ballast water exchange verification using the optical ...€¦ · p r i n ci p a l co mp o n en t 2...
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BallastBallast Water Exchange Verification Water Exchange Verification Using the Optical Characteristics of Using the Optical Characteristics of
Dissolved Organic MatterDissolved Organic Matter
Jennifer R. Boehme and Mark Wells
University of MaineDarling Marine Center
• 10,000s of organisms daily transported in ballast tanks
• 21 billion gallons of ballast discharged in North America annually
• Treatment measures up to 10 years away
Species Transport via Ballast WaterSpecies Transport via Ballast Water
Ballast water exchange locations (SERC)
Goal Goal -- Reduce invasive species transport Reduce invasive species transport
BWE currently the only accepted means of controlling spread of eBWE currently the only accepted means of controlling spread of exotic xotic species Murphy et al., 2004species Murphy et al., 2004
U.S. moving quickly towards mandatory exchange for all U.S. moving quickly towards mandatory exchange for all vesselsvessels
Ballast Water Exchange Ballast Water Exchange -- VerificationVerification
450
350
250
Exci
tatio
n (n
m)
A
C/M
300 400 500Emission (nm)
Monitoring challengeMonitoring challenge
Salinity methods not always definitive
Optical characteristics of seawater Optical characteristics of seawater -- chromophoricchromophoricdissolved organic matter (CDOM)dissolved organic matter (CDOM)
Absorbance
Fluorescence via Excitation Emission Matrix Spectroscopy
Fluo
resc
ence
(QSE
)
300 400 500Emission (nm)
BATS seasonal CDOM absorption (Nelson and Siegel, 2002)
World Oceans World Oceans -- CDOM Variability CDOM Variability Seasonality and PhotochemistrySeasonality and Photochemistry
Summer
Winter
http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS/IMAGES/IMAGES.html
World Oceans World Oceans -- CDOM Variability CDOM Variability Biological ProductivityBiological Productivity
World Oceans World Oceans -- CDOM Variability CDOM Variability Terrestrial RunoffTerrestrial Runoff
August 2000
Boehme et al., 2004
World Oceans World Oceans -- CDOM Variability CDOM Variability What We KnowWhat We Know
Observed Seasonal Changes
Biological production
PhotochemistryTerrestrial runoff Species Composition?
In addition, potential for CDOM variability In addition, potential for CDOM variability based on differences in regional ecologybased on differences in regional ecology
WWorld Oceans orld Oceans -- Biogeochemical ProvincesBiogeochemical Provinces
Pauly et al., ICES 2000 Annual Science Conference
DOM Variability DOM Variability -- StatisticsStatistics
???
Statistics are useful in discriminating changes Statistics are useful in discriminating changes in DOM fluorescence via EEMSin DOM fluorescence via EEMS
Mahlinobis distance (Murphy et al, 2004); 12 wavelength pairsPARAFAC (Stedmon et al., 2003); 3d
Principal Component Analysis Principal Component Analysis –– PCA PCA ((BoehmeBoehme et al., et al., 2004); 3d2004); 3d
DOM Variability DOM Variability -- PCAPCA
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PC1
PC2 Scores
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PC1
• Clusters: similar EEM, water masses
DOM Variability DOM Variability -- PCAPCA
-92 -90 -88 -86 -84 -82
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• Over 600 samples• Water masses identified• Basis for global
database
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-11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
Oligotrophic
Marine Transitional
Atchafalaya
Mississippi
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DOM Variability DOM Variability –– PCA and Ballast Water PCA and Ballast Water ExchangeExchange
• PCA of fluorescence data set from Murphy, et al. 2004
Fos Sur Mer (France), June 2001 S: 37.2-37.6
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Principal Component 1
Prin
cipa
l Com
pone
nt 2
Side Exchange Control
Exchange 1
Exchange 2
Exchange 4
Exchange 3
San Francisco, November 2000 S: 20.6-22.5
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Principal Component 1
Prin
cipa
l Com
pone
nt 2
ER Exchange FT Exchange Control
Exchange 1Exchange 2
Future work Future work –– instrument development instrument development
UN Atlas of the Oceans
AB
Two routes, one issue…
Future work Future work –– instrument development instrument development
UN Atlas of the Oceans
Case I: Verified exchange
A
Future work Future work –– instrument development instrument development
UN Atlas of the Oceans
Case II: more testing
B
SummarySummary
Ballast water exchange requirementsBallast water exchange requirements
USCG currently looking for verification testUSCG currently looking for verification test
DOM fluorescence a promising method, DOM fluorescence a promising method, independent of port salinityindependent of port salinity
Utility of statistical tests with EEMS Utility of statistical tests with EEMS provides a method of ballast water provides a method of ballast water exchange verificationexchange verification
• End
Ballast Water Exchange Ballast Water Exchange -- VerificationVerification••Fluorescence diagnostic propertiesFluorescence diagnostic properties
Changes of Wavelength, Spectral bandwidth,
Fluorescence Intensity
••Effectiveness based on our understanding of DOM Effectiveness based on our understanding of DOM variability in the global oceansvariability in the global oceans
Quantify seasonal and spatial differences
Murphy et al., Final Report to USCG R&D Center, 2001
Results : fluorescence of Results : fluorescence of CDOM has the greater CDOM has the greater potential for determining potential for determining ballast water exchangeballast water exchange
• Significant for removal of terrestrial CDOM in coastal waters
• Alters bioavailability of CDOM
• Alters measured fluorescence and absorption characteristics
World Oceans World Oceans -- CDOM Variability CDOM Variability PhotochemistryPhotochemistry
Siegel et al., 2002
DOM Variability DOM Variability -- PCAPCA
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NEGOM, 1997-2000PC2
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Scores: Scores: differences differences between between samplessamples
• 3d EEMS based on CCD technology
• Fiber optic probes• Software development
– incorporate statistical comparisons
Future work Future work –– instrument development instrument development
Where can we go from here?Where can we go from here?
Spex 3D, JY Horiba
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