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2 0 1 1 N E C A / E L E C T R I I n t e r n a t i o n a l G r e e n E n e r g y C h a l l e n g e
Justin Hosseininejad
Jason Nutt
Ethan Parks
Michael Sammartino
Jarrett Scacchetti
David Wright
Advisor: Dr. S. R. Pansino
May 30th, 2011
2011
Cafaro House
Energy Upgrade 205 Madison Avenue | Youngstown, OH 44504-1611
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures and Tables ..................................................................................................................................... 2
A. Project Summary.............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Client Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Mission Statement ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team ............................................................... 6
Team Resumes .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
B. Lighting Retrofit Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Existing Lighting System ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Dorm Rooms .................................................................................................................................................. 13
Common Areas .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Corridors ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Computer Modeling of Existing System .............................................................................................. 14
Proposed Lighting System .................................................................................................................................. 21
Dorm Rooms .................................................................................................................................................. 21
Common Areas .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Corridors ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Mercury Content Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 22
Computer Modeling of Proposed System ........................................................................................... 23
C. Energy Use Analysis and Retrofit ............................................................................................................................ 30
Summary of Energy Use ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Recommendations for Improvement ............................................................................................................ 31
Return on Investment Calculations ................................................................................................................ 32
D. Alternative Energy Design ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Photovoltaic Array................................................................................................................................................. 33
Wind Turbine System........................................................................................................................................... 35
Energy Storage and Distribution ..................................................................................................................... 35
E. Schematic Estimate and Schedule........................................................................................................................... 37
Energy Upgrade Coordination Schedule ...................................................................................................... 37
Cost Estimates ......................................................................................................................................................... 37
Lighting Retrofit ........................................................................................................................................... 37
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Distribution Upgrades and Additions .................................................................................................. 39
Alternative Energy Systems..................................................................................................................... 39
F. Financing Plan ................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Lighting Retrofit ..................................................................................................................................................... 41
Distribution Upgrades and Additions ............................................................................................................ 41
Alternative Energy Systems .............................................................................................................................. 41
Payback Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 42
G. LEED for Existing Buildings (Version 2.0) Review .......................................................................................... 42
Overview of Evaluation ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Explanation of Proposed LEED Credits......................................................................................................... 42
H. Outreach Appendix ....................................................................................................................................................... 44
Student Energy Awareness ................................................................................................................................ 44
Feedback Letter from Facilities Maintenance at YSU ............................................................................. 46
Published Article .................................................................................................................................................... 47
Local NECA Chapter Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 48
I. Works Cited ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50
J. Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1: Cafaro House (3-D Model) ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Typical Resident Room Lighting Layout.................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 3: Typical Resident Room Electrical Systems and Furniture Layout ............................................................... 13
Figure 4: Basement Common Area Lighting Layout .............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 5: Typical Corridor Lighting Layout ............................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 6: E0.1 - Dorm Lighting and Fixture Schedule ........................................................................................................... 15
Figure 7: E1.1 – Basement Ceiling Plan (Demo) ...................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 8: E1.2A – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (Demo) .............................................................................................. 17
Figure 9: E1.2B – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (Demo) ................................................................................................ 18
Figure 10: E1.3A – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (Demo) ................................................................................... 19
Figure 11: E1.3B – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (Demo) ..................................................................................... 20
Figure 12: 3-D Rendering of Dorm Lighting (Floor and Ceiling Views) ........................................................................ 23
Figure 13: E2.1 – Basement Ceiling Plan (New) ...................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 14: E2.2A – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (New) .............................................................................................. 25
Figure 15: E2.2B – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (New) ................................................................................................ 26
Figure 16: E2.3A – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (New) ...................................................................................... 27
Figure 17: E2.3B – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (New) ........................................................................................ 28
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Figure 18: E2.4 – Calculated Lighting Levels in Typical Areas .......................................................................................... 29
Figure 19: Distribution Panel, Electrical Room, Basement ................................................................................................. 30
Figure 20: Step-down Transformer, Electrical Room, Basement ..................................................................................... 30
Figure 21: Shark 100-S Sample Setup .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 22: The Affinity Laws ............................................................................................................................................................ 31
Figure 23: Cafaro House Site - Geographical Information Systems, Mahoning County, Ohio .............................. 33
Figure 24: Proposed Alternative Energy Layout ..................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 25: Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory - United States Solar Atlas .......................................................... 34
Figure 26: E2.5 – Alternative Energy Riser Diagrams ........................................................................................................... 36
Figure 27: Coordination Schedule for Cafaro House ............................................................................................................. 37
Figure 28: Lighting Retrofit Cost Estimate ................................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 29: Distribution Upgrade and Additions Cost Estimate ......................................................................................... 39
Figure 30: Alternative Energy Systems Cost Estimate .......................................................................................................... 40
Figure 31: YSU Sustainable Endowments Institute Score ..................................................................................................... 44
Figure 32: YSU Green Initiative Announcement ...................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 33: YSU Vindicator Article (Part 1 of 2) ........................................................................................................................ 47
Figure 34: YSU Vindicator Article (Part 2 of 2) ........................................................................................................................ 48
Figure 35: Motor Controls Lab Demonstration ........................................................................................................................ 49
Figure 36: YSU Green Energy Challenge Team at JATC ........................................................................................................ 49
Table 1: Existing Lamp Mercury Levels ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Table 2: New Lamp Mercury Levels ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Table 3: Three-phase Induction Motors in Cafaro House .................................................................................................... 32
Table 4: Proposed System Payback Period ................................................................................................................................ 41
Table 5: LEED Existing Buildings Proposed Credit Summary ........................................................................................... 42
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PROJECT SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team was formed with the sole goal of
furthering the team’s knowledge of energy efficiency by producing an innovative green design for the
client’s alternative energy demands. The client, Youngstown State University, is an urban research
university that has high values of energy conservation and furthers these ideals by reducing campus-wide
usage and incorporating renewable on-site power generation. The selected residence hall, Cafaro House,
has many opportunities to serve as a green model for future campus projects. The team consists of six
students with six different backgrounds and one common goal: to produce the most energy-efficient site
possible. By designing with new technology, numerous possible routes were explored and incorporated
into the various aspects of the project. The main ideals of the design team included: innovative green
energy solutions, public safety, environmental impact, community influence, student awareness, and
overall client satisfaction.
First, along with the use of existing occupancy sensors, the lighting energy consumption will be
reduced by replacing energy-inefficient fixtures with high-efficiency lighting in almost every area of the
building, lessening usage demands for the customer. Restructuring distribution with a passive consumption
plan will then lessen peak demands. Combining both effective solutions makes energy reduction
renovations financially attractive for the client.
Second, in addition to lighting upgrades, all three-phase inductive motors in Cafaro House (except
elevators) will be retrofitted with a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), allowing for slower starts and greater
energy savings and payback incentives.
Finally, the proposed energy upgrade design integrates a plan of renewable source generation to
offset energy consumption required to operate Cafaro House from utility-generated power. The proposed
power generation design incorporates the additions of wind and photovoltaic power systems. Two helical,
vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) with a power rating of 2 kW are proposed to be installed on the site of
Cafaro House, producing approximately 64 kWh per day. Installed as a both a ground and roof mount array,
fifty-six solar panels will produce 31.2 kWh daily and promote green energy in the community, creating
other opportunities for on-site power generation.
The Cafaro House energy upgrade will cost $225,415.00 and will be paid back within 11.18 years.
Note: Because the energy upgrade proposal is specifically strong in the area of “Lighting Retrofit
Analysis”, a 1.4 multiplier is requested in this area. Therefore, a 0.6 multiplier is requested in
the area of “Alternative Energy Design.”
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CLIENT SUMMARY
Youngstown State University, an urban research university, was founded in 1908 when a branch of the
YMCA established a School of Law in Downtown Youngstown. It has since grown to a composition of seven
colleges: (1) Beeghly College of Education; (2) Bitonte College of Health & Human Services; (3) College of
Fine & Performing Arts; (4) College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences; (5) College of Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics; (6) Williamson College of Business Administration; and (7) School of
Graduate Studies & Research. Youngstown State University is situated on a 140-acre campus and continues
to make improvements with the recent addition of The Williamson Building with LEED Gold Certification
and the $10M Wattson and Tressel Training Center. There were approximately 15,000 students enrolled in
the Fall 2010 semester with a student to instructor ratio of 19:1.
Figure 1: Cafaro House (3-D Model)
Cafaro House is one of six residence halls at Youngstown State University. Cafaro House was named
after William M. Cafaro, founder of the Cafaro Company, which is one of the ten largest commercial real
estate developers in the United States. With construction documents completed in 1994, Cafaro House first
opened under YSU Housing and Residence Life in 1995. Rendered in Figure 1, the building consists of four
full stories with a basement on half of the ground floor. Cafaro House houses approximately 280 students
in the following programs: Leslie H. Cochran University Scholars program, Honors program, BS/MD
program, and the Emerging Leader Community. The building is co-ed by floor with 4-person, 8-person and
18-person suites. Within each suite, individual double-occupancy rooms (2, 4, or 9 rooms depending on
suite arrangement) surround a common area with a shared bathroom. Along with typical suites on four
floors, Cafaro House also has academic spaces (seminar rooms, a multipurpose room used for lectures and
guest speakers, a computer lab); offices (Honors Office, Housing Coordinator’s Offices); and common
spaces (kitchenette, laundry room, music practice rooms, study lounges, exercise facilities, TV lounge).
Cafaro House is also equipped with twenty-four hour surveillance and on-site resident assistants.
