biomass of green chemistry (biomass energy)

Biomass of green chemistry(biomass energy)

交通大學應用化學系鄭至玉 , 李耀坤

Introduction and application of biomass1. What is Biomass Energy?

2. Who Can Use Bioenergy?

3. Who Should be Developing or Using Biomass?

4. Why Biomass?

5. Socioeconomic Benefits of Biomass

6. Current Industrial Applications of Biomass

7. How Can We Use Biomass?

8. Sources & Barriers of Biomass

9. Costs of BiomassMore information from http://oahu.ol.mala.bc.ca/RE

Why do we need so badly?

Global carbon cycling and the importance of renewable resources

我們在 10年之間 ,用掉了佰萬年的積蓄 !!

妳可以聽聽這個網站怎麼說 !! http://www.eprida.com/

Global carbon cycling and the importance of renewable resources

Research at Division of Biochemical and Chemical Process Eng.

•Green Chemistry and Products from Renewable Resources •Patents on Biomass Processing

More information in “Green Chemistry from Renewable Resources”

Any other energy can we get? Green and renewable

1. Solar energy

2. Wind/wave energy

3. Biomass• Burn in a heat recovery system

• Compost

• Convert into something different

太陽能是地球唯一的能源來源

天然的動能穩定度很低

生物將太陽能以化學能的方式儲存起來

植物是收集太陽能最有效的生物 !!

但是植物的木質素是最不易被分解

的 !! ( 也許可以試試白蟻喔 !)

陽光 .空氣 .水 生物 燃料 電 ( 太陽能 ) (生質能 ) (化學能 ) (電能 )

What else can we do with biomass?

Petroleumfeedstock

Fuels

Solvent

Bulk chemicals

Plastics

Fibres

Fine chemicals

Oils

Petroleum refinery

石油除了提供能源也生產石化產品 !

Fuels

Solvent

Bulk chemicals

Plastics

Fibres

Fine chemicals

Oils

Grain

Bio-refinery

Biomass 除了提供能源也可能生產民生用品 !

• The problemPetrochemicals

– Scarce resource– CO2 pollution– Strategic and political

weapon– Low security of supply– Cheap

• The solutionBiomass (ethanol and diesel)– Renewable– CO2 neutral– Can be grown and exploited

anywhere– High security of supply– Expensive (yet)– Processing to gasoline or diesel can

be combined with use as solid fuel

Detail in Felby.ppt

石油的優點 ,biomass 取代 !

石油的缺點 ,biomass 解決 !

Biomass –Supply and process chainForest and agriculture crops

& residuesMunicipal & Industrial waste

Collection & storage

Pre-treatment

Solid biofuelsCombustion for heat andElectricity

Liquid BiofuelsEthanol

(hydrolysis and fermentation)Bio-diesel

(extraction/purification/modification)

BiochemicalsFermentation

(Thermochemical(pyrolysis, HTU, syngas)

Detail in Felby.ppt

Biomass based energy

• Plant oils –Biodiesel• Solid biomass –Heat and electricity• Fermentable sugars –Starch and

cellulose for ethanol production

Detail in Felby.ppt

Platform of biomass energy

直接以固體醱酵成適當燃料

Crop

Sugar solutionfinal product

SunlightCOCO2 2 & H& H22OOCOCO2 2 & H& H22OO

高生產量作物高利用率作物

氣化 ,熱裂解或酸水解成較小分子

醱酵成適當燃料

回歸自然

Detail in Miertus.pdf

生物質量的成分是複雜且迥異的 !!

生物能釋放的方式包括：生物質量直接燃燒成熱能或先轉型成燃料，再轉換成電能。其中，轉型成燃料又可以化學方法 (氣化及熱裂解 )或生物方法處理得到。

Platforms for biomass-to-energy

Detail in ……………………………………

Biofuel production by fermentation from biomass

用光合細菌直接生產的氫氣或以木材、廚餘、廢水等醱酵所生產的沼氣、甲醇、酒精等來產生能量

The steps of ethanol production by fermentation

The production of ethanol by fermentation involves four major steps: (a) the growth, harvest and delivery of raw material to an alcohol plant; (b) the pre-treatment or conversion of the raw material to a substrate suitable for fermentation to ethanol; (c) fermentation of the substrate to alcohol, and purification by distillation; and (d) treatment of the fermentation residue to reduce pollution and to recover by-products.

