carcinoma of the endometrium

CARCINOMA OF THE ENDOMETRIUM

presented by:

Dr. Rozhan Yassin khalil FICOG,CABOG,HDOG,FICS,MBChB

2014

CARCINOMA OF ENDOMETRIUM:

• One of the commonest gynecological cancers ， especially in white Americans.

• It is a disease of postmenopausal women with a peak incidence in the 6th & 7th decade of life

it occurs most often in postmenopausal women （ up to 80 ％ of cases ） with less than 5 ％ diagnosed under 40 years of age ．

A UTERUS WITH ADENOCARCINOMA OF THEENDOMETRIUM.

SCREENING:There is no effective screening

programme ，but occasionally cervical smears contain endometrial cancer cells or double thickness endometrial

ultrasonic thickness of 4mm or more indicates a need for endometrial sampling ．

RISK FACTORS OF ENDOMETRIAL CA.

1. The actual cause of this

cancer is unknown (idiopathic).

- .Early menarche < 12

Y

-Late menopause > 52 Y

2. Estrogen

given estrogen alone as postmenopausal

hormone replacement therapy .

3. Estrogen secreting tumors of the ovary are associated with

an increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma ．

RISK FACTORS: 4.Nulliparity and PCO syndrome （ with defective

progesterone synthesis ） carry an

increased risk ． 5. obese ， diabetic and hypertensive women develop

endometrial cancer ．6 . risk in women

with breast, ovarian (endometrial type)

& colorectal Ca.

7.Previous pelvic radiation therapy

8.Family Hx of endometrial Ca

RISK FACTORS:

9. The endometrial hyperplasia induced by Tamoxifen produces endometrial polyp suggested a four-fold increase in endometrial carcinoma ．

RISK FACTORS FOR ENDOMETRIAL CANCER:

• Obesity • Impaired carbohydrate tolerance • Nulliparity • Late menopause • Unopposed oestrogen therapy • Functioning ovarian tumours • Previous pelvic irradiation • Family history of carcinoma of breast, ovary or colon

PROTECTION FOR ENDOMETRIAL CA.

1- Oral contraception ， especially after long term use.reduces incidence of both endometrial and ovarian carcinomas).

2- Cigarette smoking has also been associated with the reduced risk of endometrial cancer.

:SYMPTOMATOLOGYThe usual presenting symptom of

endometrial carcinoma is :1.postmenopausal bleeding which

carries a 10 ％ risk of associated malignancy in the absence of hormone replacement therapy. Curettage ， or endometrial sampling is mandatory.

2.Postmenopausal discharge from pyometra carries a 50 ％ risk of associated malignancy.

3.Pain may occur with pyometra or metastatic spread ．

:DIAGNOSIS1-Hysteroscopy with endometrial

curettage2-endometrial sampling.3- curettage alone ，4- outpatient endometrial sampling

alone ， are essential ．Curettage is not infallible ． On the other

hand ， if a Pipelle has been correctly introduced and the pathology is benign, or no tissue is obtained ， it is most unlikely that malignancy exists ．

:DIAGNOSISHysteroscopy ， cervical smear （ >1 ％ risk of concurrent cervical malignancy ） and

vaginal or abdominal ultrasound for ovarian pathology are advised ， when endometrial malignancy is found ．

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:HISTOPATHOLOGY1-Adenocarcinomas 60 – 70 %.

2- Adenosquamous Ca 10-20%3- Papillary Serous Ca 10%.4- Clear cell Ca 4%.5- Mucinous Ca 9%.6- Secretory Ca 1-2%.7- Squamous cell Ca extremely

rare

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:SPREAD In general this cancer is slow to

spread from the uterine cavity, probably because the endometrium lacks lymphatics.

A chest X-ray helps detect lung metastases.

Magnetic resonance imaging is preferable to ultrasound for detection of myometrial invasion and pelvic spread.

:LOCAL SPREAD

Local Spread

Slow invasion of the

myometrium is the commonest spread.