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MISSION STATEMENT
In collaboration with the local Mahoning Valley NECA Chapter and its executive director, Tom Travers, the YSU
Green Energy Challenge Team’s key goal is to use innovation and intelligent design as driving factors to ensure a
design incorporating original thinking with standards of excellence. This goal provides great potential to create
a site that will lessen negative environmental impacts and promote others to design with energy efficiency as
the number one priority. It is necessary to focus on two key concepts: reduction of overall energy consumption
and utilization of renewable energy sources. All energy efficient solutions incorporated in the Cafaro House
proposal were based on the main goal of conserving energy producing a potential LEED-certified site. All main
research areas of the proposed design have individualized goals that contribute to a more sustainable site in
several unique ways.
1. Lighting Retrofit Analysis:
It was the main goal of this research area to lessen energy consumption by using innovative LED options while
creating an environment with appropriate light levels in compliance with NEC/ASHRAE standards.
2. Energy Use Analysis and Retrofit:
Because Cafaro House was built in 1994, the distribution equipment was determined to be efficient, making a
complete overhaul unnecessary. Therefore, the main goal of this area was to evaluate existing distribution
equipment to analyze energy consumption throughout the course of each day. This creates a passive way for
Cafaro House to monitor its own consumption and make energy usage decisions based on these evaluations.
3. Alternative Energy Design:
It was a strong desire of the client to be energy-conscious and “green”. Therefore, the main goal of this area of
research was to incorporate an energy efficient design that utilizes all natural resources available on-site
accounting for the client’s energy demands. To accomplish this goal, two off-grid energy sources were
considered: solar and wind.
4. Schematic Estimate/Schedule and Financing:
The main goal of this area of research was to gather information from various experienced professional sources
to develop an accurate and realistic timeline, cost estimation, and financing plan.
5. LEED for Existing Buildings Review:
An expectation of LEED Gold certification was set by the client and GEC team. This was also a driving factor in
other research areas. It was the team’s goal to analyze each LEED credit and fulfill the 48 possible LEED points
necessary for this certification.
YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY GREEN ENERGY CHALLENGE TEAM
The 2011 Green Energy Challenge Team (GECT) from Youngstown State University consists of six core members:
Justin Hosseininejad and Michael Sammartino (Electrical Engineering); Jarrett Scacchetti (Applied Mathematics and
Electrical Engineering); Jason Nutt, Ethan Parks, and David Wright (Electrical Engineering Technology). With a strong
background in the electrical construction industry, having two members working for local engineering firms and two
for a local electrical contractor, the team is looking to utilize acquired knowledge and background to employ cost-
efficient energy-saving solutions to a relatively new facility. Through outreach and support from local contractors,
engineers, architects, and peers, the YSU team looks forward to putting together a model for energy consciousness
that the community can look to as template for the local green energy movement.
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TEAM RESUMES
Justin Hosseininejad
jhosseininejad@student.ysu.edu 171 Fair Meadow Drive Austintown, OH 44515
(330) 540-2507
NECA Green Energy Challenge Duties:
Act as Project Manager and LEED coordinator, concentrate on overall task assignment, plan competition goals, and review all team submissions. Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and serve as medium for communication between various professionals and companies throughout competition.
Objective:
To practically apply skills and knowledge gained at Youngstown State University by obtaining a career in the field of Electrical Engineering and pursuing a Master of Science in Engineering.
Profile:
Highly-motivated collegiate scholar in pursuit of Master of Science in Engineering. Expertise in: AutoCAD 2007 Building Systems, Microsoft Office Suite (Excel, Word,
PowerPoint), OrCAD PSpice software, VHDL design with Quartus II software. Experience with: Solid Works 2007, Visual Basic, Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7, MathCAD,
Maple, LaTeX, and National Instrument LabVIEW. Additional Skills: experience in electrical systems design, strong communication skills, ability
to work in multi-disciplinary groups as leader and member to accomplish tasks.
Education:
YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Bachelor of Engineering - Summa Cum Laude, Scholars Program, Honors Program, May 2011 Major: Electrical and Computer Engineering (Pre-Medical Option) Minor: Mathematics Overall GPA: 4.00 / 4.00 Major GPA: 4.00 / 4.00
Honors/ Achievements:
Engineer Intern (E.I.) Certification (NCEES F.E. Exam), Dean’s List for the College of STEM at YSU, Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society, Pi Mu Epsilon Mathematics Honors Society, YSU Leslie H. Cochran University Scholar Award.
Relevant Coursework:
Basic Circuit Theory I and II Digital and Analog Circuits I Electromagnetic Theory I and II Digital Systems I Computer Design Electromagnetic Energy Conversion
Engineering Drawing Discrete Math Microeconomics Professional Ethics Engineering Concepts I and II Statics / Dynamics
Employment:
PHILLIP J. JAMINET ENGINEERING – Youngstown, OH: Electrical Engineering Intern, Electrical Systems/CAD designer : ( May 2009 – Present )
YSU READING AND STUDY SKILLS CENTER – Youngstown, OH: Peer Tutor, Mentor Tutor: (August 2008 – May 2010)
Affiliations/ Volunteer work:
National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2010-Present) Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (2009-Present) Leslie H. Cochran University Scholars Program (2007-2011) Honors Program (2007-2011)
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Jason A. Nutt
janutt01@student.ysu.edu 733 Lakeview Drive Cortland, OH 44410
(330) 770-0377
NECA Green Energy Challenge Duties:
Conduct field visit for initial site assessment, analyze existing lighting system with computer software for accurate proposal, and draft proposed lighting plans.
Objective:
To practically apply skills and knowledge gained at Youngstown State University by obtaining a career in the field of Electrical Engineering.
Profile:
Highly-motivated undergraduate student. Expertise in: Microsoft Office Suite (Excel, Word, PowerPoint), PSpice software,
ASCII. Experience with: AutoCAD 2011, Revit MEP 2011, Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7,
MathCAD, Acuity Visual, COMcheck. Additional Skills: strong communication skills, experience in electrical design and
construction field.
Education:
YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical Engineering Technology – Expected May 2013
Relevant Coursework:
Basic Circuit Theory I and II Digital and Analog Circuits I Electrical Machines Digital Systems I Electronics I and II
Engineering Drawing/Drafting Engineering Concepts Microprocessors I Programmable Logic Controllers
Employment:
CJL ENGINEERING – Youngstown, OH: Electrical Engineering Intern, Electrical Designer : ( May 2008 – Present ) YSU FACILITIES – Youngstown, OH: Drafting Assistant: (March 2007 – May 2008)
Affiliations:
National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2010-2011)
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Ethan Parks
erparks10@gmail.com 9200 Lisbon Rd
Greenford Ohio 44422 (330) 502-1147
NECA Green Energy Challenge Duties:
Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and outline financing plan for all aspects of proposed energy upgrade.
Objective:
To practically apply skills and knowledge gained at Youngstown State University by obtaining a career in the field of Electrical Engineering.
Profile:
Highly-motivated undergraduate student. Expertise in: knowledge of electrical construction components and materials. Experience with: AutoCAD 2008, Visual Basic, Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7. Additional Skills: ability to develop creative ways to efficiently accomplish tasks.
Education:
YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical Engineering Technology – Expected May 2014 Overall GPA: 4.00 / 4.00 Major GPA: 4.00 / 4.00
Honors/ Achievements:
Dean’s List for the College of STEM at YSU
Relevant Coursework:
Basic Circuit Theory I
Employment:
“JOE” DICKEY ELECTRIC INC. - North Lima, OH: (June 2010 - Present) PARKS GARDEN CENTER AND LANDSCAPING - Canfield, OH (November 2005 - June 2010)
Affiliations:
National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2010-2011)
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Michael T. Sammartino
mtsammartino@gmail.com 3430 Warwick Ct.
Canfield, OH 44406 (330) 506-5903
NECA Green Energy Challenge Duties:
Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and evaluate existing distribution system with proposals for design improvements and additions.
Objective:
Acquire the opportunity to apply skills and knowledge gained at Youngstown State University by obtaining a career in the field of Electrical Engineering.
Profile:
Highly motivated hard working undergraduate student. Expertise in: OrCAD PSpice, C++, UNIX, VHDL, Altera Quartus II, MATLAB, MAPLE, NI LabVIEW, Microsoft Office Suite (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), AVR Microcontrollers. Experience with: AutoCAD, SolidWorks, C# .NET, superconductors, high voltage/high current power supplies, testing and measurement equipment (DMM, oscilloscopes, etc.) Additional Skills: Strong communication skills and ability to work with diverse groups.
Education:
YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical and Computer Engineering (Computer/Digital Option) – Expected May 2012 Minor: Mathematics Overall GPA: 3.02 / 4.00 Major GPA: 4.00 / 4.00 COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF THE AIR FORCE – Maxwell Air Force Base, AL
Associates Degree in Criminal Justice
Distinguished Graduate in both Basic Military Training and CATM School.
Relevant Coursework:
Basic Circuit Theory I and II Digital and Analog Circuits Digital Circuit Design Computer Design Electromagnetic Theory I Electromagnetic Energy Conversion
Physics I and II Calculus I, II, and III Differential Equations Linear Algebra and Matrix Theory Chemistry Statics / Dynamics
Employment:
AKRON CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL – Boardman, OH: Security Officer (July 2009 - Present)
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE: (January 2007 – Present) Deployed in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Mobile Vehicle X-Ray operator (June 2008–March 2009)
MARC’S GROCERY STORE – Austintown, OH: (Feb 2005 – May 2008)
Affiliations/ Certifications:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Student Chapter Vice President (2011) National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter President (2011) YSU IEEE Micromouse Competition lead hardware/controls designer (2011) Syncro Medical HTS Electromagnetic Coil Project- Undergraduate Student Leader
(2010-2011) Ajax Tocco Magnethermic Induction Heating Superconductor Project– Student Helper
(2010-2011) Air Force Reserve Command Airman of the Year (2009)
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Jarrett M. Scacchetti
jmscacchetti@student.ysu.edu 24 Topaz Circle
Canfield, OH 44406 (330) 651-0490
NECA Green Energy Challenge Duties:
Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and explore solar energy systems, such as panels, mounting, and general information as well as wind turbine options.
