basics of fisheries and aquaculture

Fisheries and AQUACULTUREBASICS OF

MUHAMMED ANZEER, F.Young Professional – 1

Vizhinjam Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute,

Fish have great significance in the life of

mankind, being an important natural

source of protein and providing certain

other useful products as well as economic

sustenance to many nations. The gradual

erosion of commercial fish stocks due to

over-exploitation and alteration of the

habitat is one reason why the science fish

biology and the aquaculture came into

existence.

The study of fish - Ichthyology (Father - Peter Artidi (22 February

1705 – 28 September 1735) , Indian – S. L. Hora (1896 - December

8, 1955)) First vertebrates with Jaws.

Cold-blooded

Breath by means of gills, live in

water and move with the help of

fins.

36,000 species, (40% of the total

vertebrates present).

Evolved just before Ordovician period and

widely distributed during Devonian period,

which is known as ‘Golden age of fishes’.

Fishes differs in size, shape, habits and

habitats.

• smallest - Philippine goby,

Paedocypris progenetica (1.2 cm).

• largest - whale shark, Rhincodon

typus (grows up to 20 meters)

They live in all the seas, rivers, lakes,

reservoirs, canals, tanks etc.

Economically Important

- Fish liver is the main source of liver oil source of vitamin

A and D.

- Body oils - soap industry and tanneries.

- Aquariums.

INDIAN FISHERIES

Global position3rd in Fisheries2nd in Aquaculture

Contribution of fisheries to GDP (%)1.07(Rs. 34,758 crore)

Contribution to agricultural GDP (%) 5.84

Per capita fish availability (kg) 9.0

Annual export earnings (Rs. in crore)

8,000

Employment in sector (million) 14.0

India - 10 percent of the global fish diversity.

FAO (2009) reported that in 2007,

52% of global fish stocks were fully

exploited, 28% were overexploited

or depleted, 20% were moderately

exploited, and only 1% showed

signs of recovery – all a direct

consequence of the fishing effort

expansion from the 1970s onwards.

NEED OF THE HOUR!!!!!!!!!!

Aquaculture is growing as a source of the world’s seafood supply

Capture from the oceans is maximized.

INDIA-AQUATIC RESOURCES

Coastline 8118 kms

Exclusive economic zone 2.02 million sq. km

Rivers and canals 1,97,024 km

Reservoirs 3.15 million ha

Ponds and tanks 2.35 million ha

Oxbow lakes and derelict waters 1.3 million ha

Brackish water 1.24 million ha

Estuaries 0.29 million ha

FISH PRODUCTION FACTS

Present fish production 9.06 mt

Production potential 8.4 mtMarine: 3.94 mtInland: 4.5 mt

Fish seed production 22615 million fry

Hatcheries 1,070

FFDA 429

BFDA 39

• Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. ( As per FAO).

TREND

Over the past three decades, aquaculture

has become the fastest growing food

producing sector in the world.

Aquaculture has expanded, diversified,

intensified and advanced technologically,

and, as a result, its contribution to

aquatic food production has also

increased significantly.

Globally, more “food fish” is consumed on a per capita basis than any other

type of meat or animal protein

Fish (16.0 kg per capita supply in 1998),

Pork (14.9 kg in 1998),

Poultry (10.1 kg in 1998),

Beef and veal (9.8 kg in 1998)

PURPOSE OF AQUACULTURE

Utilization of available natural water resources To increase production for per capita consumption and income Ornamental purpose Sports and game purpose. Upliftment of socioeconomic status of people Create employment opportunities. Utilization of byproducts like fish, liver oil, fish protein concentrate,

etc.

Egyptian tombs have bas-relief (a kind of

carving) of fish (tilapia) being removed from

ponds – 2500 B.C.

Carp were farmed in China as early as 2500

B.C.

England – 1500 A.D. carp culture was

introduced.

HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE

ADVANTAGES OF FIN FISH CULTURE

Poikilothermic or cold blooded animal, so need not spend energy for

temperature regulation of body.

Specific gravity of fish is about 1.02-1.06 which is nearly same with that

of water, so need not spend energy for maintaining its position in water.

Higher fecundity.

Edible tissues of fish (80.9%) is greater than chicken broiler (64.7)

Convert food to body tissues more efficiently than any other farm animal.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF AQUACULTURE

1. According water system

-Static culture system

-Flowing culture system

-Semi - closed

recirculating system.

2. According to type of water

-coldwater fish

culture

-Warm water fish

culture

-Freshwater fish

culture

-Mariculture

-brackish water

culture

3. According to stocking combination

-Monoculture

-Polyculture

(Composite)4. According to intensity of efforts

-subsistence fish culture

-extensive fish culture

-semi intensive fish

culture

-intensive fish culture

-super intensive fish

culture

5. According to cultured group

-fin fish culture

-shell fish culture

-frog culture

-seaweed culture

-fresh water plant culture.

6. According to integration with other farming systems

-AAA system (Agriculture- Aquaculture- Animal Husbandry).

