biology 210 chapter 8: skeletal tissues supplement...
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Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues
Supplement 1
By John McGillMaterial contributed byBeth Wyatt &Jack Bagwell
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEMAXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES)
Bones of the Head, Neck, and Torso
APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126 BONES)
Bones of the Upper and Lower Extremeties
• * Total Number of Major Bones in the Body = 206
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL28 Bones
2
CRANIAL BONES• 8 • Form the
Cranium• Surrounds the
Brain
FRONTAL-1
AnteriorForms Anterior Portion of Cranium (Forehead)& Anterior Cranial Floor & Forms Roofs of Orbits (Eye Sockets)
PARIETAL - 2
SuperiorForms Superior Portion of Cranium
3
TEMPORAL - 2
LateralForms Lateral Portion of Cranium& Cranial Floor
OCCIPITAL - 1
PosteriorForms Posterior Portion of Cranium& Cranial Floor
SPHENOID - 1Central
Forms Central Portion of Cranial FloorShape Resembles BatKnown as the “Keystone of the Cranium” B/C the Sphenoid Bone Anchors All the Other Cranial Bones
LateralForms Lateral Walls of CraniumLies in Front of Temporal Bone & Lateral Walls of Orbits
4
ETHMOID - 1
Complex, Irregularly Shaped Bone General Location: Between Nasal and Sphenoid Bones
ETHMOID - continued
ETHMOID - continuedWhere the EthmoidBone Can Be Seen in an Articulated Skull:
Medial Walls of OrbitsUpper Portion of Nasal Septum Upper "Ledges" Projecting into the Nasal Cavities Anterior Cranial Floor
5
ETHMOID - continuedEthmoid sinuses
associated with ethmoid bonehollow spaces inside ethmoid bone
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULLFACIAL BONES
• Primarily Form the Face
NASAL - 2Form Bridge of Nose
6
MAXILLARY (MAXILLA) - 2Upper JawbonesForm the central portion of the face"Keystone of the Face“
Anchors All Other Facial Bones Except Mandible
Also Forms: Floor of Orbits & Anterior Portion (Most) of Hard Palate
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULLFACIAL BONES
ZYGOMATIC - 2
CheekbonesAlso Form Lateral Walls of Orbits
7
MANDIBLE - 1
Lower JawboneLargest, Strongest Bone of the Face
LACRIMAL - 2
Forms Medial Walls of Orbits
B/T the Maxillary and Ethmoid Bones
Paper Thin BonesUsually Broken in Real Bone Skulls
PALATINE - 2
Shaped like 2 L's facing one another
Horizontal Portion of L's Forms Posterior Portion of Hard PalateVertical Portion of L's Forms Lateral, Posterior Walls of Nasal Cavities
8
Palatine Bones
TurbinatesINFERIOR TURBINATES (CONCHAE) - 2
Form Lower "Ledges" That Project into Nasal Cavities Scroll-Shaped
Inferior turbinate (IT)Middle turbinate (MT)
Increase the surface area of the lining of the noseWarms, humidifies, & cleans air
• U=uvula• T=anterior tongue• BoT=base of tongue• See next slide too
Tur b
inat
es
9
VOMER - 1
Forms Lower Portion of Nasal Septum
VOMER - 1
BONES OF THE EAR (6)Tiny Bones Located Within Temporal BonesIn Middle Ear3/Ear
MALLEUS (2)INCUS (2)STAPES (2)
10
HYOID BONE (1)
U Shaped Bone That Lies in the Neck B/T Mandible and LarynxThe Only Bone in the Body That Doesn’t Form a Joint With Another BoneHeld in Place By Ligaments and MusclesSupports and Provides Muscle Attachment For Muscles That Form Floor of Mouth and Tongue
HYOID BONE (1)
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) COLUMN (26)
11
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE – 7
ATLAS1st Cervical VertebraNamed For Atlas in Greek Mythology
AXIS2nd Cervical VertebraNamed B/C Atlas Pivots Around Axis
12
THORACIC VERTEBRAE – 12
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE – 5
SACRUM – 5 FUSED INTO 1
Wedge-Shaped BoneConsists of 5 Separate Vertebrae (Childhood)That Fuse Into 1 After Bones Mature
13
COCCYX – 4 OR 5 FUSED INTO 1
TailboneConsists of Separate VetebraeThat Fuse (Like Sacrum)
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
STERNUM AND RIBS (25)
STERNUM – 1BreastboneDagger-ShapedFlat Bone
14
RIBS – 12 PAIRTRUE RIBS – 7 PAIR
Called True Ribs B/C They Attach Directly to the Sternum By Costal Cartilage
FALSE RIBS – 5 PAIRCalled False Ribs B/C:
• 3 PAIR• Attach Indirectly to the
Sternum By the Costal Cartilage of Rib 7 (1st 3 Pair of False Ribs
• #’s 8,9,10 Counting From the 1st True Rib)
• 2 PAIR • Don’t Attach to the Sternum
At All (Last 2 Pair Of False Ribs, #’s 11,12 Counting From the 1st True Rib)
• These Are Also Known as Floating Ribs
STERNUM AND RIBS (25) continued…
Note: Posteriorly, ALL Ribs Are Attached to the Thoracic VertebraeNote: Thorax (Thoracic Cage) = Sternum + Ribs + Vertebral Column, (Creates a Complete Boney Cage)
BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
UPPER EXTREMITIES (64)
15
CLAVICLE – 2Collarbone
SCAPULA – 2Shoulder Blade
Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle = Clavicle + Scapula
16
HUMERUS – 2Long Bone of the Upper Arm
RADIUS – 2Radius and Ulna Are Bones of the ForearmRadius: Thumb Side, Ulna: Little Finger Side
ULNA – 2Radius and Ulna Are Bones of the ForearmRadius: Thumb Side, Ulna: Little Finger Side
17
CARPALS – 16
Bones of the Anatomical WristProximal End of Hand
METACARPALS – 10
Bones That Form the Palm of the HandKnuckles = Heads of Metacarpals
PHALANGES – 28
Bones of the Fingers3 in Each Finger, 2 in Each Thumb
18
BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
LOWER EXTREMITIES (62)
OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE) – 2 (PELVIC GIRDLE)
Pelvic/Hip BonesBroadest Bone in the BodyOs Coxae (2) + Sacrum + Coccyx, Forms Complete Boney Ring
FEMUR – 2Thigh BoneLongest, Largest, Strongest Bone
19
PATELLA – 2Kneecap
TIBIA – 2Tibia and Fibula Are Bones of the Lower LegTibia: Shin BoneLarger, More Medial and More Superficial Compared to Fibula
FIBULA – 2
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