Objective:
An Engineering internship that will provide a hands-on opportunity and challenge abilities.
Profile:
Highly-motivated collegiate honors student. Expertise in: Microsoft Office Suite (Excel, Word, PowerPoint), OrCAD
PSpice software, VHDL design with Quartus II software, C++. Experience with: : AutoCAD 2010, Solid Works 2008, Visual Basic 6.0, MS Windows XP/7,
Linux, Mac OS X, Maple, LaTeX. Additional Skills: strong communication skills, interpersonal and social skills, and a team
player.
Education:
YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical and Computer Engineering (Computer/Digital Option) – Expected May 2012 Major: Applied Mathematics – Expected May 2013 Overall GPA: 3.96/ 4.00 Major GPA: 4.00 / 4.00
Honors/ Achievements:
Dean’s List for the College of STEM at YSU, Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society (Vice President 2011-2012), Pi Mu Epsilon Mathematics Honors Society, Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, Honorable Mention in the 2010 & 2011 COMAP Competition.
Relevant Coursework:
Basic Circuit Theory I and II Digital and Analog Circuits I Electromagnetic Theory I and II Digital Circuit Design I
Discrete Mathematics Statics / Dynamics Computer Design with VHDL Electromagnetic Energy Conversion
Employment:
YSU MEDIA & ACADEMIC COMPUTING – Youngstown, OH: Software Assistant 1 “Student” (October 2010 – Present)
Affiliations/ Volunteer work:
National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2011-2012); Vice President (2011-2012)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Student Chapter Member (2009-2011); President (2011-2012)
Honors Program (2009-2011) Executive Board Member, NEOREP (Northeast Ohio Robotics Education Program) IEEE YSU SPAC Coordinator
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David E. Wright
dewright@student.ysu.edu 583 Roxbury Ave.
Youngstown, Ohio 44502 (330) 402-5284
NECA Energy Green Challenge Duties:
Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and develop proposals for financing and overall cost estimates and take-offs.
Objective:
To combine my practical field experience, knowledge of the electrical trades, and the knowledge acquired through the Youngstown State Electrical Engineering program to advance existing career in the electrical construction industry.
Profile:
Knowledgeable individual with hands-on experience in the electrical trades and a commitment to continuing education Expertise in: Residential Electrical Construction, Commercial Electrical Estimating.
Experience with: AutoCAD, Small design-build projects. Additional Skills: Excellent working knowledge of the construction process; experience in
project coordination, employee training, and customer relations.
Education:
YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical Engineering Technology – Expected May 2013 Overall GPA: 3.29 / 4.00 YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH Williamson College of Business Administration Associate of Technical Study – Obtained December 16, 2007 Major: Business Technology Overall GPA: 3.23 / 4.00 IBEW/National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee – Youngstown, OH Residential Wireman Certification, May 31, 2004
Honors/ Achievements:
MLK Jr. Scholarship, YSU Leadership Scholarship, Penn-Ohio NECA scholarship, Deans List.
Relevant Coursework:
NECA/IBEW Res. Wireman Courses AutoCAD 1 Drafting and Plan Reading
Basic Computer Digital Circuits Engineering Computing
Employment:
“JOE” DICKEY ELECTRIC INC. – North Lima, Ohio Electrical Estimator/ Engineering Intern (January 2008 – Present)
o Perform commercial estimating duties and project coordination tasks. Residential Journeyman Electrician (May 2004 – January 2008)
o Charged with the electrical construction of multiple new residential developments and provided on the job training for apprentices.
Residential Electrical Apprentice (August 2002 – May 2004) o Received residential electrical on the job training.
GULU ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS INC. – Youngstown, Ohio Residential Electrical Apprentice: (January 2002 – August 2002)
o Received residential electrical on the job training
Affiliations/ Volunteer work:
National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2010-Present) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Member (2009 – Present) International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 64 member (2001 – Present) Habitat For Humanity and “Extreme Makeover: My Home Town”
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LIGHTING RETROFIT ANALYSIS
EXISTING LIGHTING SYSTEM
For the existing lighting study, Cafaro House was separated into three distinct areas of interest: (I) Dorm
Rooms, (II) Common Areas and (III) Corridors. The current lighting system uses 30.5 kW of electricity,
according to wattage ratings of each fixture.
DORM ROOMS
For the first area of interest, typical dorm rooms
consist of either two - 1’x4’ linear fluorescent
fixtures with two 34 W T12 Lamps each; or four -
1’x4’ linear fluorescent fixtures with two 34 W T12
Lamps each, Model Description: Lithonia SPG-240-
A12-125-277ES, as pictured in Figure 2. In most
cases, the dorm rooms have two - 1’x4’ linear
fluorescents. Upon further field investigation, it
was determined that ALL linear fluorescent fixtures
in the building were retrofitted with (2) 28 W T8
Lamps. This occurred in 2006 and was contracted
through Johnson Controls by the University in an
attempt to bring down energy costs. This upgrade
was a key factor in redesigning the areas of interest
and played a role in determining which fixtures
would be suitable for a lighting upgrade, within
reasonable cost. The overall resident room floor
plan with lighting and electrical systems can be
seen in Figure 3.
COMMON AREAS
For the second area of interest, common areas
consist of a variety of conference, computer and
lounge rooms. The Green Energy Challenge Team
(GECT) determined that the most applicable
common areas for an energy-conservative retrofit
would be the 8-person lounges on the 2nd, 3rd, and
4th floors, the basement lounge, and the 18-person
lounges located at ends of each wing of the building. These specific areas were chosen with the customers
upfront cost in mind in an attempt to have a cost effective retrofit with minimal capital needed for upfront
costs. The major fixtures are the 2’x4’ linear fluorescent fixtures, Lithonia 2SPG-240-A12-125-277ES, as
seen in Figure 4. Like the other linear fluorescents in the building, the 2’x4’ fixtures in the common areas
also contained (2) 28 W T8 lamps retrofitted from Johnson Controls.
Figure 2: Typical Resident Room Lighting Layout
Figure 3: Typical Resident Room Electrical Systems and
Furniture Layout
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CORRIDORS
Finally, the corridors consist of 6” compact
fluorescent down lights each with two F13TT
lamps, Model Description: Lithonia LGF-2/13TT-
6RW-T73-277-HPF, as pictured in Figure 5. The
corridor also houses 2’x4’ linear fluorescents
fixtures intermittently which gave the corridor an
unnecessarily contrasting luminance. Like the other
linear fluorescents in the building, the 2’x4’ fixtures
in the corridors also contained (2) 28 W T8 lamps
retrofitted from Johnson Controls.
The remainder of the building lighting
consists of emergency egress fixtures. The
emergency egress lights include exit signage and
weatherproof remote emergency heads at exterior
doors.
COMPUTER MODELING OF EXISTING SYSTEM
In order to propose an appropriate retrofit, computer models of Cafaro House were created in AutoCAD
2011 for 2-D lighting layout and field-verified with a light meter for photometric recommendations. A
computer-aided-drafting program by Autodesk, AutoCAD 2011 was used to create reflected ceiling plans
showing all existing lighting fixtures based upon as-built architectural floor plans. The correct lighting
placement was verified during the existing site conditions field visit. Figure 6 shows the existing lighting
layout for the dorm rooms. Figures 7-11 show existing reflected ceiling plans for each floor of the
building. Except for the interior corridors, these areas can utilize natural lighting to minimize energy costs.
All the areas with excessive or deficient lighting will be addressed in the proposed lighting plan conforming
to ASHRAE standards.
Figure 4: Basement Common Area Lighting Layout
Figure 5: Typical Corridor Lighting Layout
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Figure 6: E0.1 - Dorm Lighting and Fixture Schedule
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Figure 7: E1.1 – Basement Ceiling Plan (Demo)
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Figure 8: E1.2A – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (Demo)
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Figure 9: E1.2B – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (Demo)
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Figure 10: E1.3A – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (Demo)
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Figure 11: E1.3B – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (Demo)
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PROPOSED LIGHTING SYSTEM
After the field survey, a complete analysis of existing conditions at Cafaro House included, but was not
limited to: actual illumination meter readings, lighting fixture analysis, existing lamp mercury (Hg) content
calculations (picogram per lumen hour, pg/lm-h), and compliance with current area-specific IES
recommendations. The GECT composed a lighting upgrade proposal that concentrates on key factors that
affect overall energy consumption within the building. This proposal includes factors to provide an
environmentally conscious design in an attempt to maximize energy efficiency within the residence hall.
In order to provide an environmentally conscious lighting design, the GECT focused on mercury
content reduction in lamps and reducing overall waste produced from lamps with short life-spans. Careful
measures were taken to: (1) reduce existing lamp usage by suggesting longer-life lamps, (2) decrease
mercury content throughout the building by proposing fixtures with lamps that eliminate mercury or
significantly reduce the pg/lm-h value, (3) increase or match existing foot-candle levels in upgraded areas,
and (4) limit the number of lamps kept in owner-stock for replacement. These measures taken by the GECT
were applied to three areas of interest in the building: (I) Dorm Rooms, (II) Common Areas, and (III)
Corridors.
