ceesp electrical energy project management 0 intro to wpp
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Electrical EnergyConversion andPower Systems
Universidadde Oviedo
ELECTRICAL ENERGYPROJECT MANAGEMENT
Introduction to Wind Power Plants
Lecturer: Jos ngel Daz lvarez
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0. Introduction to Wind Power Plants
0.1 Introduction
0.2 Energy fundamentals
0.3 Wind turbines
2
0.4 Balance of plant
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0.1 Introduction
A Wind Power Plant is a renewable energy power generationplant.
Other names you may see: Wind Park, Wind Farm
3
It is formed by:
WIND TURBINE GENERATORS (WTG)
BALANCE OF PLANT (BOP)
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V1VWTG V2
V1Vturb
V2
x
Air pressure
2/3 V1 1/3 V1
0.2 Energy fundamentalsExtracting energy from wind. Betzs limit
421
2
3 xxx
DVP =
27
16
42
12
3
1max
RotorD
VP
=
Power in section X of the flow tube:
Betz (1919): Demostratedthe phisical limitof
extracting energy from wind.
The demostration isindependent of thetechnology used for energyconversion.
Maximum theorical energy extracted
is
16/27or 59% of the kinetic energy ofwind.
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0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
ciency
Rotor
Savonius
American
Multiblade
3 Blade WTG
2 Blade WTG
Maximum Theoretical Efficiency
0.2 Energy fundamentalsEfficiency of different devices
0,0
0,1
0,2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
E
ffi
Typical rotation speed
Traditional Dutch
Windmill
Rotor
Darrieus
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PowerOutput[kW]
Rated output
Power
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
#hou
rs/year
Power Curve Weibull distribution
0.2 Energy fundamentalsPower curve. Energy yield
Energy [kWh] produced
at 30m/s in a year
Wind speed [m/s]
Cut-in
windspeedCut-out
windspeed
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Wind speed [m/s]
Power [kW] at 4m/s # of [hours] at 4m/s
Energy [kWh] produced
at 5m/s in a year
Energy [kWh] produced
at 4m/s in a year
Adding energy
for all wind
speeds
Energy [kWh] produced
in a year
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30
40
50
60
30
40
50
60
Output[MW]
Output[MW]
Real Wind Farm ProductionEquivalent Wind Farm
Production
Nominal Power
0.2 Energy fundamentalsFull Load Equivalent Hours & Net Capacity Factor
0
10
20
0
10
20
Hours of a year Hours of a year
Pow
e
Pow
er
Energy Produced is equivalent
to the area behind the curve
[AEP]
Full Load Equivalent Hours
Full Load Equivalent Hours (FLEH) are defined as the hours needed to
produce the same energy [AEP] working at full capacity
Nom=
Net Capacity Factor (NCF) represents FLEH, but expressed as % of the total
hours of a year (8.760)
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Case Study
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We have a wind farm called Sierra Ventosa, located in Len.
Its constituted by 20 wind turbines of2 MW of nominal
power.
The annual yield is 106.000 MWh.
You have 10 minutes to answer the following questions:
Case Study
1. What is the Full Load Equivalent Hours (FLEH) of this
wind farm?
2. What is the Net Capacity Factor (NCF) of Sierra
Ventosa?
2650220
106000=
=
==
WTGWTGNomPN
AEP
P
AEPFLEH
%25,301008760
2650100
8760===
FLEHNCF
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CONVERSION
WIND TORQUE TORQUE ELECTRICITY
3 steps to convert kinetic energy from wind into electricity:
- This scheme fits to all wind turbines used to produce electricity-
0.2 Energy fundamentalsConcept of Energy Conversion in a Wind Turbine
CONVERSION CONVERSIONPLANT
Mechanical PlantAdapts the mechanical
energy to feed to the
electrical plant
Aerodynamic PlantConverts wind energy into
mechanical energy
Electrical PlantConverts mechanical
energy into electricity
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PLANT PLANT
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Nacelle: Comprises all the equipment to
generate electricity
Its where the mechanical
Rotor: Comprises blades and hub
Its where the aerodynamic
conversion takes place
Rotor: 80m & 20t
Nacelle: 50t
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine
conversion takes place
Tower: Support the structure of nacelle
and rotor
Foundation: Its the foot of the turbine
Mission: avoid overturning of the
wind turbine
Tower: 80m & 130 t
Foundation: 15 m & ~
800 t reinforcedconcrete + 200 t
stabilizing ground
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Thrust
WIND
TORQUE
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Rotor
Components
3 Blades (commonly): made of composite material fiberglass and carbon fiber The rotor is bolted onto the big main shaft Hub: steel sphere that connects the blades to the nacelle. Also contains mechanism to pitch blades
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Typical rotor diameter of a 2MW wind turbine is the same size as the largest
commercial aircraft in the world (A380).