7. Special culture system Cage culture Pen culture Sewage fed fish culture String culture.

COMMONLY CULTURED FISH

Foodfish Many species

Ornamental fish Aquaria Backyard ponds

Bait fish Minnows Shiners Goldfish (carp)

Natural stock enhancement

Salmon

Trout

Black sea bass

Red Drum

Many others…

COMMONLY CULTURED CRUSTACEANS

Marine (Penaeid) shrimp

Freshwater shrimp (prawns)

Crabs

Crayfish

Lobsters

Brine Shrimp

PERCENT OF TOTAL FOOD FISH SUPPLIED BY AQUACULTURE

Aquaculture Production, Ocean Fisheries, and Fishmeal Production

Control: Food fed, Density, Quality of

product

Sustainable in the face of Finite

Resources—overfishing and habitat

destruction antagonism

Diversify farm income

Proximity—Farms may be closer to local

markets.

Why aquaculture?

Health Consciousness (protein, FA’s, micronutrients)

2 fish meals/week decreases mortality from heart problems

50%

Omega-3 fatty acids decreases occurrence of heart disease (oily

marine fish – Salmon

American Cancer Association

-Regular fish consumption decreases chances of colon

cancer 50%

Why Aquaculture Products?

Increased production beyond the natural sustainable fishery yield

for a given water volume.

Less fluctuation and shortfalls in catch due to seasonal

Better production efficiency of fish protein and enhancement of

fish quality.

Improved water quality for irrigation purposes when integrated

with the existing irrigation systems and utilization water bodies

unsuitable for domestic or agricultural purposes.

Fish are so efficient!

REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL CULTURE

A Good site Quality Seedlings Good Water Quality Appropriate Feeds and Feeding Management An Intelligent and Industrous Farmer

STEPS IN THE CULTURE1. Pond Preparation

2. Water Culture

3. Stocking

4. Feeding Management

5. Water Quality Management

6. Sampling

7. Harvest

Dissolved oxygen

Water temperature

pH

Total Ammonia Nitrogen

Nitrite/Nitrate

Alkalinity/Hardness

Salinity

Water Quality parameters

DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Importance

highest cause of mortality

Safe levels

> 5mg/l

Photosynthesis/Respiration

Water temperature

Fertilization

Feeds

Aeration

Water exchange

Factors that influence water quality during the culture

POND CULTURE

The intensive pond culture (small, manmade

ponds)

Depth of 1-2.5 m

Uses commercial food and stocked at a

high density to achieve a high

production.

Pond conditions greatly affect fish growth and

fish yield.

Under favourable conditions, the yield may be

2 or 3 times higher than that of ponds with

unfavourable conditions.

Rearing period refers to the time required to raise the fish from

fingerling stage to market size when the fish can be harvested.

It depends on local conditions such as:

climate

culturing methods

management and

market demand.

Ensure sufficient space for swimming and feeding

Ensure adequate supply of dissolved oxygen

Prevent fluctuations in water temperature.

The decomposition of manure and the propagation

of plankton should be promoted.

Requirements of the Grow-Out Pond

Fresh water should be added to the pond at regular intervals to adjust

water depth

control water quality and

replenish the dissolved oxygen supply

water depth varies with

geography

climate

species and

culturing method (average 1.5 - 2 meters)

Loamy soil (a fertile soil of clay and sand

containing humus) - best at the bottom of

pond because:

- effective in maintaining water level

and fertility

- water remains less turbid

- the bottom silt will not be too thick

- natural organisms will flourish and

- easiness in operation and

management

• Rectangular ponds with planted dikes are

recommended.

• Avoid large trees and buildings

• Maintain silt level in between 10 and 15

cm, (excess may cause propagation of

various harmful bacteria).

• Use Chemicals like quicklime (900 –

1125 kg per ha) to eradicate all the wild

fish, pathogens, parasites, etc.

• After clearing, fresh water and manure are

introduced, about 1 week before next

stocking.

Pond Clearing

• Manure application (enriches the

nutritional value of the water and

promotes the proper proliferation of

natural food organisms)

• After pond clearing, a base manure

should be applied as early and adequately

as possible so that enough natural food is

available during the early stages of

cultivation.

Manure Application and Pond Filling

Dosage of animal manure is 8-10 kg/100m².

Spread evenly on the pond bottom or beside the remaining water and exposed to

the sun for several days.

Then the pond is filled with fresh water. (In initial addition water level about 800

cm – 1 m).

Manure Application and Pond Filling (cont..)

When this water becomes fertile, more fresh

water is added.

Pond filling with fresh water depends on

temperature and fish size.

high yields

strong adaptability

high survival rate

fast growth

short culture period

high marketing rate and economic

returns etc.

Selection of Fingerlings

Good-quality fingerlings ensures

Criteria for selection of fingerlings:

Physique- Strong, healthy, normally shaped

fingerlings are desirable. (complete scales and fin

rays and a smooth, bright colour skin).

Size- Fingerlings of the same age and

uniform in size are prefer.

Movement- Healthy fingerlings will jump

violently in your hand. They will swim actively

in groups with their heads downward and

caudal fins upward.

Before stocking, a water quality

analysis should be done

Ensure a reasonable stocking density

Dissolved oxygen (DOC), in the

pond water is closely related to the

growth and survival of the fish.

Oxygen demand varies with

species, age, size of fish, and water

temperature.

Some countries have destroyed wetlands for developing

aquaculture

Effluents are polluted natural water bodies of water in some

areas

Cultured fish can affect genetics of natural fish populations

Exotic introductions may escape and affect ntural populations

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AQUACULTURE

Thanks for your attention

Presented on 19/09/2015@ GVHSS, Vellanadu, Trivandrum, Kerala, India