson
Prohibition• “Noble Experiment”• Defying the law- Popular to ignore the law
and drink.• Speakeasies- Bars that gave access to
bootleg liquor. • Gangsters- Al Capone used alcohol to
strengthen his posse. • 1933- 25th Amendment repealed the 18th
Nativism & the Klan
Nativism:“old Americans” wanted to slow immigrationQuota Laws: Congress passed 2 laws• 1921- Quota Act – Immigration limited to 3%• Second Quota Act (1924)- 2 %-Banned immigration from Asia completely.
New Klan:• KKK huge supporters of nativism, Jew, Catholics,
foreigners, and blacks.• Huge membership in Indiana and Texas• Hold onto traditional values• Declined because of corruption and immorality• David Stephenson- Leader convicted of murder.
Religious Fundamentalism
• Modernism- New modern form of religion for Protestants. Change with the changing times.
Accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution.
• Fundamentalism- Condemned modernists and stuck to tradition.
• Revivalists on the radio- Billy Sunday
Scopes Trial • Tennessee debate over evolution on schools. • John Scopes taught evolution in school and was arrested. • Lawyer Clarence Darrow defended scopes• William Jennings Bryan was the prosecution. • Scopes was convicted but no answer was given to the question
at hand.
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