border life: the clash between wildlife conservation and rural poverty presentation for the...
Post on 17-Dec-2015
219 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Border Life: The Clash between Wildlife Conservation and Rural Poverty
Presentation for the Transboundary Protected Area Research Initiative
May 12, 2004
Abbie Harris
Wildlife and poverty in Tanzania
• Tanzania holds diverse flora and fauna and has one of the greatest concentrations of large mammals in the world (Department of Wildlife 1996).
• About 25 percent of the land in Tanzania is protected area (Neumann 1998).
• Tanzania has a GNP of $170 per capita (US dollars) which places the country within the lowest ten GNP’s in the world (World Bank Group 2003).
Rural Poverty
Chambers describes five disadvantages that create a integrated web of poverty:
• Material Poorness
• Physical Weakness
• Isolation
• Vulnerability
• Powerlessness
Private Wildlife Conservation
• Rising trend in African wildlife conservation• Economic means:
photographic tourismhunting tourisminternational donors private wealth wildlife croppinglive capture sales
• Difficulty for private conservation in Tanzania
Tanzania
West Kilimanjaro Region
Miti Mirefu
• Agricultural livelihoods
• Intertropical Convergence Zone creates unpredictable bimodal rainfall
• Presence of wildlife
• Rapid population growth in the area
• Not established as a village
Ndarakwai Ranch
• 10,000 acres of privately leased land area, began in 1995
• Owner established a private anti poaching staff and limited human use in the area
• Revenue from luxury camping, film companies, and scientific researchers
• Increase in wildlife since the introduction of the ranch
Primary Research Question
How does living next to Ndarakwai Ranch affect the individual households of Miti
Mirefu?
Methods
• Conducted interviews– 72 agricultural farmers– Ndarakwai Ranch owner– Ndarakwai Ranch manager – Local ecologist
• Participant Observation
• Secondary Literature
Disadvantages of Living next to Ndarakwai
Reported Human-Wildlife Conflict
0102030405060708090
100
CropDamage
LivestockPredation
LivestockIllness
PropertyDamage
Personalor Family
Injury
Reasons for Human-Wildlife Conflict
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
Ho
us
eh
old
s
Varying Amounts Crop Damage
Comparison of Crop Destruction of Beans between Households
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Number Given to Household for data collection
Am
ount
of B
eans
D
estr
oyed
in P
revi
ous
Har
vest
(%) Individual Household
Destruction
Average HouseholdDestruction
Advantages of Living next to Ndarakwai
• Short and long term employment
• Transportation to hospital and market
• Occasional donations
Mutual Coexistence?
• Relationship with Ranch is specific to household
• More disadvantages than advantages for majority of households
• Technical changes: fence building, crop compensation, changing of crop production
• Socio-political changes: economic partnership between community and Ranch, establishment of Wildlife Management Area
Future Research
• Examining crop damage through scientific observation in addition to interviews
• Scrutinizing the existing civil society and research the means to strengthen the community
• Looking at the potential for Wildlife Management Areas to create a better relationship
References
Chambers, R. (1983). Rural development: Putting the last first. Essex, England: Longman House.
Department of Wildlife. (1996). Policy for Wildlife Conservation. Dar Es
Salaam: Tanzania: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism.
Neumann, R. (1998). Imposing Wilderness. Berkeley: University of California Press.
World Bank Group. (2003). Gross National Product. Washington DC: The World Bank Group. Retrieved October 3, 2003 from http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/psd/compete.nsf/7349593d593389e88 525648f00641829?OpenView&Start=117
top related