It may produce

considerable

uterine enlargem

ent;

spread may

involve the

vaginal vault.

:VENOUS SPREADVenous SpreadThis pathway might account for the occasional appearance of a low vaginal metastasis;

but venous spread is not a common feature of uterine cancer.

:LYMPHATIC SPREADLymphatic Spread The incidence of this seems to be

between 10 and 30%. All pelvic nodes, including the internal

iliacs, the parametrium, the ovaries, and the vagina may be involved, probably with equal frequency.

Lymphatic spread is more likely to occur when the tumour is anaplastic and the uterine wall is deeply invaded.

TUBAL SPREAD:Tubal Spread Malignant cells can pass along

the tube in the same way that peritoneal spill may occur during menstruation.

This may account for isolated

ovarian metastases.

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PROGNOSIS OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA With the exception of stage 1 tumors

of histological grades I and II, the prognosis is less favourable than many gyaecologists believe ，

with an overall 5 year survival of 70 ％ approximately ．

Fortunately over 80 ％ of cases are diagnosed at stage 1 ．

:PROGNOSTIC FACTORS

1.Staging diagnosis,2. extent of myometrial invasion .3. histological grading(differentiation).

are the most important prognostic factors apart from competence of treatment.

Stage 5 year survival

I 85% II 68% III 42% IV 22%

TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA This is essentialy surgical ， with

postoperative radiotherapy added when :

1.unfavourable prognostic features are found at surgery ,

2.Pre-operative clinical Staging is inaccurate ．

Progestogen therapy is probably only of value in recurrent disease ．

WOMEN UN FIT FOR OP:.Few women are unfit for surgery ， and caesium insertion radioactive therapy may be employed for these,

but radiation alone is less effective than combined surgical and radiation treatment ．

STAGE I:(TREATMENT) Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy without partial removal of vagina.

Peritoneal saline washings are taken for cytology on opening the abdomen and the Abdominal contents carefully examined ．

STAGE II:Stage IIa carries a similar prognosis to

Stage I and may be treated as stage I ．Stage IIb ， with clinical invasion of the

cervix ， has a poorer prognosis than Stage I and radical hysterectomy ， pelvic lymphadenectomy and para-aortic lymph node sampling are indicated ，

with a combination of local and external radio therapy as an alternative treatment ．

STAGE III: Following the Staging

laparotomy ，radical

hysterectomy ， lymphadenectomy， para-aortic node sampling and removal of as much malignant tissue as possible ， omentectorny is carried out ．

Stage III diseases limited to the pelvis may be treated by radiotherapy ．

STAGE IV:Treatment of this Stage is

designed to control tumour growth and alleviate symptoms ．

Surgery ， radiation therapy ， cytotoxic therapy and adjuvant progestogen therapy all have a place ．

CARCINOMA OF THE ENDOMETRIUM COMPARED WITH CA CERVIX:

The overall results are better than for carcinoma of the cervix ， not because it is less malignant tumour ， but because treatment is usually given earlier ．

Post － menopausal bleeding is much more difficult to ignore than the irregular bleeding of the younger woman ．

RECURRENCE OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA The incidence of recurrence within

5years is in the region of 30 ％ and is accepted along with the 5-year survival rate as a measure of the effectiveness of the various systems of treatment ．

The majority recurrences appear within 3 years of treatment. Early recurrence has a poor Prognosis.

:PROGESTOGENS Many endometrial carcinomata are

hormone dependent and progestogens have been used as part of a combined primary treatment , recurrent or metastatic growths ．

Between 15 ％ and 50 ％ of recurrences will respond ． Medroxyprogesterone acetate ， 400 mg to 600 mg daily

:CHEMOTHERAPYChemotherapy Cytotoxic chemotherapy has a limited place in advanced recurrence ．

Single agent therapy with adriamycin, cisplatinum ,cyclophosphamide gives response rates between 20 ％ and 40 ％．

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THANKS