DORM ROOMS
Each dorm room was outfitted with 1x4 linear fluorescent fixtures containing (1) T5HO lamp. Existing
individual switching of fixtures was maintained while reducing mercury content and limiting the
quantity/type of lamps as replacement stock. Shown in Figure 12, the Focal Point fixtures proposed for the
dorm rooms were inserted into an Autodesk Revit 2011 MEP model to show a 3-D model of the actual
photometric output.
COMMON AREAS
Like the dorm rooms, the upgraded common areas included common areas (8-person and 18-person
suites) and the basement recreational area. The existing fixtures in these areas were replaced with new
Focal Point Equation fixtures. These fixtures require (1) T5HO lamp as opposed to the existing (2) T8
lamps. This fixture was chosen for cost-effectiveness, comparable lumen output, and reduction of mercury
content. The proposed lamps have a mercury content of 1.4 pg/lm-h, which is far less than the 1.7 pg/lm-h
of the T8 lamp. The mercury content of all of the existing lamps is shown in Table 1 and the new content
can be seen in Table 2.
CORRIDORS
Ranging from 0.6 fc to over 100 fc, many of the corridors throughout the facility lack a consistent foot-
candle level when measured with a Digital Light Meter. The GECT proposed a design for the corridors
establishing an even foot-candle level by retrofitting the existing 6” down lights with an LED fixture and
replacing the existing 2x4 linear fluorescent fixtures with the same LED fixture. (Refer to Drawing E0.1 in
Figure 6 for the proposed fixture schedule.) This uniform lighting layout saves money since fewer lamp
types will be kept in stock for replacement. The new fixture has a rated LED lamp life of 50,000 hours. This
is compared to the existing 28 W T8 lamps with a life of 24,000 hours and the 13 W compact fluorescent
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lamps with a rated life of 10,000 hours. This lamp-life comparison shows that fewer lamps will be needed
throughout the life of the fixture and the owner will save on overall maintenance and replacement costs.
MERCURY CONTENT ANALYSIS
Comparing the existing and proposed lighting systems, mercury content calculations were made to show
the major environmental impact that the new fixtures would have on the building. As per LEED guidelines,
an acceptable level of mercury from light fixtures in a building is 90 pg/lm-h. After Johnson Controls
retrofit in 2006, the total mercury content for all the areas to be upgraded was 32.22 pg/lm-h (as shown
Table 1). With the GECT proposed system, the total mercury levels was calculated at 11.79 pg/lm-h (as
shown in Table 2), which is one third of the existing mercury content. This significant difference marks a
large step toward preserving the environment and paves the way for a responsible green design process.
Table 1: Existing Lamp Mercury Levels
Table 2: New Lamp Mercury Levels
LEED EB Mercury Content: Existing/Actual Mercury Containing Lamps (during performance period)Type of Lamp Number of Existing
Lamps for Building
and Grounds
(during
performance
period)
One Lamp Hg
Content
(milligrams)
PicoGrams per
lumen hour for
each type of
Lamp
One Lamp
Mean (at 40%
of lamp life)
Light Output
(Lumens)
One Lamp
Life (Hours)
Total Hg Content
for All Lamps of
this Type (grams)
Total Lumen
Hours that will be
Delivered by All
Lamps of this
Type (Hours)
PHILLIPS 28W T8 854 1.7 27 2645 24,000 1.4518 54211920000
PHILIPS PLS - 13W/827 254 1.4 189 740 10,000 0.3556 1879600000
TOTALS 1.8074 56,091,520,000
Total Mercury Content of
Existing Lamps (during
performance period)
1.81
Total Lumen-Hours of Existing
Lamps (during performance
period)
56,091,520,000
Average Mercury Content of
Existing Lamps in Picograms
per Lumen Hour (during
performance period) 32.22
LEED EB Mercury Content: Existing/Actual Mercury Containing Lamps (during performance period)Type of Lamp Number of Existing
Lamps for Building
and Grounds
(during
performance
period)
One Lamp Hg
Content
(milligrams)
PicoGrams per
lumen hour for
each type of
Lamp
One Lamp
Mean (at 40%
of lamp life)
Light Output
(Lumens)
One Lamp
Life (Hours)
Total Hg Content
for All Lamps of
this Type (grams)
Total Lumen
Hours that will be
Delivered by All
Lamps of this
Type (Hours)
PHILLIPS F49T5HO/835 368 1.4 12 4750 25,000 0.5152 43700000000
TOTALS 0.5152 43,700,000,000
Total Mercury Content of
Existing Lamps (during
performance period)
0.52
Total Lumen-Hours of Existing
Lamps (during performance
period)
43,700,000,000
Average Mercury Content of
Existing Lamps in Picograms
per Lumen Hour (during
performance period) 11.79
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COMPUTER MODELING OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
Based on the proposed lighting retrofit, computer models of Cafaro House were created in AutoCAD 2011
for 2-D lighting layouts. These models were constructed using the same techniques and methods described
for the existing system, with substitutions made for proposed energy-efficient fixtures. Also, Visual 2.0 and
Autodesk Revit MEP 2011 were used to create 3-D photometric calculations and 3-D renderings of the new
lighting layout, respectively. Figure 6 shows the proposed lighting layout for the dorm rooms and new
light fixture schedule. Figures 13-18 show new reflected ceiling plans for each floor of the building and
lighting levels in typical areas.
A. Developed by Acuity Brands, Visual 2.0 was used to import 2-D CAD reflected ceiling plans and create a
3-D model of the building for artificial lighting analysis. The model was created from precise
measurements of existing drawings which accounted for appropriate floor, wall, and ceiling
reflectances. From this model, equivalent luminaire models were imported into the software from IES
files describing the lighting characteristics of proposed fixtures. From these simulations shown in
Figure 18, the varying foot-candle (fc) level in the dorm rooms, corridors, and common areas (8-
person and 18-person) can be examined and verified for accuracy.
B. Autodesk Revit MEP 2011 was used to create 3-D lighting renderings based on existing CAD files and
imported photometric files for new fixtures. Shown in Figure 12, these layouts are used to accurately
represent the foot-candles output into the existing spaces by the proposed fixtures.
Figure 12: 3-D Rendering of Dorm Lighting (Floor and Ceiling Views)
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Figure 13: E2.1 – Basement Ceiling Plan (New)
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Figure 14: E2.2A – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (New)
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Figure 15: E2.2B – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (New)
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Figure 16: E2.3A – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (New)
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Figure 17: E2.3B – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (New)
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Figure 18: E2.4 – Calculated Lighting Levels in Typical Areas
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ENERGY USE ANALYSIS AND RETROFIT
SUMMARY OF ENERGY USE
Currently, the distribution system at Cafaro House is energy-efficient
and does not need further improvements. Mounted on the building
exterior, Cafaro House is being fed from a 750 kVA 3-phase pad-
mounted transformer with a 4160 V primary that is stepped down to
277/480 V on the secondary side. This transformer feeds a 1200 A
distribution panel located in the basement of the building (Figure
19). The distribution panel feeds various lighting panels, mechanical
panels, and mechanical equipment throughout the building.
On each of the four main floors, there are two electrical
rooms (one for each wing of the building) and a main electrical room
in the basement. In each electrical room, there is a 277/480 V 3-
phase panel serving as the lighting panel for the suites, corridors,
and common areas. These panels also feed 480 V Delta – 120/208 V
Wye 3-phase transformers that serve panels with receptacle loads
from the suites, corridors, and common areas. In total, there are five
transformers rated at 30 kVA and nine rated at 45 kVA. The lighting
and general purpose receptacle panels in the basement are located in
the main electrical room.
The major mechanical loads of the building consist
of two elevators, the fire pump, and the chiller. To offset
power requirements, the chiller utilizes a 40 kvar starting
capacitor. Combined, these loads are fused to reflect a total
load of 710 A at 480 V. There is also a 200 A panel at
277/480 V designated for other various mechanical loads
on normal power. An emergency generator in the basement
provides power to critical mechanical loads, emergency
lighting, life-safety systems (fire alarm and suppression)
and security systems during power outage situations. The
generator is a 3-phase unit rated at 60 kW that feeds one
200 A emergency panel fused at 125 A. The emergency
panel feeds a step-down transformer (Figure 20) and
120/208 V panel. The overall condition of the electrical distribution equipment throughout the facility is sufficient
enough to not require immediate upgrades. Since the building was constructed only 15 years ago, none of
the equipment is severely outdated or in need of replacement. Certain things, however, were looked into
such as the efficiency of the step-down transformers to ensure there was no unnecessary or excessive
power loss in the system.
Figure 19: Distribution Panel,
Electrical Room, Basement
Figure 20: Step-down Transformer, Electrical Room,
Basement
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The HVAC system for the building
primarily consists of a central heating and
cooling system utilizing four air handling
units (AHU). Heat is received from boilers
circulating hot water via hot water pumps to
the AHUs; air conditioning is received
through cold water chillers transferred by a
central chilled water pump. All units
operate off 480 V/3P and are located inside
the mechanical rooms. Seasonal Energy
Efficiency Ratio (SEER) is a measure of
heating/cooling output (in BTUs) to energy
input (in watt-hours). The U.S. Department
of Energy set forth the SEER 10 regulation in
1992, which was increased to SEER 13
requirement in 2006. Since the building was constructed in 1994, Cafaro House could benefit from a HVAC
upgrade to SEER 13, which is at minimum 30% more efficient than SEER 10.
