cell structure and organelles unit 2 - cells. cellular boundaries page 203-204
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Cell Structure and OrganellesUnit 2 - Cells
Cellular BoundariesPAGE 203-204
Cell Membrane• Surrounds all cells in a double layer of lipids!• Is selectively permeable
▫Some things can get in/out, others cant• MAIN FUNCTION
▫Regulates what enters and leaves▫Protection ▫Support
Cell Wall• Found outside of the cell membrane• Found in
▫Plants▫Fungi▫Algae▫Prokaryotes
• MAIN FUNCTION: ▫ Provide support – helps plants stand vs.
gravity▫ shape▫ Protection
Cell Organization on the Inside! PAGE 196-197, 199
Nucleus• All Eukaryotes including plants and animals
have a nucleus• MAIN FUNCTION
▫ Contains DNA (in the form of chromatin) coded instructions for making proteins & other molecules
• Contains the following parts - ▫Nuclear Envelope
membrane for protection and to allow RNA & proteins in and out (through nuclear pores)
▫Nucleolus Makes ribosomes!
Cytoskeleton (Cytoplasm)
• MAIN FUNCTION▫ Made up of protein pieces that helps give the cell
shape. ▫ Involved in many forms of cell movement▫ Houses most of a cells organelles
Organelles That Store, Clean Up, and SupportPAGES 198-199
Vacuoles• MAIN FUNCTION – storage area for water, salts,
proteins, and carbohydrates
• A sac-like structure
• Many plant cells have a single, large vacuole filled with liquid.▫ Helps to support heavy structures such as stems and leaves
• Also found in single-celled organisms and animal cells.
Vacuole in a Plant CellNotice how much room the vacuole
takes up in the cell!!!
Vesicles•Found in all EUKARYOTIC cells
•MAIN FUNCTION▫Store and move materials between
organelles and to the cell surface
Lysosomes
• Filled with enzymes
• MAIN FUNCTION▫Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
from food into particles that can be used by the cell
▫Break down organelles that are no longer useful
Centrioles• MAIN FUNCTION
▫ used in cell division to separate chromosomes during mitosis
• Usually only found in animal cells in the cytoplasm
Organelles That Build ProteinsPAGE 200-201
Ribosomes• One of the most important jobs in the cell is making
proteins▫ Free ribosomes work in the cytoplasm▫ Bound ribosomes are stuck on the ER (they are what makes it
a “rough” ER!)
• MADE OF – small particles of RNA and proteins
• MADE IN – the nucleolus
• MAIN FUNCTION – make proteins▫ They do this by following coded instructions that come from
DNA in the nucleus
Free and Bound Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
▫ Involved in making protein▫ Has ribosomes on the surface (how it gets its name)▫ MAIN FUNCTION: Modifies proteins
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum▫ No ribosomes on surface▫ MAIN FUNCTION: Make lipids
Interesting ER Facts•((You should write these down!!)•Cells that produce hormones have many
Smoother ER’s▫Example: testes and ovaries have LOTS of
smooth ER
•The liver is the main organ in your body for drug and alcohol detoxification – therefore, the cells of the liver have many smoother ER too!!
The Endoplasmic ReticulumRough ER Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)
• After proteins are made by the RER, they move to the Golgi
• MAIN FUNCTION ▫ packages, sorts, stores proteins and other materials
from the ER.
Organelles That Capture and Release EnergyPage 202
Chloroplasts• Found in plants and SOME other organisms (bacteria and
algae!!!)
• Animals and fungi do NOT contain chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which makes a plant look green!
• MAIN FUNCTION▫ use energy from the sun to make food through photosynthesis
Mitochondria
• MAIN FUNCTION – release energy from stored food molecules to be used to power growth, development, and movement.
• Nearly all eukaryotes have mitochondria
• Important, cells that need more energy have more mitochondria. ▫ Muscles▫ Heart
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