bioenergy sources for villages

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BIOMASS FOR ENERGY

in rural India

• SOURCES,

• CLASSIFICATION,

• CHARACTERISTICS,

• PROPERTIES,

• ENERGY PLANTATION,

• TREES FOR INDIAN CLIMATE

ZONES

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Rural India & bio-energy

• Before the advent of fossil fuels, energy needs for

all activities were met by renewable sources such as

solar, biomass, wind, animal and human muscle

power.

• It is interesting to note that in rural India,

traditional renewables such as biomass and human

and animal energy continue to contribute 80 % of

the energy consumption [MNES, 2001].

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Biomass is called "the poor woman’s oil,"

since women (and children) in rural

areas spend time collecting daily fuel

wood needs and suffer the brunt of

indoor air pollution caused by direct

combustion of biomass for cooking and

heating.

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An important reference book:

• Renewable Energy Engineering and Technology:

A knowledge compendium, Edited by V. V. N.

Kishore, published by The Energy & Resources

Institute [TERI], New Delhi, 2008- Chapter 12:

BIO-ENERGY RESOURCES, PAGES 624 TO 703.

CONTENTS of the chapter:

• Biomass resources – Characterization of biomass

– Bulk chemical properties – Chemical

composition of biomass – Structural properties –

Physical properties – Properties of microbial

biomass – Biomass Resource assessment.

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Discuss primary & secondary

sources of biomass-fuels

• Primary: Plant &

animal based

material from

primary activities like

• Forestry,

• Agriculture,

• Animal Husbandry,

• Marine

• Secondary: Plant &

animal derived

materials from

processed outputs

like

• Animal excreta

• Industry effluent,

• Municipal Waste

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Classify biomass and discuss their

physicochemical properties:

•WOODY,

• NON-WOODY (cultivated, agro

residues),

•WET [AQUEOUS] ORGANIC

WASTE

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Forest resource base-India

• 1 % of world's forests on 2.47 % of world's

geographical area

• Sustaining 16 % of the world's population

and 15 % of its livestock population

• Forest area cover--76.52 mill. hectares, is

23.28 % of the total geographical area of

India.

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Forests

1. Tropical dense evergreen forests

2. Tropical semi-evergreen forests

3. Moist deciduous forests

4. Dry deciduous forests

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Forestry in the New Millennium:

To sum up, tropical India, with its adequatesunlight, rainfall, land and labour, is ideallysuitable for tree plantations.

• With the enhanced plan outlay forforestry sector and financial supportfrom donor agencies, the country willbe able to march ahead towards theTarget of 33 percent forest cover.

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Rural demand for Fuel wood for

cooking

• Use of dung and agricultural waste is widespread

in agriculturally prosperous regions with fertile

soils and controlled irrigation, such as the

Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and northern

Bihar, but wood continues to be the main

domestic fuel in less endowed and poorer

regions.

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WOODY BIOMASS RESOURCE• FORESTS• PLANTATIONS (MULTI- PURPOSE

TREES)• TREES FROM VILLAGE COMMON

LANDS• HYDROCARBON PLANTS

• TREES BEARING NONEDIBLE OIL SEEDS

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Energy Plantation: Growing trees fortheir fuel value

• A plantation that is designed or managed and

operated to provide substantial amounts of

usable fuel continuously throughout the year

at a reasonable cost is called an 'energy

plantation‘

‘Wasteland’-- not usable for agriculture and

cash crops, is used for this activity

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Agro-forestry

• Integrates trees with farming, such as lines of

trees with crops growing between them (alley

cropping), hedgerows, living fences, windbreaks,

pasture trees, woodlots, and many other

farming patterns.

• Agro-forestry increases biodiversity, supports

wildlife, provides firewood, fertilizer, forage,

food and more, improves

the soil, improves the water, benefits the

farmers, benefits everyone.

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Biomass production: Additional

benefits to the rural poor:

Bio-energy feedstocks can be produced

in conjunction with — food, fodder, fuel

wood, construction materials, artisan

materials, other agricultural crops, etc.

Feedstock production can help restore

the environment on which the poor

(tribes too) depend for their livelihoods:

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Develop: Modern Bio Energy

Technologies [BET]

• Modern ‘B E T’ offer opportunities to conserve biomass through efficiency improvements, and for conversion to

electricity and liquid and gaseous fuels.

• Bio-energy technologies based on sustained biomass supply are carbon neutral and lead to net CO2 emission

reduction if used to substitute fossil fuels.

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Name ‘bio-energy technologies’

• Biomass Combustion including use as boiler fuel

• Biomass Gasification

• Pyrolysis of woody biomass to make char, a better solid fuel

• Pyrolysis of solid biomass waste to recover ‘bio-oil’ as liquid

product and char as by-product.

• Anaerobic digestion of wet biomass sludge/ aqueous waste to

generate biogas and manure

• Biochemical conversion of starchy or sugar containing

biomass to produce ethanol of fuel grade

• Chemical conversion of tree borne non-edible oils to produce

a diesel like fuel

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Physical Properties:

Following are important for solid fuels

for combustion / thermal processing:

Moisture Content,

Particle Size and Size distribution

Bulk Density & Specific gravity

Higher Heating Value

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Chemical Composition:

• Total Ash %,

• Solvent soluble %,

• Water Soluble %,

• Lignin %,

• Cellulose %,

• Hemi-cellulose %

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Elemental Composition:

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

• Sulphur

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Properties of Wet and Biodegradable

biomass important in biochemical

conversion:

• C O D value

• B O D value

• Total dissolved solids

• Volatile solids

• T O C

Energy Plantation:

Growing trees for their fuel value

What criteria are used in design of

an energy plantation?

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Criteria for energy plantation

• Sufficient area of 'Wasteland‘, not usable for

agriculture and cash crops, be made available for this social forestry activity

• Tree species favorable to climate and soilconditions

• Combination of harvest cycles and planting densities that will optimize the harvest of fuel and the operating cost--12000 to 24000 trees per hectare.

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Criteria for energy plantation-2

• Multipurpose tree species-fuel wood supply &

improve soil condition

• Trees that are capable of growing in

deforested areas with degraded soils, and

withstand exposure to wind and drought

• Rapid growing legumes that fix atmospheric

nitrogen to enrich soil

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Criteria for energy plantation-3

• Species that can be found in similarecological zones

• Produce wood of high calorific value that burn without sparks or smoke

• Have other uses in addition to providing fuel

-- multipurpose tree species most suited for bio-energy plantations or social forestry

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