Currently, Youngstown State University does not individually monitor buildings, which makes a
large power increase (due to failed equipment or devices) nearly impossible to detect. Even though only
Cafaro House was analyzed in this upgrade, it is suggested that YSU incorporates sub-metering into all of its
facilities to provide real-time energy consumption information. In order to monitor energy usage in the
future, a Shark 100-S sub-metering network can be retrofitted into existing buildings. This would allow the
monitoring of individual circuits at any instant. At $495.00 each, a minimum of five wireless meter units are
suggested totaling $2,475.00. Shown in Figure 21, this system integrates into YSU’s existing Wi-Fi and
wired networks, removing additional costs from creating an infrastructure to acquire data from the sub-
meters. Although payback is negligible, this system will promote energy conservation by making residents
and facility monitors aware of consumption, promoting future decreases in usage.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
Consuming a large portion of energy, Variable Frequency Drives
(VFDs) should be incorporated into existing mechanical equipment
to save energy. VFDs on fans and motors save energy by matching
the system demand with actual volume (of air, water, etc.) needed.
Shown in Figure 22, energy consumption in centrifugal devices
(such as pumps and motors) follows “The Affinity Laws”. Therefore,
when only 80% of system demand is needed, the VFD will allow the
device to run at 80% of the rated speed, requiring only 50% of the
rated power. This will instantly cut the power consumption of
mechanical equipment by at least half. In this application, it would
only be practical to apply VFDs to 3-phase equipment (shown in
Table 3) since payback of single phase equipment would exceed the
life of the building.
Figure 21: Shark 100-S Sample Setup
Figure 22: The Affinity Laws
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Another advantage of VFDs is the ability to “soft
start” connected equipment. When connected at full
supply voltage, induction motors instantaneously draw a
large initial current several times greater than the rated
current. VFDs have the ability to control initial current,
start the motor far below the rated current, and then
gradually raise the speed to the required level. Since
there are approximately over 75,000 starts in the life of
the chiller at Cafaro House, this would be advantageous to
the remaining lifespan of the equipment. As a note, VFDs
also increase the power factor to about 0.95; however,
Youngstown State University is not penalized for having
an uncorrected power factor.
RETURN ON INVESTMENT CALCULATIONS
Combined, the mechanical equipment motors at full load
consume 1109 kWh/day, calculated on average as follows:
,*(
) (√ )( )( )( ( ))+ (
)-
+ ,*(
) (√ )( )( )( ( ))+ (
)-
= (
) (
) (
)
and costs $66.50/day, calculated as follows:
⁄ .
Arbitrarily choosing motors to run at 80% speed, reducing energy consumption by 50%, savings will be
554.5 kWh/day and $33.25/day. Since air conditioning and heating equipment will not run concurrently,
the total kWh usage was calculated for the entire year with air conditioning and heating equipment
operating for six months each. A typical industrial power factor of 0.86 was used.
Using (21) Schneider Electric AC-Drive-6MVC2 (for motors less than or equal to 5 HP) at $735.50
each and (4) Schneider Electric AC-Drive-6MVC5 (for motors greater than 5 HP) at $1,288.00 each, the
price to add VFDs to Cafaro House is $20,597.50 (not including labor or markups). Due to the location of
devices, motors cannot share VFDs in this application.
A daily savings of $33.25 and total equipment cost of $20,597.50 would yield an equipment payoff
in only 620 days (not including installation or markups). This payoff also does not include the savings
accrued from prolonging the life of equipment via soft starts. It is important to note that elevators were
NOT included in this analysis as it would pose a safety concern to install a VFD.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DESIGN
After analyzing the current power consumption and proposing viable solutions for energy reduction, the
implementation of on-site alternative energies can further reduce electricity demands. When considering
the location size and region, both photovoltaic panels and wind energy can be employed simultaneously at
Table 3: Three-phase Induction Motors in Cafaro House
Device Volts/PH Rating
Unit Heater #3 480/3 3 HP
Exhaust Fan #10 480/3 3 HP
Exhaust Fan #12 480/3 3 HP
Hot Water Pump #1 480/3 5 HP
Hot Water Pump #2 480/3 5 HP
Chilled Water Pump 480/3 15 HP
Cooling Tower Pump 480/3 10 HP
Air Handling Unit #1 480/3 7.5 HP
Air Handling Unit #2 480/3 1 HP
Air Handling Unit #3 480/3 5 HP
Air Handling Unit #4 480/3 5 HP
Supply Fan 480/3 .75 HP
Boiler #1 480/3 1.5 HP
Boiler #2 480/3 1.5 HP
Control Air Compressor #1 480/3 5 HP
Control Air Compressor #2 480/3 5 HP
Chiller 480/3 43 HP
Cooling Tower Fan 480/3 15 HP
Return Exhaust Fan #1 480/3 1.5 HP
Return Exhaust Fan #2 480/3 1 HP
Duct Heater #1 480/3 20.8 FLA
Duct Heater #2 480/3 24.3 FLA
Air Conditioning Unit #1 480/3 35.7 FLA
Condensing Unit #1 480/3 4.4 FLA
Air Conditioning Unit #2 480/3 29.5 FLA
Condensing Unit #2 480/3 12.3 FLA
Elevator #1 480/3 30 HP
Elevator #2 480/3 30 HP
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the site. Before explaining the proposed alternative energy plan
shown in Figure 24, the following list of renewable systems and
other energy-reduction plans were suggested but proved
impractical for the site:
1. Geothermal energy was not found to be applicable in the
initial site survey since more mechanical rooms would
need to be installed to house the pumps and heat
exchanger used in a geothermal energy system. Also, an
unrealistic amount of re-piping would be needed to
retrofit the existing spaces which would have a heavy
upfront cost and no viable chance for payback. As seen
in Figure 23, there would also not be enough space to
put a geothermal well for a building of this size.
2. Due to location, hydropower, tidal power, and wave
power are not an option since the building is in an urban
area, not near a river.
3. Double exit doors create a vestibule that prevents
excessive fluctuations in internal temperatures. At
Cafaro House, only the main two entrances utilize this
energy-efficient design. Other exits are one-way doors
placed for students’ convenience and for emergency
purposes only. Therefore, for functionality and security
reasons, double exit doors will not be implemented at
those exits.
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY
Solar energy is a renewable source that is inexpensive to
employ. To show the community the “green” changes to the
building and to produce an efficient amount of energy, both
roof-mounted panels and ground-mounted panels will be
implemented, as seen in Figure 24. Specifically, the ground-
mounted array can be used as an educational tool since
passersby can approach the system and see how it works. Also,
even though there is an empty courtyard to the southwest of the building, this area is a designated
recreational area for student use. Therefore, alternative energy sources will not be installed in that
location, leaving the upgrade to utilize the roof space (for solar panels) and small areas next to the building
(for both solar panels and wind turbines).
For maximum energy production, the solar array panels must be oriented true south. At the site
location in Youngstown, OH, according to Enphase Energy’s Solar Array Orientation Map, true south is eight
degrees west of magnetic south. As reported by the Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory’s United States
Figure 23: Cafaro House Site - Geographical
Information Systems, Mahoning County, Ohio
Figure 24: Proposed Alternative Energy Layout
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Solar Atlas in Figure 25, one
square-meter of solar panel area at
this site will produce an average of
4-4.5 kWh/day equal to 0.177 kW.
By using a total of fifty-six solar
panels, the solar system can
produce approximately 224-252
kWh/day. However, the proposed
solar array compensates only a
portion of the electricity demand due to inefficiencies in energy conversion and poor regional solar
statistics.
As a result of market availability, framed PV panels, rather than thin-film panels, were chosen.
Although many types of framed PV panels are available, this installation will use a Sharp Solar Panel
(Model ND-130UJF), which is a 130 W 12 V system. Therefore, the fifty-six panels would have a maximum
output of 7.280 kW or 174.72 kWh. These framed solar panels have a 12 VDC output and are compatible
with the proposed 8 kW Sunny Boy grid-tie inverting system, as seen in Figure 26. The Sharp solar panels
can be connected in series, with a maximum of thirty-four panels on the same series circuit. Therefore, the
proposed solar array will use two series circuits with the thirty-two ground-mounted panels on the first
circuit, and the twenty-four roof-mounted panels on the second. The surface area of each solar panel is
9278.00 cm2. Thus, the total area of the proposed arrays would be 51.957 m2 and receive a maximum
potential 9.912 kW from the sun. This particular model has a module conversion efficiency of 13.1%. With
this efficiency and considering NREL regional statistics, a more reasonable production output is 1.297 kW
or 31.136 kWh/day.
After deciding the panel arrangement, type, and quantity, a variety of mounting racks were
researched. The Solar FlexRack manufactured by a local aluminum extrusion company, Northern States
Metals, was chosen for this solar array application. Fabricated in Youngstown, Ohio, the Solar FlexRack
reduces material cost, shipping time, and installation demands for each panel installed. Compared to other
mounting solutions for PV panels, the Solar FlexRack comes pre-fabricated to the site, requiring only two
bolts to complete installation. Unlike the competition which takes forty-five minutes to assemble by hand
in the field, Northern States Metals product unfolds in an accordion-like fashion and can be setup in three
minutes. Also, the racks made by Northern States Metals are custom-designed to the specific solar panel
and location of the client, taking into consideration climate conditions such as snowfall and wind speeds.
Therefore, these racks are more suitable for the environment in which they are being used.