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Rotor
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Increasing rotor area
Rotor area is linked with the
nominal power of the wind
turbine Every time we double the
radius we fourfold the
energy captured
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Rotor. Heigh and rotor evolution
443m 93m 102m70m51m
higher turbines andstronger structures to
support greater loads and
weight
New designs for offshore
wind turbines(commercially available
around 2015) are using
rotor diameter around
160m
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Static test
(Also fatigue test areconducted)
Laminates on a shell Mold closing for curing
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Rotor: blades
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Main Shaft: Carries the energy from
rotor
Big diameter and weight
High speed shaft: Connects Gearbox to
generator
Short diameter
Generator: Converts rotating movement
into electricity Modern turbines use
electronic devices to
enhance the quality of
electric energy
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Nacelle: power Train
Electricity
TorqueSpeed
Torque Speed
Gearbox: Adapts the rotational
speed of the mechanical
energy for generator
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0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Nacelle
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It is the support structure of nacelle and rotor
Commonly is comprised of steel tubes connected by bolts. In the past, lattice towers wereused (abandoned due to high environmental impact)
Contains electrical and control equipment, ladders and lift equipmentto climb up,
and the cables to transport down the electricity coming from the generator
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Tower and Connection
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Usually towers are constitued by several tubular
sections, made ofsteel
Recently, reinforced concrete is being used in
new big wind turbines
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Tower
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Foundation:
Mission to maintain vertical the wind turbine
Design mission is to compensate overturning
moment created by wind
Surface area of the foundation is calculated to
not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil
Usually gravity foundation if used. For soils
with low bearing capacity another foundation
Thrust
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Foundation
Weight of WTG +
Foundation
+Stabilizing ground
OverturningMoment
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Gravity Foundation Pile Foundation
Gravity Forces
0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Foundation types
Friction Forces
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Blade profile can be compared to the wing profile ofan aircraft
Aerodynamic forces are responsible for converting
flow energy into torque By changing the angle of attack of profile we can
control (limit) the amount of power coming into thewind turbine Pitching blades
How does it work?
0.3 Wind turbinesHow a wind turbine works
Resulting
Pressure
drop
Pressure rise
Resulti
ng forceVertical
component
of liftResistenc
e ofprofile
Pressure
centre
Airflo
w
.
specific profiles for wind turbines have beendeveloped
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Wind strength
Wind strength
Wind strength
Mechanical
power
Transformation
of energy
0.3 Wind turbinesHow a wind turbine works
Electric power
Wind speed m/sTurbine start-up
Increase of wind
/constant power
Cut in speed: 3 m/s
Cut out speed: 21 m/sPowerKW
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Direct Drive Wind TurbineGeared Wind Turbine
0.3 Wind turbinesTypes of wind turbines
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An independent assessmentby a
third party declaring that specified
requirements pertaining to a product,
person, process or managementsystem have been met
Based on mutual recognition of
Certification SchemeWhat is certification?
0.3 Wind turbinesWind turbine certification
Customer
Cerfifying body
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Manufacturer
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Basic parameters for WTG classification
IEC 61400-1, 2005
I II III
50 42.5 37.5A Iref
B Iref
C Iref
0.16
0.14
0.12
WTG class
Vref (m/s)
WTG class I II III
0.3 Wind turbinesWind turbine certification
Basic parameters for WTG
IEC 61400-1, 1999
I II III IV
50 42.5 37.5 30
10 8.5 7.5 6I15 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
a 2 2 2 2
I15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
a 3 3 3 3
B
WTG class
Vref (m/s)
Vave (m/s)A
WTG class I II III IV
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The main (as well as most obvious & visible) components of a Wind Power Plant
(wind farm) are the wind turbines
0.4 Balance of plantIntroduction
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but in addition to wind turbines, there are many civil and electrical works needed to build therequired infrastructure of the plant and these are out of the scope of the wind turbine supplier.That is the Balance of Plant (BoP).
0.4 Balance of plantIntroduction
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0.4 Balance of plantIntroduction
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Context
Civil Infrastructure of a wind farm includes:
Turbine foundations
Permanent and temporary access roads
0.4 Balance of plantWTG foundations
Temporary crane walk paths
Erection crane pads
Public road improvements
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0.4 Balance of plantWTG foundations
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Why are they so important?
They are extremely relevant in terms ofrisk and cost
Structural components to support wind turbines
Steel reinforced concrete foundations, casted on site. Normally superficial, sometimes piled
0.4 Balance of plantWTG foundations
Foundations
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Soil conditions
The specific foundation type is selected based on a number of factors:
Water level of the soil Type of bedrock Depth of bedrock
Soil and rock properties Economic factors
0.4 Balance of plantWTG foundations
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Types of foundation
Ifpiles are needed this has a significantimpacton the project in terms of :
Higher cost
Gravity Foundation
Pile Foundation
0.4 Balance of plantWTG foundations
Longer delivery times
More specialized contractors & machinery
Extreme case:
Romanian loess soil (Danube Delta alluvialdeposits in Dobrogea region) - collapsiblein contact with water.
