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Biomolecules
Zlatko Trajanoski
http://genome.tugraz.at
• (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut)
• Various types of bacteria, relatively simple structures, unicellular(size 1÷10 μm). Most numerous and widespread organisms. Rapidreproductive rate (<20 min per cell division).
• Escherichia coli (E. coli): DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) withmolecular mass of 2.5_109 Daltons. Encodes ~3000 proteins (ofwhich ~1000 have been identified).
Molecular composition of E. coli
Component Percentage by weight
H2O 70
Protein 15
Nucleic acids:
DNA 1
RNA 6
Polysaccharides and precursors 3
Lipids and precursors 2
Other small organic molecules 1
Inorganic ions 1
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
• Greek, eu, good or true+ karyon, kernel, nut)
• Diameter 10 to 100 μm. Uni- or multicellular with nucleus
incorporating DNA.
• Eukaryotes: morphological diversity on cellular and organismal
levels. Classification into fungi, plants, and animals.
• Endocytosis, exocytosis.
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
The origin of life
The unique properties of carbon• The most abundant components of Earth’s crust: O, 47%, Si, 28%, Al,
7.9%, Fe, 4.5%, and Ca, 3.5%.
• Elemental composition of the human body
Element Dry weight (%) Elements present in
trace amounts
C 61.7 B
N 11.0 F
O 9.3 Si
H 5.7 VCa 5.0 CrP 3.3 Mn
K 1.3 Fe
S 1.0 CoCl 0.7 Cu
Na 0.7 Zn
Mg 0.3 SeMoSn
I
The origin of life
• Carbon has the unique ability to form a virtually infinite number of
compounds as a result of its capacity to make as many as four highly
stable covalent bonds (including single, double, and triple bonds)
combined with ability to form covalently linked C_C chains of unlimited
extent.
• ~ 13 million chemical compounds: 90% are organic (carbon-
containing).
• Amino acids are the monomeric units of proteins, energy
metabolites, and essential nutrients.
1 Amino acids
1 Amino acids
1 Amino acids
1 Amino acids
1 Proteins
Structural hiearchy of proteins.
1 Proteins
The primary structure of bovine insulin.
1 Proteins
Planar trans-peptide group.
1 Proteins
A polypeptide chain.
1 Proteins
A portion of the polypeptide chain.
1 Proteins
Examples of helices.
1 Proteins
The right-handed helix.
1 Proteins
sheets.
1 Proteins: Fibrous Proteins
The macroscopic organisation of hair and structure of keratin.
Globular proteins: sperm whale myoglobin with 8 helices.
1 Proteins: Globular Proteins
The structures of (a) deoxyHb and (b) oxyHb.
1 Proteins
2 Sugars and Polysaccharides
2 Sugars and Polysaccharides
2 Sugars and Polysaccharides
A structural model of cellulose.
2 Sugars and
Polysaccharides
Starch.
3 Lipids and Membranes
Symbol Common name Systemic name Structure mp (°C)
Saturated fatty acids
12:0 Lauric acid Dodecanoic acid CH3(CH2)10COOH 44.2
14:0 Myristic acid Tetradecanoic acid CH3(CH2)12COOH 52
16:0 Palmitic acid Hexadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)14COOH 63.1
18:0 Stearic acid Octadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH 69.6
20:0 Arachidic acid Eicosanoic acid CH3(CH2)18COOH 75.4
22:0 Behenic acid Docosanoic acid CH3(CH2)20COOH 81
24:0 Lignoceric acid Tetracosanoic acid CH3(CH2)22COOH 84.2
3 Lipids and Membranes
Unsaturated fatty acids
16:1 Palmitoleic acid
9-Hexadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH –0.5
18:1 Oleic acid 9-Octadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH 13.4
18:2 Linoleic acid 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH –9
18:3 -linoleic acid 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH –17
18:3 -linoleic acid 6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)3COOH
20:4 Arachidonic acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH –49.5
20:5 EPA 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentanoic acid CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH –54
24:1 Nervonic acid 15-Tetracosenoic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)13COOH 39
3 Lipids and
Membranes
3 Lipids and Membranes
3 Lipids and Membranes
4 Nucleic acid structures and manipulation
4 Nucleic acid structures and manipulation
4 Nucleic acid structures and manipulation
5 Transcription
5 Translation
5 Translation
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
• Genauigkeit/Präzision
• Spezifizität (cross-reactivity)
• Sensitivität
• Linearität
Biosensoren
• Enzymatische Methoden
– Glucose-Oxidase-Methode
-D-Glucose -D-Glucosespontan
-D-Glucose+H2O+O2 -D-Gluconolacton+H2O2Glucose-Oxidase
H2O2+Farbstoffred 2H2O+FarbstoffoxPeroxidase
Biosensoren
• Enzymatische Methoden
– Dünnschicht-Glucosesensor
Catalase
membrane
Spacer membrane
Oxidase membrane
Isolation layer
BloodSample+O2 1/2O2
CAT
O2
H2O2
OD
2e-
Uni Freiburg, D
Biosensoren• Optische Sensoren
Optical fiber
Fluoerscein labelled dextran
Immobilized Concanavalin A
Hollow Dialysis MembraneGlucose
Light In
Light Out
Biosensoren• Optische Sensoren
Cladding
Core
Evanescent Wave
Antigen
Labeled Antibody
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
(ELISA).
Biosensoren (DNA Chips)
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