Three types of raw materials for bioethanol

(a) sugar from sugarcane, sugar beet and fruit, which may be converted to ethanol directly;

(b) starches from grain and root crops, which must first be hydrolysed to fermentable sugars by the action of enzymes; and

(c) cellulose from wood, agricultural wastes etc., which must be converted to sugars using either acid or enzymatic hydrolysis.

http://www.viscostar.dk/application/food.htm

The many and varied raw materials for bioethanol production can be conveniently classified into three types:

Ethanol fermentation

Commodity chemicals from ethanolCH3CH2OH

CH2=CH2 CH3CHO CH3CO2H

Ethyl benzeneEthyl bromideEthyl chlorideEthylene chlorohydrinEthylene diamineEthylene dibromideEthylene dichlorideEthylene glycolEthyleneimineEthylene oxideDiethyl ketoneDiethylene glycolGlycol ethers, estersMEA, DEA, TEAVinyl acetatePolymers, copolymers

Acetic acidAcetic anhydrideAldol productsButyl acetateButyl alcoholButyraldehydeChloralEthyleneiminePyridines

AcetamideAcetanilideAcetyl chlorideAcetic anhydrideDimethyl acetamideCellulose acetatesEsters

Detail in Hardy.ppt

酒精可衍生出各式產物

Bacteria for bioenergy conversion

一些可用來作為生物能量轉換的菌種研究、菌種特性、相關代謝路徑與可能的基因工程改造計劃。

(A) Typical fermentation products made by a K12 E. coli fermenting glucose. Products are in moles produced per 100 mol fermented glucose (Dien et al. 2003; Gottschalk 1986) with 91% of the carbon accounted for as fermentation products.

Metabolism of ethanol

(B) Transforming E. coli with pet operon diverts almost all glucose to ethanol. This strain (KO11) also carries a mutation that blocks succinate production.

Lin Y, Tanaka S. (2005) Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 69(6): 627-42

Dien BS, Cotta MA, Jeffries TW. (2003) Bacteria engineered for fuel ethanol production: current status. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 63(3): 258-66.

Metabolism of xylose to ethanol

http://www.sspindia.com/food-processing-industry/starch-derivatives.html

Hydrolysis(Chemical)

Hexoses

Pentoses

Lignin

Fermentation

DehydrogenationHydrolysisHydrogenationCrystallisation

FermentationDehydrationHydrogenationCrystallisation

HydrogenationHydrolysisOxidation

Phenol derivatives, hydrocarbonsPhenol derivatives, catecholsVanillin

YeastFurfuralPolyols (Xylitol)Xylose

HydroxymethylfurfuralLevulinic acidPolyolsGlucose

Alcohols (ethyl-, butyl, isopropyl-)Polyols (glyceral, ethylene glycol)Ketones (acetone)Acids (acetic, lactic, butyric)Yeast

Detail in Hardy.ppt

善用不同生物質量的成分 ,調整製程方法可製備出多樣產物 !!

Microbial Conversion

Dear God:I pray on bended knee’s,That all my syntheses,Will never be inferior,To those conducted by bacteria

Organic Chemists Prayer (unknown origin)

Microbial Fuel Cell1. 用微生物當作觸媒的微生物燃料電池系統2. 用微生物產物當作燃料的微生物燃料電池系統

用微生物當作觸媒的微生物燃料電池系統

Rabaey K, Verstraete W. (2005) Microbial fuel cells: novel biotechnology for energy generation. Trends Biotechnol. 23(6):291-8.

用微生物產物當作燃料的微生物燃料電池系統 1

E. Nakada, S. Nishikat, Y. Asada, J.Miyake (1999) Photosynthetic bacterial hydrogen production combined with a fuel cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 24: 1053-1057.

用光合細菌直接生產的氫氣來產生能量。

用微生物產物當作燃料的微生物燃料電池系統 2

Microbial Fuel Cell: High Yield Hydrogen Source And Wastewater Cleaner

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/04/050422165917.htm

A case in Japan

Burden on commercial power grid by introduction of variable natural power source

PV operating results

Expo site and new energy consortium

Members of the New Energy Consortium and Their Poles

Expo Site

Whole components of the new energy plant

State of demonstrative project in nagakute Expo site

MCFC270 KW

PAFC 200 KW x 4

SOFC 25 KW

NaS battery 500 KW

Multi-crystaline Photovoltaic power generation

Amorphous silicon Photovoltaic power generation

Bifacial single-crystaline Photovoltaic power generation

PV: 30 + 100 + 200 KW