Required piles up to 45 m deep.
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0.4 Balance of plantRoads and crane pads
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Internal roads (private roads)
Wind farm access roads are permanentroads used during construction for thetransport of equipment & material, andthereafter for operation & maintenancevehicle access
0.4 Balance of plantRoads and crane pads
Internal roads are designed in accordancewith transport requirements & soilcharacteristics
The road must be designed for the extremeloads & turning requirements of thetransporter trucks delivering materials &equipment to the site
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Crane Pads are flat surfaces used to store components & install the cranes necessary for theassembly & erection of wind turbines
Crane walk paths are temporary routes for the main lift or erection crane. This crane musttravel from one turbine location to another for erection. Breaking down certain cranes &rebuilding them at another turbine location would be very expensive. Sometimes it is morecost-effective to construct an improved path for the fully erect crane for transportationbetween wind turbines
Pads and Paths
0.4 Balance of plantRoads and crane pads
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0 4 Balance of plant
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Strong earthworks are needed inmountainous areas.
In flat terrains its much easier.
0.4 Balance of plantRoads and crane pads
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0.4 Balance of plantMedium voltage collection system
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In a wind power plant, individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltagepower collection system & communications network. The medium voltage collectionsystem converges in the transformer substation.
Medium voltage switchgear is installed inside of the WTG as control and protectionsystem
Electrical collection system of the wind turbine generators: medium voltage undergroundelectrical cables, grouped in lines (circuits) from 12 to 20 MW each (in Europe) and 20 to
28 MW each in US
Context
0.4 Balance of plantMedium voltage collection system
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Medium voltage cables characteristicsare defined in the design phase, balancingall the relevant factors:
Conductor: Aluminium vs. Copper,depending on price, weight & dimensions,security
0.4 Balance of plantMedium voltage collection system
Cross section: depending on currentintensity, voltage drop & capacity towithstand short circuits
Insulation: XLPE (plastic) vs. EPR (rubber),depending on price, presence of water
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Power cables (Medium Voltage) & communications (fiber optics) laid in trenchesbetween individual wind turbines, and finally between wind turbines & the main
transformer substation.
0.4 Balance of plantMedium voltage collection system
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0.4 Balance of plantMain Transformer Substation
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Electrical Station where the voltage level of the generated energy is raised fromMedium Voltage to High Voltage, to be able to transmit it with the minimum possible
losses and to connect it to the grid, at Distribution or Transmission level.
pMain Transformer Substation
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It is mainly formed by:
Power transformers
MV and HV switchgear
Communication, measuring, control
and protection systems.
pMain Transformer Substation
It is the key centre of the windpower plant, & the interfacehub with the central systems
(Dispatch Centre, corporatenetwork, etc.).
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Overhead High Voltage Line
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Transmission line that connects the main transformer stationof the wind power plantwiththe grid, the connection point is typically a Transmission or Distribution utility substation.
Overhead High Voltage Line
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Normally composed of a three phase powerwiring system tied to concrete, wood or latticepylons by the means of insulator chains &clamps.
Additionally, it usually bears optical fibre groundwire (OPGW), used both for grounding &communication purposes.
Overhead High Voltage Line
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Global view example: La Brjula Wind Power Plant (Spain)
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In some cases, the owner takes the direct responsibility for the erection andinstallation of the wind turbines, removing it from the scope of the WTG supplier.
In this sense, the work can be divided in 4 stages:
1. Logistics Planning
WTG Installation
2. ns a a on xecu on on ro
3. Installation Quality Control
4. Commissioning & Start Up
0.4 Balance of plantWTG I ll i
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1. Logistics Planning:
Matching WTG transport with Contractors reception requierements on the site
Establishing an Installation sequence and Lifting & Rigging Plan
Dimensioning all necessary resources (technical and human)
WTG Installation
0.4 Balance of plantWTG I t ll ti
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2. Installation Execution & Control:
Reception & quality control of WTG equipment
WTG pre-assembly activities (on the ground)
WTG erection activities
WTG electrical finishing
Cranes operational control
Supervision of all the fronts of installationactivities
WTG Installation
0.4 Balance of plantWTG Installation
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3. Installation Quality Control:
An installation checkup is performedthrough an audit carried out jointly by allthe parties
4. Commissining & Start Up:A series of operations are checked and performed bythe WTG manufacturer technicians in order to safelyand correctly start the operation of the wind turbine.
WTG Installation
If the WTG is correctly installed, it becomesReady for Commissioning.
Questions & Answers
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Questions & Answers
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