biology ch 8

By : Gilbert, Deviyana,Stanley,Firman

Circulation and Breathing

The Heart

Movement of the blood is produced by the pumping action of heart.

The heart divided into 2, the right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Each side of heart has 2 chambers.Blood flows from veins to the upper chambers

called atria (singular : atrium) and the muscular walls contract.

It passes from the atria to the lower chambers, the ventricles, and the muscular walls relax.

Blood VesselsA. Arteries- Is the blood vessels that take blood away

from heart.- The high pressure of blood pushes strongly

on the thick elastic artery walls. They stretch and shrink as the blood moves by and this make a pulse.

Blood VesselsB. Veins- Is the blood vessels that bring blood towards

the heart.- The walls isn’t thick.- The blood isn’t having a high pressure.

Blood VesselsC. Capillaries- Is the smallest blood vessels that splits from

artery.- The wall is only 1 cell thick.- Spread throughout the organ.- Where the blood leaves the organ, they will

form veins.

What is in the blood? (part I)45% Of a drop of blood is made from cells.2 kinds of cells :A. Red cells contain haemoglobin, transports

oxygen from the lungs to the other body cells. Allows 100 times more oxygen than the same amount of water. There are 500 red cells for every white cells.

B. White cells fight disease & eat bacteria. They produce chemicals to stop virus infection. They also gather at the site of wound where the skin has been cut. They die in this process and they form a pus in the wound.

Blood also carries platelets, which are fragments of cells. These collected by capillaries and act to form clots at the site of wound.

What is in the blood? (part II)55% of blood is a watery liquid (plasma).Plasma contains digested foods, hormones,

urea, and carbon dioxide.

Moving oxygen to the cellsWhen oxygen entered the red blood cells, it

starts to move to the capillaries in the lungs.They make a network of fine tubes in organs :

Very large surface area between the blood and the tissues in organs. It allows a large amount of substances pass through in a short amount of time.

Then it travels to the pulmonary veins.

Moving carbon dioxide to the lungsLeaves the cells where it’s produced & passes

through the walls of the capillaries.It stays in plasma, then travels along vein

which take it back to right side of the heart.Here, it enters the pulmonary artery and

travels to lungs. It escapes through the capillary walls into the air in the alveoli.

Moving glucose to the cellsGlucose released during respiration. It passes through the wall of the small

intestine and into the capillaries.It stays in plasma, then it travels into vein,

which bring it into the right side of heart and take the oxygen. Then it goes to the left side of the heart, then into the aorta which travels it along the arteries.

A Healthy HeartA heart 2500 million times during a person’s

life.Its function is to push blood blood around the 100 000 km of blood vessels in the body.

The walls of the arteries are elastic and they stretch and contract with the blood pressure. As the body ages the artery walls become less elastic.The heart has it own blood vessels called the cononary arteries and veins.

A Healthy HeartOther components of the blood , such as

platelets, settle on the atheroma and make it larger.

This may cause a blood clot which narrows the artery even more or can completely block it,causing a thrombosis.This means the artery is unable to supply oxygen and other nutrient to the relevant organ.

A thrombosis in a coronary artery causes a heart attack. A thrombosis in an artery in the brain causes a stroke.

Keeping the heart healthyThe heart is made of muscle and like all

muscles it need exercise if it is remain strong. The muscles need more blood to provide extra oxygen while they work.

A heart can be kept healthy by cutting down on the amount of fat in the diet.The extra strain on the heart and build up of fatty substance in the coronary artery can cause the heart attack.

Care with ExerciseThe Skeleton and muscles work together to

provide movement. Someone who hasn’t been active for long time need to build up their exercise gradually so that the muscles and joints can become adapted to the increased activity.

Breathing moving air in and out through the nose.

Respiratory is the action using oxygen to broken down food in the digestive system and to throw out carbon dioxide and waste products.

Difference in Breathing & Respiratory

Nose WindpipeBronchi and bronchioles

Air passage

Nose have hair to trap dust particle.Nose have liquid name mucus to trap bacteria

entering the nose.Blood vessels beneath the nasal lining heat

the air entering the nose before it comes to lungs.

Nose

Windpipe is about 10 cm long and 1,5 wide.It is made by Cartilage.Inside shape of the windpipe have 2 cell :

Mucus secreting cells & Ciliated epithelial cells.

The cilia is beating forward and backward to move the mucus up to the back of the mouth.

Windpipe

The windpipe divided into 2 tubes called bronchi.

Also made from cartilage.The bronchi divided into many smaller tubes

called bronchioles.Bronchioles don’t have cartilage, the muscle

on it can make it narrow or wider.

Bronchi and Bronchioles

A person suffering asthma sometimes can experience hard time for breathing this can be caused by the muscle wall to become narrower.

Can be fix by taking inhaler.

Bronchi and Bronchioles

The 2 parts of the air pump are the chest wall and the diaphragm. The space between the lungs surface and the wall of the chest is called pleural cavity.

This cavity contain liquid that acts as lubricant.

Air Pump

The muscles between the ribs are called internal and external intercostal muscle. This muscle help the ribs to move.

Chest Wall

Attached to the 10th pair of the ribs.Separate chest cavity from the lower body

cavity.

Diaphragm

InspirationExpiration

Breathing movements

Action of taking up airThe pressure inside decrease

Inspiration

The process of expiring.Pressure inside increase

Expiration

The amount of air breath in and out in rest position is called tidal volume.

The maximum amount is called vital capacity.

Depth of breathing

Inside the lungs there are alveoli.The blood contain oxygen is called

oxygenated blood.Carbon dioxide Is in the plasma of the blood.

Organs get their oxygen through capillaries

Respiratory surface

There are over a thousand different chemicals in cigarette smoke, including the highly addictive nicotine. These chemical swirl around the air passages when a smoker inhales and when the air touch the passage linings. In a healthy person, dust particles are trapped in mucus and moved up to the throat by beating the microscopic hairs called cilia

Smoking and health

. In a smoker’s respiratory system the cilia stop beating owing the chemical damage by smoke. Smokers have a permanent cough. The coughing causes the walls of some of the alveoli in the lungs to burst. When t his happens the surface area of the lungs is reduced. This leads to a disease called emphysema.

Smoking and Health

Thank You for your attention