Using the Solar FlexRack and Sharp PV panels, the proposed solar array will consist of two ground-
mounted 4x4 panel racks, totaling thirty-two panels. Allowing for true south arrangement and a noticeable
presence, one array will be placed north of the building and another placed south of the building, as shown
in Figure 24. For the three roof-mounted 2x4 arrays, a pitched roof solar array mount from Xiamen
Stanwic Optoelectronics will be used. The system can be placed on the roof while lining up to true south
with minimal additional framework needed. The electrical distribution riser diagram for connecting the
proposed solar array system into Cafaro House’s existing electrical network can be seen in Figure 26.
kW
h/d
ay
pe
r m
2 o
f so
lar
pa
ne
l
Figure 25: Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory - United States Solar Atlas
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WIND TURBINE SYSTEM.
Wind is a natural, renewable source of energy that is utilized across the world. Unfortunately, the site’s
regional wind climate and urban location creates a challenge to making wind power generation
appropriate for the client. The use of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) mounted on the ground has been
considered the best option for this site. This choice was made due to the inability to utilize typical
horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) because of safety concerns. HAWTs need an uninhabited radius of
150-200% of the turbine height including blades. Therefore, due to close proximity to other buildings, a
ground-mounted VAWT would be ideal for both safety and energy generation.
Using a compact, elegant, and versatile design, the Helix S322, by Helix Wind Corp., was determined
as the best-fit turbine for the client. This model is a VAWT with a modular design that can be installed very
easily. The Helix turbine has a maximum power output of 2 kW and a cut-in speed of 11.1 mph. By placing
two turbines as shown in Figure 24, the energy produced will be a maximum of 4 kW or 96 kWh per day.
However, due to lower wind speeds on-site, a more realistic estimate of 2.667 kW or 64 kWh will be
expected at Cafaro House. The electrical distribution riser diagram for connecting the proposed wind
turbine system the existing electrical network can be seen in Figure 26.
ENERGY STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
To properly utilize the power produced by on-site renewable energy sources, a grid-tie system is proposed.
From the riser diagram shown in Figure 26, the Sunny Boy inverter box takes DC output from the framed
solar panels, converts it, and outputs it as 3-phase AC at 60 Hz. The system will be directly tied into the
existing utility power grid. With this design, at times when the power demanded by the building is greater
than the power generated on-site (expected to be most of the time), the system will automatically pull
power from the utility company. Conversely, at times when more alternative energy power is produced
than demanded (possibly when the building is shutdown), the system will send power back to the utility.
This system would be installed in the basement of Cafaro House in the existing electric room. Only
one Sunny Boy inverter (rated at 8 kW) would be needed to appropriately handle the 1.3 kW and to
accommodate for future expansion of alternative energy systems. As seen in Figure 26, the two helix wind
turbines are shipped with an inverting system, only requiring connection to the utility grid.
Because of the proportionally small amount of energy being produced on-site, it is unrealistic that
the client will reach net-neutrality with these renewable systems alone. However, if future alternative
energies were implemented in an off-site location near Cafaro House, power generated can be sold back to
the utility company, a likely scenario on days where the building is unoccupied. If Cafaro House is
producing more energy than needed, the surplus energy will be put back into the utility grid, crediting
money towards overall utility costs. Even though surplus power lessens energy bills, the utility company
only buys energy back at 20% of the selling rate. Considering the growing green energy movement, it is
likely that the power company will adjust these tariffs to promote on-site energy production in the future.
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Figure 26: E2.5 – Alternative Energy Riser Diagrams
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SCHEMATIC ESTIMATE AND SCHEDULE
ENERGY UPGRADE COORDINATION SCHEDULE
Shown in Figure 27, a project
timeline was created for each
respective scope of work involved in
the energy upgrade. To maintain
normal operations during the entire
construction process, the work is
coordinated to minimize disruption
of facility operations. The only task
that may cause any major disruptions
to Youngstown State University or
the tenants of the building is the
installation of the new luminaries in
the dormitory rooms. This work is
scheduled to occur when students
will not be occupying the building
between semesters. All of the
processes of a normal construction
project were taken into consideration
including product lead time, the
submittal process, mobilization,
punch list completion/project close-
out, and realistic time allotments to
facilitate the installation of the new
equipment.
COST ESTIMATES
For all proposed retrofits, additions, and alternative power generation systems, the overall cost of energy
upgrades at Cafaro House is estimated to be approximately $225,415.00, a reasonable upfront cost to run a
large residence hall from renewable energy sources for many years. The main areas of this financing plan
include: (A) lighting retrofit at $89,720.00, (B) distribution upgrades/additions at $38,175.00, and
(C) alternative energy system at $97,520.00.
LIGHTING RETROFIT
For the lighting retrofit at Cafaro House, all fixture costs were obtained from a local lighting representative,
Mike Sell, from Jack Duffy & Assoc., Inc. With one of the team member’s working as an electrical estimator
by trade, the bid proposal was produced with commercial bidding software (Accubid) used by local
contractor, Dickey Electric. This software generated accurate cost estimates for each portion of the design.
All Systems
Notice to Proceed/Submittals 2 Weeks
Owner Submittal Approval 2 Weeks
Mobilization 2-3 Days
Punch List Items 2 Weeks
Lighting Retrofit
Fixture Lead Time 2-4 Weeks
Common Area Fixture Installation 3 Weeks
Dormatory Fixture Installation 2 Weeks
Distribution/Drive Improvements
Product Lead Time 1-2 Weeks
Drive Installation 4-5 Weeks
Sub Metering Installation 2 Days
Wind/Solar Installation
Product Lead Time 5-7 Weeks
Riser Conduit/Wiring 2-3 Weeks
Equipment Installation 2 Weeks
System Start-up/Commissioning 1 Day
Dates of Completion
7/2
5/2
01
1
8/1
/20
11
System/Task
6/2
0/2
01
1
6/2
7/2
01
1
7/4
/20
11
7/1
1/2
01
1
7/1
8/2
01
1
9/1
9/2
01
1
Duration
8/8
/20
11
8/1
5/2
01
1
8/2
2/2
01
1
8/2
9/2
01
1
9/5
/20
11
9/1
2/2
01
1
6/6
/20
11
6/1
3/2
01
1
Figure 27: Coordination Schedule for Cafaro House
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Referring Figure 28, the cost estimate obtained from the local lighting representative is reflected in
the line item entitled “Quoted Material Extension.” The other items of interest that appear on this pricing
breakdown table include: (A) the database material, (B) direct labor costs, (C) general
expenses/equipment, and (D) the contractor markup for labor and materials. Each of these categories
includes different aspects that contribute to the overall cost estimate:
A. The database material consists of all the branch conduit, wires, boxes, fittings, and miscellaneous
materials needed to complete the proposed work.
B. The direct labor consists of Journeyman Electricians and Apprentices from IBEW Local 64, the
locality in which Cafaro House resides. This is referred to as direct labor since none of the proposed
work would be completed by subcontractors of the electrical contractor.
C. The only item included in the budget under the category of general expenses for this project is the
cost incurred for electrical inspections of the work performed.
D. The contractor’s markup for labor and materials was also taken into consideration. Every
contractor has different markup methods used to account for overhead and to achieve desired
profit margins. For this project budget, a generic 5% overhead and 10% markup for all labor and
materials was used.
OVERALL PRICE OF LIGHTING RETROFIT: $89,720.00
Figure 28: Lighting Retrofit Cost Estimate
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DISTRIBUTION UPGRADES AND ADDITIONS
For the power system upgrades and building metering, the same software was utilized. For this portion,
only journeyman electricians were utilized because of the skill level needed to install these components. As
shown in Figure 29, the total quoted material (the VFDs and metering equipment) totals $20,597.50 and
the labor required was 220 hours. The miscellaneous materials needed to complete the installation and the
potential inspection fees were also taken into consideration for this estimate.
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION UPGRADE AND ADDITIONS TOTAL COST: $38,175.00
Figure 29: Distribution Upgrade and Additions Cost Estimate
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Finally, the solar array/wind system equipment and installation costs were estimated. Even though solar
installations are labor intensive, the layout of the system and need for subcontractors to complete the
installation posed several challenges. Pricing had to be obtained for the equipment as well as costs for
excavation to complete trenches, boring under sidewalks, and foundations for the new equipment. As
illustrated in Figure 30, all the main cost factors have been incorporated in the estimate. This includes
allowances for electrical inspection and material freight charges not included in the pricing quotes.
Apprentice labor was also utilized for two reasons: (1) to keep costs down and (2) since apprentices in this
area are trained on the installation of this equipment.
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ESTIMATED ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS COST: $97,520.00
Figure 30: Alternative Energy Systems Cost Estimate
FINANCING PLAN
Since YSU is a state university, the funding for this energy upgrade will come from private donations, and
campus improvement allotments instead of tax credits. For the overall capital investment, YSU will offset
the energy upgrade cost with yearly reductions in utilities and various loan programs. At YSU, the main
organization providing capital investment for all scholarships, campus renovations, and other
improvements is the YSU Foundation. With offset utility savings, the major funding for this energy upgrade
will be provided by this charitable, non-profit organization. Finally, Along with seeking federal, state, and
local grant incentives, YSU will pursue other green energy rebates and renewable resource credits through
utility companies.
Youngstown State purchases its power from First Energy, a local utility service provider, at a
distribution rate significantly lower than the standard commercial cost per kWh. However, the cost
structure for their billing is similar to a normal customer since power factor and peak demand (in kW) are
also taken into consideration. After investigation and conversations with YSU Facilities Maintenance, it was
discovered that the university has a power factor in excess of 0.99 campus-wide and does not meter the
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majority of its facilities separately. Since Cafaro House is one of the buildings not metered separately, the
power factor and peak demand of the facility are unknown. Due to the magnitude of electrical load across
campus, it was also determined that any change in the power factor or peak demand at Cafaro House would
have virtually no effect on the peak demand structure portion of YSU’s billing. According to Ralph Morrone,
PE, LEED AP, and Facilities Engineer, YSU pays $0.06 per kWh, which was used in all calculations.
