building models building modelling kaj a. jørgensen aalborg university, department of production
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Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 2
Aalborg
NewConcertHall
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 3
Computerbaserede bygningsmodeller
Jørn Utzon skræller en appelsin
Jørn Utzon får geometrien af formen bestemt
Forudsætningen for et rationelt byggeri
Jørn Utzon skaber sin kunstneriske form 1957
Samtidig begynder det danske montagebyggeri
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 4
Computeren som regnemaskine
Det er 3D - men ren geometri
Målsætning og produktionsgrundlag
Forudsætningen for et præcist byggeri
Computeren muliggør præcis geometri af frie former
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 5
Komponenten er designet og programmeret hos producenten
Det er 3D – med ”Intelligens”
Arkitekten tager den ind i sit projekt – og tilpasser den
Den parametriske komponent
Den tilpassede komponent danner grundlag for producentens fremstilling, styklister, tilbud mv.
Arkitektens elektroniske bygningsmodel består således af objekter – så den kan gøres til genstand for simulering af forskellig art
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 6
Bygningsmodel: Sorthøjparken Aalborg
Fundamentals of
Building models
Analytic models versus synthetic modelsThe object concept
Attributes
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 8
Modelling: two approaches
Analytic modellingmodelling by abstraction
Synthetic modellingrealisation of artefacts
Abst
racti
on
Reali
sati
on
Analytic Model Synthetic Model
Object Artefact
Real W
orl
dM
odel W
orl
d
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 9
Modelling: two kinds of models
Analytic models Synthetic models
Abst
racti
on
Reali
sati
on
Analytic Model Synthetic Model
Object Artefact
Real W
orl
dM
odel W
orl
d
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 10
Synthetic Modelling is the Foundation
Abst
racti
on
Reali
sati
on
Analytic Model Synthetic Model
Object Artefact
Real W
orl
dM
odel W
orl
d
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 11
Synthetic Building Models
Modelling is performed as a synthetic modelThe physical building is constructed from a synthetic model
Various representations are necessaryon different levels of abstraction
on different levels of detail
Several domains must be included in the representation building
actors and resources
activities
etc.
The building should be modelled for the complete life cycle
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 12
The Object Concept
In the real worldobjects are living and communicating organismsobjects have properties
• factual properties• operational properties - behaviour
In data modelssoftware objects are representations of real world objects software objects are described by attributesanalytic view: classes of objects - members of classessynthetic view: types of objects - objects are instances of typestwo design levels: the type level and the object levelabstraction mechanisms classification and composition can be applied
Communicatin Living Objects
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 13
Building Modelling
Building CAD tools generally containModels of physical objects and products is the foundation
• Walls, columns, beams, openings, etc.Libraries of objects and products
• Windows, doors, furniture, lamps, etc.
An analytic view of the building is often usedA number of problems are related to this, e.g.
• What are rooms?• Is a complete front wall one or many objects?• How can functional requirements be described?
A number of other tools must be used also - model exchange
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 14
Building Objects – e.g. wall-element
Models are built from objectsObject properties are specified
GeometryMaterialsPrices
Models
Generic model componentAttributes and structures of sub-
componentsRelationships
Modelling matrix
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 16
Information Modelling: Generic Model Component
Model componentLiving organism - communicating
Content:• attributes
factual - state operational - behaviour
• structures of sub-components
references collections
Encapsulation - attributes can be
• visible for other systems• hidden from other system
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 17
Data Modelling Fundamentals, cont.
ReferencesA reference contains the address value of another objectSymbol in type diagrams: arrowA reference can be used to represent an oriented relationship between two objectsexamples: window wall floor roombuilding building complex
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 18
Data Modelling Fundamentals, cont.
CollectionsOriented relationship between two object types examples: wall --->> window, room --->> wallSymbol in type diagrams: double-headed arrowAnchor type and body typeIdentified by a special attribute in the anchor typeOne-to-many relationshipsInternal organisation - information structure:
• static structure - array• dynamic/linked structures – standard structures: lists,
trees, networks
Object types Objects
?CDset CDdata ?
