carbohydrate

C A R B O H Y D R A T E S

By: Annisa RahimNEXTNEXT

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

• Definition• Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway • Classification• Functions• Distribution of Glucose after a meal• Carbohydrate-containing food• Effect of deficiency and excess consumption of ca

rbohydrates

• Definition• Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway • Classification• Functions• Distribution of Glucose after a meal• Carbohydrate-containing food• Effect of deficiency and excess consumption of ca

rbohydrates

DefinitionCarbohydrates are defined as organic compounds with the general formula Cm(H2O)n, hence the name "hydrate of carbon".

They are also defined as polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones to such substanceson simple chemical transformations, and that form the supporting tissues of plants and are important food for animals and people.

Carbohydrates are defined as organic compounds with the general formula Cm(H2O)n, hence the name "hydrate of carbon".

They are also defined as polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones to such substanceson simple chemical transformations, and that form the supporting tissues of plants and are important food for animals and people.

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Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway

Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway

a.  Gluconeogenesis

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b. Glycogenolysis

Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway

Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway

glucoseglucose

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Carbohydrate Metabolism in Our BodyCarbohydrate Metabolism in Our Body

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CLASSIFICATIONSCLASSIFICATIONS

a. MonosaccharidesThese are sugars

that cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler units.

According to the number of carbon atoms, monosaccharides are classified into: trioses (C3), tetroses (C4), pentoses (C5), hexoses (C6), heptoses (C7)

b. Disaccharidesare produced from the condensation of two monosaccharide molecules

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CLASSIFICATIONSCLASSIFICATIONS

c. OligosaccharidesIt contains 3 to 10 monosaccharideunits.

It occurs in glycoproteins, which areproteins to which oligosaccharides arecovalently attached.

d. Polysaccharides contain more than

10 monosaccharide units and can be hundreds of sugar units in length and includes Glycogen.

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FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS• Carbohydrates spare protein so that protein can

concentrate on building, repairing, and maintaining body tissues instead of being used up as an energy source.

• For fat to be metabolized properly, carbohydrates must be present.*

• Carbohydrate is necessary for the regulation of nerve tissue and is the ONLY source of energy for the brain.

• Certain types of carbohydrates encourage the growth of healthy bacteria in the intestines for digestion.

• Some carbohydrates are high in fibre, which helps prevent constipation and lowers the risk for certain diseases such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes.

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Distribution of GlucoseDistribution of Glucose

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Carbohydrates-Containing Food

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Carbohydrates-Containing Food

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Carbohydrates-Containing Food

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Effects of Deficiency and Excess Consumption of Carbohydrates

Effects of Deficiency and Excess Consumption of Carbohydrates

Effects of carbohydrate deficiency:• Reduces Stamina: A diet deficient in Carbohydrates causes a

marked reduction of endurance (almost 50%)•  Usage of fat as fuel source: Low carbohydrate in our diet causes

the fat reserves to be used as fuel source.• Ketosis : In the absence of carbohydrates, the body starts using the

proteins and convert it to sugars . This causes ketosis which is nothing but the accumulation of ketones in the body. Excess of ketones lead to water loss and removal of sodium from the body. This may lead to tiredness and lethargy.

•  Marasmus due to malnutrition: It is caused by continuous deficiency of proteins and calories seen in children. It involves wasting of muscles due to starvation. Impairment of growth is also noticed.

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Effects of Deficiency and Excess Consumption of Carbohydrates

Effects of Deficiency and Excess Consumption of Carbohydrates

Effect of Excess Carbohydrates:

1. Obesity2. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

(NIDDM)3. Cardiovascular disease4. Cancer 5. Gastrointestinal diseases other than cancer6. Dental caries

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ConclusionConclusion• Carbohydrates are defined as organic compounds with the

general formula Cm(H2O)n.• Carbohydrates metabolism: 2 pathway. They are anabolism

and catabolism.• Classification: monosaccharides, disaccharides,

oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.• Functions: regulation of nerve tissue and is the ONLY

source of energy for the brain, encourage the growth of healthy bacteria in the intestines for digestion.

• Distribution: liver, brain, muscle, fat, kidney.• Carbohydrate-containing food: candy, cake, pasta.• Effect of deficiency consumption carbohydrate: marasmus,

ketosis, and if excess: obesity, cancer, dental caries.

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Recommendation

• My adviseconsume carbohydrates as needed, don’t less and don’t excessive so that our bodies stay healthy. don’t forget! Eat before hungry and stop before replete

THANK YOU VERY MUCH….