LIGHTING RETROFIT
Analyzing the F1 fixtures, the existing fixtures use 11,072 W yearly; running an average of eight hours per
day, these fixtures are powered for 2,416 hours per year. Therefore, existing F1 fixtures use 26,749.952
kWh. Replacing the existing fixture with the one listed in Figure 6 under the same conditions, the power
consumption is 9,861 W and 23,824.176 kWh, yearly. By replacing F1 fixtures, the energy savings is
2,925.776 kWh per year.
When analyzing the F2, A, and A1 fixtures, a significant change in power consumption is noticed
due to their 24-hour operation. The existing fixtures are used 7,248 hours per year, consume 13,952 W or
98,514.816 kWh per year. Replacing the existing fixtures with those listed in Figure 6 under the same
conditions, the power consumption is 6,270 W and 45,444.96 kWh, yearly. By replacing F2, A, and A1
fixtures, the energy savings is 53,069.856 kWh per year.
Therefore, this would save YSU approximately $3,359.77 per year in utilities. Also, Ohio Edison
offers a one-time incentive of $0.80/W for lighting retrofits. Therefore, YSU will receive a one-time credit
of $6,826.40. The lighting retrofit, which costs $89,720, will save 55,996 kWh per year. With a price of
$0.06/kW at YSU, this upgrade has an individual payback of 24.67 years, as seen in Table 4.
DISTRIBUTION UPGRADES AND ADDITIONS
Along with energy savings from the lighting retrofit, the installation of
VFD’s on mechanical equipment will reduce energy consumption
significantly and allow for utility incentives. Based on the Ohio Edison
“Motors and Drives Incentive”, for each horsepower in a motor with a
VFD installed, a one-time $35 credit will be given to the customer.
With the various induction motors listed in Table 3, Cafaro House
will be eligible for $4,541.00 in credits. As well as the credit incentive
from Ohio Edison/First Energy, the VFDs will save approximately
$10,080.78 in yearly utility costs. The distribution upgrade, which
costs $38,175.00, will save 168,013 kWh per year. With a price of
$0.06/kW at YSU, this upgrade has an individual payback of
3.34 years, as seen in Table 4.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Costing $97,520.00, the alternative energy upgrade will produce
energy savings of 95,136 kWh per year. With a price of $0.06/kW at
YSU, this upgrade has an individual payback of 17.08 years, as seen in
Table 4.
Table 4: Proposed System Payback Period
TOTAL SYSTEM COSTS
LIGHTING $89,720.00
POWER $38,175.00
WIND/SOLAR $97,520.00
TOTAL PROJECT COST $225,415.00
INCENTIVES
LIGHTING $6,826.40
POWER (VFDs) $4,541.00
TOTAL INCENTIVES $11,367.40
TOTAL PROJECT ADJUSTED COST $214,047.60
ANNUAL kWh SAVINGS
AT 303 DAYS/YEAR
LIGHTING 55,995.59
POWER 168,013.50
WIND/SOLAR 95,136.00
TOTAL kWh SAVINGS 319,145.09
YSU'S COST/kWh $0.06
TOTAL YEARLY SAVINGS $19,148.71
TOTAL PAYBACK PERIOD 11.17818 YEARS
INDIVIDUAL PAYBACK
LIGHTING 24.67 YEARS
DISTRIBUTION 3.34 YEARS
WIND/SOLAR 17.08 YEARS
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PAYBACK ANALYSIS
According to grants, rebates, and incentives in the form of utility credits and energy savings listed in Table
4, the overall energy upgrade costing $225,415.00 can be paid back within 11.18 years. Although
renewable energy does not have immediate paybacks, the long-term benefits of utilizing less fossil fuels
significantly outweighs waiting for a return on investment.
LEED FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS (VERSION 2.0) REVIEW
OVERVIEW OF EVALUATION
For the energy upgrade proposed at Cafaro House, the design solutions represent unique opportunities for
the application of U.S. Green Building Council standards. According to the client’s long-term goals, the
resident hall should meet LEED certification, a goal promoted across the campus of YSU. To meet Gold
certification, the post-approval points from LEED for Existing Buildings (Version 2.0) have to total at least
48 out of 85 possible points.
Table 5: LEED Existing Buildings Proposed Credit Summary
Category Proposed Points Maximum Possible Points
Sustainable Sites 9 14 Water Efficiency 4 5 Energy and Atmosphere 16 23 Materials and Resources 5 16 Indoor Environmental Air Quality 14 22 Innovation and Design Process 5 5
PROJECT TOTALS: 53/85 POINTS (LEED GOLD CERTIFICATION)
From Table 5, after analyzing all six categories, FIFTY-THREE points can be obtained, thus receiving
potential LEED Gold certification at Cafaro House. Although all credits below will count toward the desired
certification, only some of the credits and implementations (marked with an *) directly correlate to the
energy upgrades proposed in this audit.
EXPLANATION OF PROPOSED LEED CREDITS
I. Sustainable Sites (NINE proposed points)
For this section of LEED for Existing Buildings (Version 2.0), the following NINE credits can be satisfied:
1.1-2, 3.1-4, 4.1, 5.1, and 7*. The prerequisites for Sustainable Sites are: (1) implementation of an
erosion/sedimentation control plan and (2) age of building is at least 2 years. These LEED credits can be
obtained at Cafaro House by:
Developing a plan for a green site/building exterior,
Promoting alternative transportation with: public transportation access, bicycle storage and
changing rooms, preferential parking spaces for alternative fuel vehicles, and
carpooling/telecommuting,
Protecting and restoring natural spaces on 50% of site area,
Reducing storm water runoff rate and quantity by 25%, and
Decreasing light pollution from site lighting*.
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II. Water Efficiency (FOUR proposed points)
For this section of LEED E.B. 2.0, the following FOUR credits can be satisfied: 1.1, 2, and 3.1-2. The
prerequisites for Water Efficiency are: (1) maintaining minimum water efficiency and (2) meeting
discharge water compliance. These LEED credits can be obtained at Cafaro House by:
Reducing water use in landscaping by 50%,
Providing innovative wastewater technologies, and
Reducing overall water usage by 20%.
III. Energy and Atmosphere (SIXTEEN proposed points)
For this section of LEED E.B. 2.0, the following SIXTEEN credits can be satisfied: 1*, 2.1-2*, 3.1-3*, 5.1-4*,
and 6*. The prerequisites for Energy and Atmosphere are: (1) ensuring existing building commissioning,
(2) documenting minimum energy performance, and (3) applying ozone protection. These LEED credits
can be obtained at Cafaro House by:
Optimizing energy performance (Energy Star Rating of 83)*,
Developing on-site (6%) OR purchasing off-site (30%) renewable energy*,
Educating staff on maintenance and monitoring*,
Providing enhanced metering* and emission reduction reporting, and
Documenting sustainable building cost impacts*.
IV. Materials and Resources (FIVE proposed points)
For this section of LEED E.B. 2.0, the following FIVE credits can be satisfied: 2.1-2*, 4.1, 5.1, and 6*. The
prerequisites for Materials and Resources are: (1) implementing a waste management policy, (2) storing
and collecting recyclables, and (3) reducing mercury content of light bulbs. These LEED credits can be
obtained at Cafaro House by:
Optimizing use of alternative materials for 20% of total purchases*,
Using sustainable cleaning products and materials for 30% of annual purchases,
Ensuring occupant recycling by diverting 30% of waste stream, and
Reducing mercury content of light bulbs even more*.
V. Indoor Environmental Quality (FOURTEEN proposed points)
For this section of LEED for Existing Buildings (Version 2.0), the following FOURTEEN credits can be
satisfied: 1, 2, 3, 4.1-2, 5.1, 6.1-2*, 7.1-2*, 8.1-3*, 10.3. The prerequisites for Indoor Environmental Quality
are: (1) ensuring functionality of air intake/exhaust systems, (2) providing environmental tobacco smoke
control, (3) removing or encapsulating asbestos, and (4) removing PCBs. These LEED credits can be
obtained at Cafaro House by:
Monitoring outside air delivery,
Increasing ventilation,
Constructing an indoor air quality management program,
Documenting productivity impacts of employee absenteeism, costs, and other factors,
Controlling lighting, temperature, and ventilation systems*,
Providing thermal comfort compliance and monitoring*,
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Utilizing daylight in 75% of high-occupancy spaces while providing direct line-of-sight-to-vision
glazing on 45% of outdoor views*, and
Implementing low environmental impact cleaning policy.
VI. Innovation and Design Process (FIVE proposed points)
For this section of LEED E.B. 2.0, the FIVE credits can be satisfied: 1.1-4* and 2*. There are no prerequisites
for Innovation and Design Process. Credit 1.1-4 can be obtained at Cafaro House by implementing various
innovations in operations and upgrades that (1) are not covered elsewhere in the LEED criteria or (2)
substantially exceed existing criteria. Credit 2 can be obtained by using a LEED Accredited Professional
(LEED AP). Collaborating with the YSU GECT, Ralph Morrone of YSU Facilities Maintenance is both a
Professional Engineer (PE) and a LEED AP.
OUTREACH APPENDIX
STUDENT ENERGY AWARENESS
Although the green energy movement is sweeping across campus, Youngstown State University received a
“C” for its “Green Report Card” (show in Figure 31) as reported by the Sustainable Endowments Institute,
one of the lowest grades of the seventeen Ohio universities evaluated for the 2011 year. This was despite
making major improvements by raising the grade up from an “F” that was received in 2009. In fact, only the
University of Akron and Ohio Northern University scored lower.
