by eric odotei. background west africa – 17 nations: – 12 francophone – 4 anglophone –...
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Background• West Africa – 17 nations:
– 12 Francophone– 4 Anglophone – Gambia, Ghana, Sierra Leone
& Nigeria– 1 Portuguese
• French speaking countries follow French TVET system
• English speaking countries follow English TVET system
BackgroundFOCUS OF THE PAPER
IN WEST AFRICA: TVET system of the English Speaking West Africa
Specifically, the TVET system being developed in Ghana
IN SOUTHERN AFRICAThere are many countries – 15 SADC countries
all at various levels of developmentSpecifically, the TVET system in Botswana
Ghana TVET ReformsPart of Education Reforms launched in 2007.Two policy documents:
TVET Policy Framework for Ghana,Council for Technical and Vocational Education
and Training (COTVET) Act
1. TVET POLICY FRAMEWORKPriority TVET Sectors:
Fisheries and Aqua CultureAgriculture and Agro-Related IndustryBusiness and CommercialArts and CraftsElectrical/Electronic EngineeringMechanical EngineeringAutomotive EngineeringBuilding ConstructionDraughtsmanshipTourism and HospitalityInformation and Communication Technology
Goals of the FrameworkFlexible human resource supply, responsive
to changes in labour market
Quality skilled workforce to produce goods that are competitive in the local and global market
Strategies of the Policy Framework Improvement of efficiency and management
of TVET system Establishment of the Council for Technical
and Vocational Education and Training (COTVET)
Coordination of all aspects of TVET
Strategies of the Policy Framework Improvement of trainability of the workforce
Introduction of compulsory subjects Computer Studies, Mathematics, General Science, Social Studies and English French (when teachers are available)
Strategies of the Policy Framework Improvement of training quality and
relevance Demand driven and competency-based
system Skill standards to be determined by industry Recognition of Enterprise-based training Implementation of open-access system,
incorporating flexible delivery modes Sustainable funding of TVET
Establishment of Skills Development Fund
2. THE COTVET ACT, 2006The functions of COTVET include:
Formulate policies on skills developmentCoordinate, harmonise and supervise activities of
both public and private providersRationalise assessment and certification systemQuality assure delivery within TVETMaintain a national database on TVETFacilitate research and development in TVETSource funding to support TVET activitiesFacilitate cooperation between training providers and
industryAdvise Govt on matters related to TVET management
The COTVET ActCOTVET is governed by a Board which
consists of 15 persons, includingA Chairperson from industryThe Executive Director of the CouncilRepresentatives from government, employers
associations, labuor organisations, institution of Engineers, association of private TVET institutions
Two persons nominated by the State President
The COTVET ActFor its activities, the COTVET has three
standing committees, namely:The National TVET Qualifications CommitteeThe Industrial Training Advisory CommitteeThe Training Quality Assurance Committee
The reforms in Ghana at its early stages of development
Botswana TVET Reforms – Policy DocumentsThe policy documents giving birth to the
reforms are:National Policy on Vocational Education and
Training (1997)The Vocational Training Act No 22 of 1998
The Vocational Training ActLegally established the Botswana Training
Authority as a body corporate with the following objectives:Coordinate vocational training activities to
achieve better integrationMonitor and evaluate the VT system being
developedAdvise on policy related issues of VT
The Botswana Training AuthorityThe Functions of the Authority include the
following:Promote access to Vocational TrainingAccredit, register and monitor both public and
private training institutionsAccredit and register trainers of vocational
trainingDevelop and review national training standardsRegulate assessment and testing in VTInitiate, support and conduct research in VT
Botswana Training AuthorityThe Botswana Training Authority has been in
existence for the last 10 yearsHas tried and tested its systems of quality
assurance, monitoring and audits, standards development and moderation of assessment.
Governance of TVETBOTSWANA GHANABOTA is responsible for
TVET awards up to Certificate Level
TEC has oversight of all awards from Diploma and above, including all TVET awards
Efforts now being made to bring all under one body - HRDC
COTVET is responsible for all levels of TVET provision (pre-tertiary and tertiary level education and training).
NATURE AND DELIVERY OF TVETBOTSWANA
GHANAOutcomes based trainingVarious institutions –
government, private, NGOs, community based
Outcomes based trainingVarious institutions –
government, private, NGOs, community based
QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORKSBOTSWANA GHANA
Three Level TVET Framework - BNVQF
Nine Level TVET QF
Level Name of Award
3 National Certificate
2 Intermediate Certificate
1 Foundation Certificate
Level Name of Award
9 Doctor of Technology
8 Master of Technology
7 Bachelor of Technology
6 Higher National Diploma
5 National Diploma
4 National Certificate 2
3 National Certificate 1
2 National Proficiency 2
1 National Proficiency 1
FRAMEWORKSIt is important to note that Botswana has
developed a Ten-Level National Credit and Qualifications Framework.
Steps are underway to operationalise this through the establishment of NCQF Unit in the Ministry of Education and Skills Development
Other TVET Delivery Modes in BotswanaBTEP
Foundation CertificateCertificateAdvanced CertificateDiploma
Trade TestsTrade Test CTrade Test BNational Craft Certificate (NCC)
Effort are being made to place these within the BNVQF and ultimately into the NCQF once operational
CertificationBOTSWANA GHANABNVQF awards - BOTABTEP awards –
Department of Technical Vocational Education and Training (DTVET
Trade test awards – MTTC
Three awarding bodies accredited by COTVET
Proficiency Levels (Levels 1 and 2) – National Vocational Training Institute (NVTI)
Certificate Levels (Levels 3 and 4) – NVTI and Dept of Technical Education, MoE
Diploma upwards – National Council for Tertiary Education
ConclusionGhana TVET reforms are just beginning
Has a lot to learn from Southern AfricaStudy tours have been undertaken to Southern
Africa including BotswanaGhana has a unique TVET QF which provides
parallel alternative route to academic education for those who go through the TVET route
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