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 19
Dynamic Data Structures - Linked Representations
Characteristics - EfficiencyInsert and remove operationsRetrieval operations – most efficient: search trees
Standard structuresList structures
• Single-linked• Double-linked
Tree structures• Binary trees• Multi-way trees
Networks
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 20
Model Detailing: Attributes X Structure
Identification of attributes
Identificationof structure
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 21
Instantiation from Model Component Types
Component typesPrimary content of information modelsIdentification - definition - specificationAttributes - name, data type, constraintsRelationship types
• reference types• collection types• can be defined by special
attributes
ComponentsGenerated from typesIndefinite number of instances
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 22
Representation of Models
Fundamental system conceptsAbstraction mechanisms
CompositionClassification
Object-orientationObjects with properties and behaviourOO modelling is modelling in multiple dimensionsTaxonomies of models are the foundation
• Objects and relationships are selected from taxonomies• Objects have pre-defined sets of properties
Model components are interrelated software objectsBuilding models: representing e.g. walls, floors, roofs, windows, doors
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 23
Representation on Multiple Abstraction Levels is Necessary
Proposed logical abstraction levels above the physical level
Purpose, the overall purpose or need for the buildingUse, the user processesFunction, the functionalities/features of the buildingForm, the architectural characteristicsStructure, the structural characteristicsComponents, the building contentsPerformance, the building performance
Dual viewRequirements Fulfilment
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 24
Product Models and The Building Model
Building Model
Model of StandardObject/End-product
-Finalised
Model of StandardElement/Product
-Parameterised
Model of Structured Product-
Finalised/Parameterised/Configurable
Proprietary ProductFamily Model
Open ProductFamily Model
SupplierConfiguration Designer Configuration
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 25
Building Model and Separate Construction Model
Building Model – for the building life cycle
Construction Model
Buildingobjects
Operations,equipment, etc.
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 26
Building Model and Construction Models
Project organisationProject composition – network of activities and operationsThe building is the basis – additional decomposition necessaryAdditional objects related to production, not incl. in the buildingProduction equipmentEach operation
Input: set of objectsOutput: one or more objectsAttributes: use of resources, constraints, etc.
The building model must be updatedMaterial consumption, elapsed time, cost, etc.
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 27
Building Construction Tasks/Operations
Relationships between building components and tasks/operations
Building components Building componentOperation
Wall with opening
Window
Screws
Etc.
Wall with opening and window
Insertion of
window
Building components as well as operations and relationships should be defined in the building model
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 28
Building Model and Construction Model
Building ModelStorey
+ S2Building component+ BC1– BC2
Building component
+ BC21– BC22
Building comp.+ BC221– BC222
...
Extra Parts
CX1CX2
CX3
CX4...
Equipment
EX1
EX2
EX3
EX4...
Construction Model
Resources
RX1
RX2
RX3
RX4...
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 29
Quantity Take off and Cost Estimation
Example: wall with openings (door and window)
Quantities:• Length• Height• Thickness• Gross volume• Net volume• Gross area• Net area• Length of wall connections• Opening width• Opening height• Length of opening circumference
Materials of each layer
Activities/jobsScaffoldingTollsEtc.
Object-Oriented Building Models
Aalborg University Department of Production
Kaj A. Jørgensen Page 30
Selected references
My own papershttp://www.iprod.aau.dk/bygit/Web3B/Web3B_files/TechnicalReports/ReportDraft.pdfwww.iprod.auc.dk/~kaj/documents/papers/ProductFamilyModellingForConstruction.pdfwww.iprod.auc.dk/~kaj/documents/common/SystemConcepts.pdf
IAI – International Alliance for Interoperabilitywww.iai-international.org
BLIS Projectwww.blis-project.orgwww.blis-project.org/~sable
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