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“Everyone has the right to adequate housing … and includes the right to live in security, peace and dignity, and with security of tenure.”
Sphere Project 2011
Shelter and Settlement
Disaster
Pre-Disaster Settled
Population
Post-Disaster Non
Displaced Population
Post-Disaster
Displaced Population
Durable Solutions
Reconstruction
Resettlement
Reintegration
Shelter and Settlement
• Return to original dwellings
• Settle independently within host
community/host families
• Mass shelter, temporary
planned or self – settled camps
Aims of Site Selection
• Security against violence
• Provide protection from natural
hazards e.g. the elements,
earthquake aftershock, etc.
• Provide privacy and ‘own space’
Principles of Site Selection
• Topography and location
• Soil type
• Availability of water
• Area of real estate available
• Access
• Vegetation
• Environmental Health Hazards
• Political and security issues
• Social, legal and cultural issues
‘Safe excreta disposal is a major priority,
and in most disaster situations should be addressed with as much speed and effort as the provision of safe water supply. The
provision of appropriate facilities for defecation is one of a number of
emergency responses essential to people’s dignity, safety, health and well –
being’
Sphere Project 2011
Immediate Action
• Localise defecation.
• Develop appropriate excreta disposal
system.
• Establish inspection and reporting
system.
• Establish effective services for
disposal of other waste.
• Maximum of 20 people per toilet
ASAP.
• Arranged by household(s) and/or
segregated by sex.
• No more than 50m/1 minute’s walk
from dwelling.
• Separate toilets for women and men
in ‘public’ areas – markets, health
posts, distribution, etc.
• Handwashing facilities.
‘The management and/or burial of dead bodies from natural disasters should be dealt with in an appropriate and dignified manner. ’
Sphere Project 2011
The Risk
• Normally limited immediate health
risk.
• Risk is dependant on cause of
death.
• Health considerations provide no
justification for cremation.
• Availability of sufficient fuel.
Considerations
• Suitable arrangements from the start of
emergency situation.
• Co-ordinate with local or national
authorities.
• Burial is simplest and best method.
• Anticipate real estate.
• Bodies must be protected.
• Arrangements should allow for
traditional ritual. Bodies should be
identified and recorded.
• Provisions for recovery of bodies.
• Forensic implications.
• Mass graves should be:
• At least 30m from groundwater sources.
• Bottomed at least 1.5m above water table.
• Where possible 2m deep.
• Consider the use of lime.
• Welfare support for burial parties.
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