blood and circulation ch 7 and 8 circulatory system n mechanism for moving blood n blood the medium...

Blood and CirculationCh 7 and 8

Circulatory Systemn Mechanism for moving bloodnBlood the medium of transfer

Bio 130 Human Biology

Blood Transports

Bio 130 Human Biology

Components of blood

n Plasma 55%q albumin, osmotic balanceq globulins, immune and transportq fibrinogens, blood clottingq other dissolved substances

n Blood cells 45%

Know the proportions, serum is 8% something else, know what?

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Blood functions

n Transportation n Regulationn Defense

n 4-6 liters depending on size roughly 8% of body mass

The Formed elements come from stem cells

Fig 7.5

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Formed elements to know

n Plateletsn Leukocytes (WBC)

q Neutrophilsq Eosinophilsq Basophils

n Agranulocytesq Monocytesq Lymphocytesq Erythrocytes

n Define Granulocyte

n Define agranulocytes

leukocytotaxia

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Oxygen transport in the blood

n Hemoglobin is the oxygen carriern Oxygen released at low pH and low

oxygen content and heatn Oxygen binding preferred with

neutral pH, high oxygen content and cool conditions

n Oxyhemoblobin is bright redn Only a little oxygen is carried in the

serum

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Red Blood cell production

n Erythropoietin made in the kidneys is a stimulus for stem cell division

n Red blood cells live for 120 daysn Red blood cells are produced in the

marrow of hollow bonesn Most parts of old blood cells are

reused, bilirubin is excreted in the feces

n Count: 5million per microliter

What type of regulation is this?

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The relation of blood to oxygen carrying capacity

n Hematocrit: amount of blood volume taken up by cells

n 43-49% malesn 37-43% females

n Anemian Leukemia

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Blood typing

n Surfaces of our cells identify us as “self”

n ABO systemn Rh system (ok only once)n Over 400 other antigens exist

n See tutorial

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Agglutinate

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Other problems with blood type

n Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Bio 130 Human Biology

Bio 130 Human Biology

Hemostasis

n Vascular spasms constrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

n Platelets stick together to seal a ruptured vessel

n Blood clot forms around the platelet plug

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Problems with blood

n Hemophilian Leukemian Blood poisoningn Reduction of blood cell populationn Increase of blood cell population

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Anemias or too little oxygen

n Lack of RBCn lack of ironn lack of vitamin B12

n congenital disorder

The Cardiovascular System

Heart &Blood Vessels

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Cardiovascular system components

n Bloodq liquid medium of transport

n Heartq pump that generates pressure

n Blood vesselsq distribution tubes of varying diameters

Things to know. Heart, Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary veins/arteries. Coronary arteries

Know the basic sequence of how the blood flows

Just like we went through the structure of the intestines, know the structure of veins and arteries

This is the same as figure 8.4 be able to describe this figure and explain what it is showing?

Bio 130 Human Biology

Veins return blood from the capillaries to the heart

n Consist of 3 layers like arteries but are much weaker

n The lumens are largern Blood flows slowern Have valvesn Muscles help move blood through the

veins

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Layers of a blood vessel

n Endothelium- thin inner layer of epithelial

n Thick middle layer of smooth musclen Outermost layer of connective tissue

provides strength

n An aneurysm is a blowing outward of the artery wall

Bio 130 Human Biology

Capillaries:

n Where blood exchanges substances with tissue

n Every living cell is near one capillaryn Walls are a single layer of epithelial

tissuen Substances move from a high to a low

concentrationn Cell wall is very porousn Liquid movement is very slow

Know the Hearts location and its relation with its neighbors. What does the pericardium do?

Bio 130 Human Biology

Circulation routs

n Pulmonary (right side)n Systemic (left side)

n Be able to follow the flow of a drop of blood

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Another example of blood circulation

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Structure of the Heart

n Cardiac muscle (myocardium)

n pericardium: tough fibrous sack

n endocardium: smooth lining of connective tissue

n 2 halvesq atriumq ventricle

n Valvesq AV q semilunar

n coronary arteries q branch off the aorta

and provide the heart with blood.

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Heartbeat: The cardiac cycle

n Contraction: systolen Relaxation: Diastole

n The heart soundsq lub closing of AV valvesq dub closing of semilunar valves

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Same as fig 8.11

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Cardiac Conduction System Coordinates Contraction

n SA node: cardiac pacemaker

n AV node: relay impulsen AV bundle and

Purkinje fibers: carry impulse to ventricles

Figure 8.13

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Mechanisms of heart contraction

n The cardiac conduction system is self excitatory

n Sinoartial node is the cardiac pacemaker

n Atrioventricular node stimulated by SA node

n Purkinje fibers

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Other control (nervous)

n Sympatheticq increase heart rate

n Parasympatheticq decrease

n Centers for nervous control lie in spinal cord and brain (medulla oblongata)

Bio 130 Human Biology

Bio 130 Human Biology

Arteries Transport Blood from Heart to body Tissues

n The further from the heart the smaller the vessels

n Largest aorta 2.5cmn Arterioles 0.3mm or lessn Purpose

q move bloodq store fluidq maintain pressure

Bio 130 Human Biology

Bio 130 Human Biology

Control of capillary bed exchange

n Precapillary sphincter

n volume in the capillaries

n Prevents blood flow to a certain capillary bed within an organ or tissue

n While the individual diameter of a capillary is small, the thousands in the body represent a very large volume

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Arthrosclerosis

n Build up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arteries

n Key factor in many cardiovascular diseases

n Cholesteroln optimal below 200n borderline 200-239n high 240 or higher

The Lymphatic system

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The Lymphatic system

n Fluids, vessels and tissuesn Purpose

q Return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream

q Transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the bloodstream

q Help defend against disease causing organisms