biomolecules macromolecules. compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules...
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Biomolecules
Macromolecules
Bio 9.ACompare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
(READINESS STANDARD)
Poly – Many
Mono - One
Hydro - Water
Synthesis - to make or form
Lysis - loosen or break apart
Lipos – fat
Bio – life
Macro – very large in scale
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots
Life as we know it is carbon based. 95% of all carbon compounds are organic.
A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings.
Carbon Compounds in living things include: Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins (these are called macromolecules).
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecule Analogy
Many individual
small molecules are
known as monomers
Together, these same molecules can combine to form a polymer
POLYMER MONOMERCarbohydrates (Polysaccharides)
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Lipids (e.g. fats) Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Protein Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides
Polymers and Monomers
The chemical process of joining monomers to form polymers. At the end of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom and a (-OH) group. Every time a monomer is added a molecule of water is given off.
Dehydration Synthesis
The chemical breakdown of polymers into monomers through the addition of water; essentially the opposite of dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy.
Carbohydrates are also called sugars or starches.
Carbohydrates
Plant cells store energy as starch.
Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches.
Carbohydrates
FUNCTION Quick and short term energy
FOUND IN Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn
STUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Unique because they always have a 1:2:1 ratio
MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
Glucose (C6H12O6)
DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar-in grain), Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose combined-in sugar cane) (C12H22O11)
POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined
Starch-how carbohydrates are stored in plantsGlycogen-how carbohydrates are stored in animalsCellulose-found in plant cell walls; animals cannot digest (Fiber)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates
Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time.
Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes.
Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals?
Lipids
FUNCTION Long term energy storageInsulate against heat lossProtective cushion around organs
FOUND IN Fatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking oils
STUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on occasion other elements) Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with -OH groups) and fatty acid tail/sDon’t dissolve in water
FATS and OILS (Triglycerides)
One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail
PHOSPHOLIPIDSMake up cell membranes contain C,H, O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails)
WAXESOnly 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol attached; protective coating on fruits etc.
STEROIDS Includes cholesterol, female and male sex hormone
Lipids
1 Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails.
GL
YC
ER
OL
BA
CK
BO
NE
Lipids
Dehydration Synthesis of Fats:
Fats are also known as triglycerides!!Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids all attached
by dehydration synthesis.
How many water molecules are made?
Saturated Fats:
Contain no double bonds between carbons!
Carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen.
SOLID at room temperature!!!
Ex: Butter, lard, shortening, bacon
No DOUBLE bonds!!! (saturated with hydrogen)
Nice and smooth and straight… so they pack tightly to form a solid!
Unsaturated fats!
Have double bonds between carbons!
Liquid at room temperature!
Ex: Oils
Double bonds make them crinkle and not pack as tightly!
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Lipids
Proteins are very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
Protein molecules are made of smaller molecules called amino acids.
Proteins
FUNCTION Building blocks of living materials; compose structural parts such as keratin in hair and nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions)
FOUND IN Meat, Eggs and Cheese
STUCTURE Much larger, more complex than carbohydrates and lipids . Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen.
BUILDING BLOCKS Amino Acids (There are 20 different amino acids)
PEPTIDE BONDS
Hold amino acids together (dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides)
DENATURATION
When proteins are exposed to extreme changes in pH, temperature etc. they lose their shape and can no longer function.
Proteins
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Proteins
Proteins - Amino AcidsR group makes each amino acid different
There are 20 different amino acids.
Polymers.Amino acids:joined by peptide bonds
(dehydration synthesis again!!)Dipeptide (two amino acids)Polypeptide (many amino acids)
What is made each time A.A. are joined?____Order of A.A. determines shape of protein
Shape determines FUNCTION!
Denaturing of a proteinDenatured = misshapen
Causes: temperature, pH, salt concentration, and other environmental factors
THINK about what happens when you grill a steak!! Or chicken! Or Fry an Egg! (or boil Egg)
Nucleic acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides.
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins.
Nucleic Acid
FUNCTION Important for growth & reproduction of cells, contains the genetic code (what genes are made from)
FOUND IN Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA
STUCTURE Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases
BUILDING BLOCKS Nucleotides
ATP
A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria. Glucose is converted into ATP.
SHAPE
DNA is known for its twisted ladder shape
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acid
This is a polymer
Nucleotide of a polymer
This is a monomer
Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprints” for life.
What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”?
Nucleic Acid - DNA
WHAT DO YOU KNOW?
NOTICE: C,H,O and the 2:1 ratio of H to O
NOTICE: the twisted shape of DNA
NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails
NOTICE: The amino acid monomers
CHROMOSOME
NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base
NOTICE: The nitrogen and R-group
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