biochemistry. macromolecules (large molecules): carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids...

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Macromolecules (large molecules):

CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids

These are Polymers (many parts)

constructed of Monomers (single part)

polymerpolymer

polymerpolymer

monomer

How to Connect Monomers-

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers-

Dehydration reaction

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers-

Dehydration reactionjoining monomersloss of water molecule

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers-

Dehydration reactionjoining monomersloss of water molecule

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers-

Dehydration reactionthis takes energy

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers-

Dehydration reactionthis means energy must be added in order for the reaction to occur

Putting together

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

Breaking apart polymersHydrolysis- (break w/ water)

Adding water molecule

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

Breaking apart polymersHydrolysis- (break w/ water)

Adding water molecule

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

Breaking apart polymersHydrolysis- (break w/ water)

Adding water molecule

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

Breaking apart polymersHydrolysis- (break w/ water)

Adding water molecule

Creating Monomers-

Hydrolysis reactionthis gives off energy when this happens

breaking

up

Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer

Adding water molecule

explain to your partner what is explain to your partner what is happeninghappening

Macromolecules (large molecules):

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids

Carbohydrates-

Fuel - stores energy

functions:

Building material - >

in plantsin plants = cellulose (cell wall) in animalsin animals = chitin (insect/ lobster covering)

Carbohydrates- types:

1)MonosaccharidesSingle Sugar

MonosaccharidesStructure: Single SugarFunction: Fuel for cell work

ex. glucose - blood sugar fructose - fruit sugar

lactose - ??

Monosaccharides - structure:

multiple of CH2O

ex. glucose C6H12O6

Disaccharides

Two sugar monomers joined by dehydration synthesis

Disaccharides

Two sugar monomers joined by dehydration synthesis - JOIN / SPIT

OH-

Disaccharides

Two sugar monomers joined by dehydration synthesis

ex. sucrose - table sugar

PolysaccharidesMany monomers

PolysaccharidesMany monomers

Functions:

•1) Energy storage=

•starch (plant)starch (plant)

•glycogen (animal)

PolysaccharidesMany monomersFunctions:

•1) Energy storage=

2) Structural support = cellulose

Polysaccharides

2) Structural support

= cellulose

Macromolecules (large molecules):

CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids

Lipids-Lipids-

Types:

1) Fat~ triglyceride

2) Phospholipid~ cell membranes

3) Steriod

4) Wax

Lipids-Lipids-

Structure = have a higher ratio of C & H than Oxygen

They HATE water

Therefore, are they polar or nonpolar?

Lipids- (hydrophobic)

1) Fats (triglyceride)1) Fats (triglyceride) - functions:

-energy storage

-cushion internal organs

-insulation

Types of Lipids: Fats- structure1 Glycerol

Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic

•Energy storage

•Cushion

Types of Lipids: Fats- structure Glycerol

Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic

•Energy storage

•Cushion

+3 fatty acid chains

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-u5j_Us8uI&safe=active

2)2)PhospholipidsPhospholipids-- structure

1 hydrophilic head

2 hydrophobic tails

2)2)PhospholipidsPhospholipids-- structure

1 hydrophilic head

2 hydrophobic tails

3)3) Steroids Steroids--

4 Fused (connected) “rings”

cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

4) 4) WaxWax--

Long CH2 chain

Macromolecules (large molecules):

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids

Proteins-Monomer = amino acid

Polymer of amino acids = polypeptides-

Proteins-function depends on shape:

1)support

2)structure

3) enzymes

AminoAmino AcidsAcids = = monomermonomer

20 types20 types

AminoAmino Acids Acids

CC

RR

(VARIABLE)(VARIABLE)

HH

Carboxyl

COOH

amino group

NH2

20 types20 types

AminoAmino AcidsAcids

CC

RR

HH

carboxylamino group

20 types20 types20 varying 20 varying moleculesmolecules

Proteins-- precise sequence of amino acids.

amino - - carboxyl group group

Sequence of amino Sequence of amino acids determines acids determines HOW the protein HOW the protein

worksworks

Shape Shape determinedetermines how the s how the protein protein worksworks

Macromolecules (large molecules):

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids-

DNA

RNA

Programs ALL organism function

Nucleic Acids-

Composed of: nitrogen base, sugar,

phosphate group

= NUCLEOTIDE

DNA RNA