broadcasting: tv programs on air

Group members: Aditi Verma Brenda Yeoh Brandy Chai

Chelsea Orie Brynn Z. Lovett

A Presentation on:“TV PROGRAMS ON AIR”

INTRODUCTION• Television: Most widely-used means

of mass communication.

• There are 112.3 million television households in the United States; the average home has more television sets (2.73) than people (2.55; Average, 2006)! {Baran, S.J., 2010}.

Organization of the Broadcast Industry

• Two types of television systems in the Broadcast Television Industry:

1. Commercial Television system2. Non-Commercial Television system

• FCC – Federal Communications Commission

• The TV industry is classified into 1. Production2. Distribution 3. Exhibition

Ownership In The Television Industry:

• All major networks in the industry are owned by conglomerates such as NBC, ABC, Fox etc.

• Telecommunications Act allowed a person or organization to own unlimited number of TV stations < 39% of the US population (2008).

Producing Television Programs:

• A TV station divided into 5 departments namely Sales, Engineering, Production/Programming, News and Administration.

• There is a station manager who is the chief of all the station activities.

Getting TV Programs on Air:

• News• Interview programmes• Prime time shows• Reality shows

THE NEWS

Almost every station has a studio that contains a set for one or two anchor-people, a weather forecaster, and a sports-caster (Dominick, J. R., 2011).

News director for the station allocates the stories to the reporters and the camera crews.

They then do the video-recording of the report by going to the scene of the story.

Meanwhile, the newscast producer and the news director decide what stories would be aired and in what time slots.

This schedule is drawn up while the reporters and the camera crews arrive with their stories.

It is then the job of the reporters to write copies of the stories and the editors to prepare the segments of the videotape.

• CNN• CNBC• BBC• FNC (Fox News Channel)

POPULAR NEWS CHANNELS WORLD-

WIDE

MAGAZINE &

INTERVIEW PROGRAMS

These TV Programs On Air

• Fill up the extra hours• During Prime time• Interview Programs• Magazine Programs

Slides by Brynn

Interview Programs

Two individuals A host and an artist / experienced

individual Example : Charlie Rose / Jeff Randall

Live - Local Program presented by WNET - One hour show every night

Magazine Programs

Consists of segments videotaped on location

Later edited into final form Provides a variety of topics Format in an interview or commentary

Examples of Reality TV shows

America’s Next Top Model- appeal to both men and women- competition, age and popularity- emotional attachment

American Idol- celebrity judges- appropriate for all ages

PILOT

PILOT.

Pilot is the first episode of every series.

Pilot is very important because we do not know if the audience may like it. Thus, “If the idea looks promising the network and the producer will enter a contract of a pilot” (Dominick, J.R.,2011).

When a pilot show gets good attention from genuine audience, five or six episodes that are produced may be ordered by the network and may show them in the next fall schedule.

Slides by: Brenda

Two And A Half Men

“From the hundreds of ideas that are sent to the network, only a few ever make it to prime time”. (Dominick, J.R.,2011)

If the ratings of a program is successful, then as expected, few episodes will be ordered by the network for the rest of the season.

In the meantime, network executives carefully going through the hundreds of program ideas for the coming season and the whole process will repeat once again.

PRIME TIME

Slides by Chelsea

What is Prime time?

Prime time is when the viewing of television is at its highest.

In the Eastern and Pacific time zones, it is from 7 – 11 pm and in the Central and Mountain time zones prime time is 6 – 10 pm. (Mitchell E. Shapiro, Primetime, viewed 17 September 2011, http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=primetime)

Getting TV Programs on the Air

It all starts from an idea. Hundreds of ideas are received every year (ex. From

independent producers, network employees, amateurs)

From hundreds, 50 – 75 would be selected The list is trimmed again after examining the plot

outlines and background sketches of the potential series.

A request of a sample script is made by the networks.

How I met your motherAn American sitcom about the main character, Ted Mosby, telling his kids in 2030 of how he met their motherBroadcasted by the network CBSShow starts at 8pmVery popular Reasons why – it reminds most viewers of another show called ‘Friends’ the actors and actresses acting in it already had their fan base from other shows the way of how the story is told intrigues viewers – keeps them wanting to know who Ted will eventually marry

Where Did The Money Go?

Network programming is quite expensive and the cost varies on the type of show. Quiz and reality shows are much cheaper to produce than sitcoms, dramas etc.

Rating And Network Executing:

• National Advertisers• Local Advertisers• National Spot Advertisers

Slides by Brandy

Measuring TV Viewing

Nielsen Ratings are coupled with detailed analysis of

consumer viewing behavior and demographic information.(Nielsen.nd)

Deciding factor in canceling/ renewing television shows by television networks.

Nielsen Media TV Rating

Collect data through Nielson Television Index Using a device called People Meter (>12000) Portable People Meter

Local- Market TV Rating Surveys more than 200 markets Diary & electronic meter techniques( Set Meter & Local

People Meter) Collect more than 2 million papers diaries during the

“sweep” every year.

“Sweep” happen 4 times a year (Feb, May, July,& Nov) to measure the local television market in the entire country.

Nielsen long-term plans call for the phasing out of paper diaries.

C3 rating defined as the rating of the average commercial minute including live viewing & DVD playback within 3 days.(Dominick.J.R.,2011,pg 252)

Ratings Reporting

Rating= Number of households watching a program divided by total number of TV household (TV HH)

Share of Audience = Number of households watching a program divided by households using television at that time. (HUT)

Determining accuracy of Rating

Media Ratings Council (MRC) previous named Electronic Media Rating Council(EMRC)

Monitors Audits ratings Broadcast ratings are still criticized by the public. Participants may have different viewer habits Nielsen reports based on the 55% of the diaries sent

out, it is possible that “returners” behave differently from “nonreturners” .(Dominick.J.R.,2011,pg 253)

Ratings companies having difficulties to measure the viewing of a certain groups.

Exp: Stations that are being measured engage promotions to “hype” the rating.

Example of the diary that used to collect the rating of TV program.

Television Audiences

TV set has become firmly entrenched in America.

In year 2009, 99% of all homes in the country have at least 1 working TV set; 75% have more than 1.

TV audience change in daily, it’s grow from 7 A.M., reaches high peak from 8.A.M to 11 P.M. and drops again after 11 P.M.

Viewing is heaviest: Winter months & smallest during July and August(outdoor

activities) Preschool & female viewers dominate during day time

hour, from Mon-Fri Saturday morning viewers are under13; prime time

viewers are those in 18-49 year-old. People with low in-come Female viewers

Factors affect viewership: Age Sex Social class Education

Career Prospects

• Not very bright• Further declines• Better at Local level

THANK YOUPresenters:

Brynn Z Lovett

Aditi Verma

Slides by:

Brenda Yeoh

Brandy Chai

Chelsea Orie

Brynn Z. Lovett

Aditi Verma

References:

• Baran, S.J., 2010, Introduction to Mass Communication: Media

Literacy and Culture, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill.

• Dominick, J. R. (2011);The Dynamics of Mass Communications: Media

in Transition, 11th edn; McGraw Hill; Boston

•  CBS, 2011.Most Popular Reality TV Shows. Interactive inc. <

http://www.tv.com/reality/genre/9/summary.html>

• Nielsen, ND, Television Measurement.

http://nielsen.com/us/en/measurement/television-measureme

nt.html

viewed by 13th September 2011.

• Museum TV,

http://www.museumtv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=primetime

• Quora,

www.quora.com/Why-is-How-I-Met-Your-Mother-so-popular