cellulosic biomass conversion to fuels: the sorghum ... · cellulosic ethanol will help meet future...
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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle
John Ashworth
Team Leader, Partnership Development
August 18, 2008
Cellulosic Biomass Conversion to Fuels: The Sorghum Opportunity & Ongoing NSP/NREL Research Activities
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U.S. Biomass Resource Assessment
• Updated resource assessment - April 2005• Jointly developed by U.S. DOE and USDA• Referred to as the “Billion Ton Study”
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Significance of the “Billion Ton” Scenario
Billion Barrel of Oil Equivalents
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Integrated Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery
Focus of NationalBioenergy Center
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The ProblemCorn Prices and Ethanol Prices are Decoupled – the Example of 2006
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Corn Prices Ethanol Production Cost (Nat Gas $4)Ethanol Production Cost (Nat Gas $7) Gasoline Rack PriceEthanol Contract Prices
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We Must Transition to Cellulosic Biomass
Today & Near Term
Corn Ethanol
Biochemical Conversion
Existing Distribution
Infrastructure
2012 and Beyond
Agricultural residues,
energy crops, natural oils,
wood/forestry resources
Cellulosic Ethanol Advanced
Biochemical Conversion
and
Thermochemical Conversion
Expanded, Advanced
Distribution Infrastructure
Cellulosic ethanol will help meet future biofuels demand
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The NSP/NREL Ongoing Research
• Characterize in detail the cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and “other” components for – 85 U.S. forage sorghum varieties– 5 grain sorghum varieties– 5 sweet sorghum varieties– 5 hay sorghum varieties– Collect Near-IR spectra on each sample for future equation development
• Characterize proximate and ultimate analysis for 10 varieties that could be considered for thermochemical processing
• Undertake micro-reactor bench-scale pretreatment and saccharification screening of a subset (20) of these varieties, looking for those with the best conversion– 16 forage varieties– 2 grain sorghum varieties– 2 sweet sorghum varieties
• Undertake larger scale (Zipperclave) pretreatment trials and optimization on three promising varieties
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The NSP/NREL Ongoing Research (cont.)
• Undertaking pilot-scale (1 ton/day) pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation on one or two of the most promising varieties
• Develop detailed Aspen+ technoeconomic models for – Grain sorghum conversion– Forage sorghum conversion (cellulosic conversion)– Sweet sorghum conversion (including cellulosic fraction)
• Models will provide– projected commercial plant capital– Operating and feedstock costs, and – product prices for each potential feedstock.
• Models will provide basis for Life-cycle Analysis needed to qualify as Advanced Biofuel ( 50% or more reduced Greenhouse Gas emissions vs. gasoline)
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Importance of Analysis in Biomass Utilization
NREL has more than 25 years of experience in biomass analysis. • Experience in the analysis of a wide variety of biomass types• Standard Methods published through ASTM E48 Biotechnology• Standard Reference Materials available through NIST.
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History
– Summative analysis
– Micro method• Furda, I; Simultaneous analysis of soluble and
insoluble dietary fiber, The Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food, W.P. T. James and O. Theander(Eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1981, pp.163 –172.
– Used for Validation of NIST biomass Standard Reference Materials in International Energy Agency sponsored Round Robin• Milne, T. A.; Chum, H. L.; Agblevor, F. A.; Johnson,
D. K.; Standardized Analytical Methods, Proceedings of International Energy Agency Bioenergy Agreement Seminar, Vol 2(1-6), April, 1992, (341-366).
NREL LAPs are based on the Uppsala Method for the analysis of dietary fiber.
NIST Standards
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Web-Based Biomass Analysis Resources
NREL Laboratory Analytical Procedures (LAPs) are available for downloadLAPs are updated continuously
www.nrel.gov/biomass/analytical_procedures.html
Jennifer Pratt 2003 Pre Service Teacher Intern
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poplar pine corn stover sugar canebagasse
Corn fiber
Wei
ght p
erce
nt
oilcutinproteinashextractivesligninuronic acidsacetylarabinangalactanmannanxylanstarchglucan
Feedstock Comparison
Each biomass feedstock has a unique combination of constituents
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Initial Sorghum Compositional Data
• NREL have done detailed wet chemistry on 24 samples provided by NSP as of August 11, 2008 – others in progress
• To date, NREL has analyzed:– 12 forage sorghums– 9 sweet sorghums– 3 grain sorghums
• Initial findings:1. Large Variability in Composition; largely due to
extractives variability 2. Trends in Variability with sorghum type
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Large Compositional Variability Glucan Xylan Lignin Sucrose Extractives Structurals
min 21.6 11.9 9.5 0.1 14.3 51.7 mean 32.8 17.3 14.2 5.5 24.3 72.7
max 44.2 22.5 18.4 21.3 44.8 86.0 range 22.6 10.6 8.9 21.2 30.5 34.2
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Initial Sorghum Compositional Data (cont.)
ForageSweetGrain
22% starch (as glucan) Sorghum Varieties
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Less Variability on Extractives-Free Basis
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Variability Within a Feedstock (Corn stover)
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33R88-Colorado, 2000
33J56 Illinois,2000
Iowa, 2000 Iowa D1, 2001 Iowa D2 2001
dry
wt %
acetylligninstructural inorganicsminor sugarsXylanglucan
113 108 105 119 114
Theoretical ethanol yield (gal/ton dry weight)
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Status of Research & Development
Biochemical Route to Lignocellulosic Ethanol and Other Transportation Fuels
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Biomass Fractionation in Pretreatment
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Pretreatment
• Converts hemicellulose to fermentable sugars
• Makes cellulose susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis
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Conversion of Biomass
100 g rawsolids (dry)feedstock
27 g residuesolids (dry)
lignin co-product
60 g pretreatedsolids (dry)
cellulose + lignin
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Enzymatic Hydrolysis Research
NREL worked withGenencor and Novozymesfor 4 years• Focusing on enzyme
biochemistry, cost, and specific activity
• Investigating the interaction of biomass pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis
Result• 20-fold reduction in cost
contributions of enzymes
($/gal ethanol)
E1 from A. cellulotiticus CBH1 from T. reesei
20042004R&DR&D 100 100
AwardAward
$40 million R&D effort cost-shared by the Office of the Biomass Program and the enzyme manufacturers
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Fermentation
Development of Zymomonas
Introduced xylose utilization -
1994
Introduced arabinose utilization -
1995
Combined pentose utilization -
1997
Stabilization by integration -
1999
Further Development in CRADA with DuPont 2002-2007
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Tracking Research Progress
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2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
Min
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Feedstock Conversion
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Relative Emissions Impacts
Greenhouse gas emissions of fuels vary by feedstock
and by type of energy used for processing.
CO Plants Wet DGS
Reduction 36%
GHG Impacts – Need to determine for Sorghum
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Thank you for the opportunity.
Are there any questions?
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