The positive aspects of this lack-luster performance are the “A” received in
Food and Recycling and the “B” received for Student Involvement. Showing the
willingness of YSU students to promote green energy on campus, it is the hope of
the GECT that the proposed ideas and program would be well received.
Representing existing green projects at YSU, recycling and “green” food preparation
and disposal have improved the campus community. Representing alternative
energy production and a learning opportunity, YSU is currently constructing an
array of solar panels atop Moser Hall, a building in the College of STEM. Building on
these initiatives, the YSU GECT goal was to implement a plan that would foster
green thinking in terms of alternative energy and energy efficient design.
In addition to making various classroom appearances and speaking about
the project, the YSU GECT developed a contest to further promote green energy and
student awareness. After developing the contest announcement and rules
(illustrated in Figure 32), the entire student body and faculty were notified via a “myYSU Personal
Announcement” email and notification banner on their personal webpage. Beginning in early Spring 2011
semester, the competition concluded on May 27th, 2011. Here are some of the key features and of the
contest:
This will be an annual contest sponsored every spring by the YSU NECA student chapter.
The top three ideas (as determined by the YSU NECA student chapter) will be rewarded monetarily.
The winning ideas will be submitted to The Jambar (YSU’S student newspaper) along with the
chapter’s feedback for publication.
Figure 31: YSU Sustainable
Endowments Institute Score
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Figure 32: YSU Green Initiative Announcement
The invitation for submittals was very well received. In fact, over 70 qualifying ideas were received
before the deadline. Shown below, the excerpts of the winning ideas illustrate the fact that the student body
is aware of green technologies and are capable of proposing creative ways to implement various
energy-efficient designs across campus.
Ralph Morrone, PE, LEED AP Jesse Plaskett
Kendal Malsch Andrew Emig
“There are many areas in many of the buildings throughout
campus that are simply too cold during the warm summer
months, or too warm during the cold winter months. We can
save money and reduce our energy demand by making wiser
use of our HVAC.”
“Used vegetable oil from dining halls and food courts could be
converted into biodiesel, which could then be used to run the
few diesel truck and tractors the campus owns”.
“Move classes into single buildings and shut down
buildings not in use during off peak months, nights,
and weekends. Also, generate campus power and
heat using on-site facilities with some modifications,
improving efficiency to 90-95%.”
“…Installing a couple of these wind turbines onto campus in
the windiest spots would allow the university to save a ton of
money on electric bills, and then use the money to better the
campus for the faculty and students.”
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FEEDBACK LETTER FROM FACILITIES MAINTENANCE AT YSU
Youngstown State University
One University Plaza
Youngstown, OH 44555
May 27th
, 2011
Justin Hosseininejad
Captain, Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team
Youngstown State University
One University Plaza
Youngstown, OH 44555
Dear Justin Hosseininejad:
We would like to express our greatest thanks for your leadership in the energy audit and
subsequent energy upgrade proposal for Cafaro House at Youngstown State University.
The determination and level of professionalism of yourself and your team members was
superior throughout all aspects of the project.
One area of great interest to YSU is promote alternative energy sources and energy-
conscious, “green” measures.
Your team established a single point of contact, a mission, a set of supporting goals and
objectives then began a paced non-intrusive assessment of Cafaro House’s current energy
use and equipment conditions. This team made several site visits and thoroughly
documented the electrical systems at the facility. The YSU team then prepared a draft
report, solicited and integrated comments, and then finalized their study. The way the
YSU team managed the project exemplifies the level of professionalism employers and
contractors require from engineering professionals.
There is a definite need among individuals and companies alike in this community to
become better informed on the topics of energy conservation and renewable energy. Your
submittal provided an excellent foundation for future work in this area.
Thank you again for such an informative proposal and your professionalism.
Sincerely,
Ralph C. Morrone, PE, LEED AP
Facilities Engineer, Youngstown State University
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PUBLISHED ARTICLE
Shown in Figure 33 and Figure 34, the following article was published in The Vindicator (a Mahoning
Valley newspaper) on May 9th, 2011 on the front page of the “Local & State” section.
Figure 33: YSU Vindicator Article (Part 1 of 2)
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Figure 34: YSU Vindicator Article (Part 2 of 2)
LOCAL NECA CHAPTER INTERACTION
The NECA student chapter at Youngstown State University has a growing interaction with the local NECA
chapter and NECA contractors. Building relationships and contacts with those in the industry in order to
learn from experience is one of the student chapter’s most important goals. The officers as well as the
entire student chapter has had the opportunity to meet with and learn from the Mahoning Valley NECA
Chapter executive director, Tom Travers, and several NECA contractors The majority of the student
chapter’s NECA contacts have been introduced by Tom Travers to whom the team is very appreciative.
Just within this past year, the student chapter has had the opportunity to visit and tour several
locations where the local NECA chapter is involved. As part of the NECA student chapter interaction, the
group took a trip to the Warren Electrical Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee (JATC) Training
Center. While at the training center the group witnessed a presentation by Dave McGeary of Titan LED and
took a tour of the facility. Representatives from many well-respected local NECA contractors were present,
which allowed the opportunity to introduce the NECA GECT. The YSU team explained the goals and current
engagements of the competition. The presentation and tour was organized by Mahoning Valley NECA
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Chapter executive director, Tom Travers. A Mahoning
Valley native, NECA President Rex Ferry was also in
attendance.
Besides the opportunity to network, there was
also a very strong educational aspect to this trip. The
presentation by Titan LED showcased some of the
emerging technology in the LED market and afforded the
YSU GECT the opportunity to have questions answered
about product applications and price points. Perhaps the
most enriching part of the experience, however, was the
tour of the facility. During the tour, which was conducted
by Eric Davis, the center’s training director, the day-to-
day operations of the facility, programs, equipment, and objectives were explained to the team. Shown in
Figure 35, the group listens to an explanation of the motor controls lab on-site.
The JATC is also an excellent example of how alternative energy sources can be incorporated in the
construction industry. The training center’s geothermal, wind, and solar arrays were described to the YSU
GECT in great detail. As shown in Figure 36, group members (Jason, Ethan, Mike, and Jarrett) stand in front
of the wind turbine and solar array outside of the facility. The Sunny Boy grid-tie inverter that is utilized at
the facility is similar to the one utilized in this proposal.
Other chapter interaction included the
consultation of Eric Carlson of “Joe” Dickey Electric for
suggestions on system design and feedback. Many face-
to-face, telephone, and email communications between
the local NECA chapter and YSU’s student chapter were
necessary to make these opportunities possible. Because
communications with the local NECA chapter are
frequent, it is a mutual feeling that the level of interaction
is a very healthy and beneficial relationship.
Figure 35: Motor Controls Lab Demonstration
Figure 36: YSU Green Energy Challenge Team at JATC
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WORKS CITED
Dunlop, James. Photovoltaic Systems. 2nd ed. Orland Parks: American Technical Publishers, 2009.
Greenterrafirma.com. 22 May 2011 <http://greenterrafirma.com/wind%20turbines.html>.
Helix Wind, Corp. 28 May 2011 <http://www.helixwind.com/en/S322.php>.
Mahoning County Ohio - Geographical Information Systems. 27 May 2011
<http://gis.mahoningcountyoh.gov/gis/asp.htm>.
Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory. United States Solar Atlas. 28 May 2011
<http://mapserve2.nrel.gov/website/L48NEWPVWatts/viewer.htm>.
National Electrical Contractors Association. An Energy Audit of Your Building Will Outline Savings Options.
25 May 2011 <http://www.electricaldesignlibrary.com>.
Oasis Montana, Inc. 24 May 2011 <http://www.grid-tie.com/SMA.html>.
Saadat, Hadi. Power System Analysis. 3rd ed. PSA Publishing, 2010.
Sharp Electronics. Commercial Products. 29 May 2011
<http://www.sharpusa.com/SolarElectricity/SolarProducts/CommercialSolarProducts.aspx>.
Solar FlexRack. 23 May 2011 <http://www.solarflexrack.com/ground-mount.html>.
Sustainable Endowments Institute. 29 May 2011 <http://www.greenreportcard.org>.
U.S. Green Building Council. Green Building Rating System: for Existing Building Upgrades, Operations, and
Maintenance. Vol. 2. U.S. Green Building Council, 2004.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team would like to express its greatest appreciation
to the following individuals and their affiliated companies for their time, effort, and assistance with the
formation of this proposal for the 2011 NECA/ELECTRI International Green Energy Challenge:
Youngstown State University Housing and Residence Life
Dr. Salvatore R. Pansino of Youngstown State University
Tom Travers of the NECA Mahoning Valley Chapter
Ralph Morrone, PE, LEED AP of Youngstown State University
Eric Carlson of “Joe” Dickey Electric
Phillip J. Jaminet, PE of Phillip J. Jaminet Engineering
Denise Dick of The Vindicator
Dave McGeary of Titan LED
Eric Davis of Warren Electrical JATC
Rex Ferry, NECA President and CEO of Valley Electrical Consolidated
Through the knowledge gained by participating in the 2011 NECA/ELECTRI International Green Energy
Challenge, the engineers involved in this energy audit and upgrade proposal have obtained valuable knowledge
on renewable energy, green building, and environmental impacts. With the experience and professional
connections gained in this effort, the Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team members have
become more energy-conscious engineers. After graduating and continuing through their careers, team
members will continue to design using innovative building practices that adhere to energy-efficient standards
throughout all phases of the proposed project. The team has acquired valuable lessons and looks forward to
competing in next year’s challenge.
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