ba malayalam iii sem.core course - natakam · ba malayalam iii semester core course \msiw prepared...

School of Distance Education

\mSIw\mSIw\mSIw\mSIw\mSIwCORE COURSE

BA MALAYALAMIII SEMESTER

(2011 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA MALAYALAM

III SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

Prepared by: - Dr. Sajitha Kizhinipurath,Assistant Professor,Department of Malayalam,

Govt. Arts & Science College, Calicut.

Scruitnised by: - Dr. K.M. Priyadarsanlal,‘Swathi’, Malapparamba,Kozhikode - 673009.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

(c)Reserved

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ImWp∂p≠v.

tIcfØnse ¢mknIv IeIƒ

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IYIfn, Xp≈¬, cma\m´w, Nhn´p\mSIw XpSßnbhbmWv.

IqØpw IqSnbm´hpw

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aebmf`mjWw Hgn®pIqSm≥ hømØXmWv. F.Un. 9˛mw iXIØn¬ X]XokwhcWw,

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tXme\mbncp∂p.

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hniZamb A`n\bamWv IqSnbm´Øn\p≈Xv. \mSIØnse Hc¶w amXta km[mcW BSmdp≈q.

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kp][m\amsbmcp ÿm\ap≠v.

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cNn°s∏´ A`n\bsØ kw_‘n®p≈ KŸßfmWv B´]Imchpw IaZo]nIbpw.

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ASßnbncn°p∂p.

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I¿Ωßfpw sNmt√≠ mjmt«mIßfpw NSßpIfpw Chbn¬ hnhcn°p∂p. Hmtcm \S\pw

kzoIcnt°≠ Blmcyhn[m\ßƒ, At∏mƒ D]tbmKnt°≠ tafXmfßƒ, ]ZyßfpsS

kzccmKßƒ XpSßnbh IaZo]nIbn¬ hniZambn \n¿t±in®ncn°p∂p.

IpetiJcs‚ kZky\mbncp∂ tXmc≥ F∂ enXIhnbmWv B´]ImcßfptSbpw

IaZo]nIIfptSbpw cNbnXmsh∂p hnizkn°s∏Sp∂p. ]mNo\KZyØn¬

cNn°s∏´hbmWnh. aebmf KZykmlnXyØns‚ BZy L´sØ ]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂p Ch.

IpetiJch¿ΩbpsS kp`Zm[\RvPbw, X]XnkwhcWw F∂o \mSIßƒ°p≈

B´]Imcßfpw IaZo]nIIfpw Ahtijn°p∂p. B´Øn\papºv \ºym¿IY

]mtZinI`mjbn¬ ]dbp∂ ]Xnhp≠mbncp∂p. \ºym¿ Xangv F∂mWv Cu mjbpsS t]cv.

IqØºew

almt£Xßfn¬ IqØv, IqSnbm´w F∂nh \SØphm≥ th≠n ]WnXn´p≈

\rØimebmWv IqØºew. A`n\b][m\amb IebmbXpsIm≠v CuhbpsS BkzmZ\Øn\v

\St\mSv ASpØncn°pI AXymhiyamWv. kq£vaamb A`n\bw ImWm\pw IYmKXn

]n¥pScm\pw ]cym]vXamb coXnbnemWv IqØºeßfpsS \n¿ΩmWw.

X®pimkvXhn[n]Imcap≈ inev]NmXpcyØn\v DØtamZmlcWamWv IqØºew.

shfnbn¬\n∂pt\m°ptºmƒ sNdnsbmcp Kpl t]mse tXm∂p∂Xpw ]¿hXkm\p Xpc∂v

AIØv IS∂ncn°p∂ ]XoXn Dfhm°p∂Xpamb IqØºeØns‚ D≈n¬

]thin°ptºmgmWv AZv`pXs∏SpØp∂ imkvXobLS\ a\ nemhpI, 20 NXpci ASn

hnkvXo¿Æap≈ cwKthZnbpw hnimeamb apJafi]hpw ]n≥`mKØv AWnbdbpw

\mep`mKØpw henb hmXnepIfpap≈ Xmbncn°pw IqØºew. AWnbMbn¬ \n∂pw

thZnbnte°v Ccphihpw hmXnepIfp≠mIpw.

IYIfn, B´°Y

\rØw, A`n\bw, kwKoXw F∂nhbpsS kpµcamb taf\amWv IYIfnsb∂

tIcfnbIebn¬ ImWm≥ Ignbp∂Xv. \mtSmSn, ¢mknIv Iemcq]ßfpsS kaRvP

ktΩf\Øn¬ \n∂pw DcpØncn™ph∂ Hcp kºq¿Æ \mSyIebmWnXv. IYIfnbpsS

BZycq]w cma\m´amsW∂mWv NcnXw. sIm´mc°cØºpcm\n¬ØpSßp∂XmWv IYIfnbpsS

Bcw`sa¶nepw Cu Iebv°v ImtemNnXamb ]cnjv°mcßƒ hcpØnbXv sh´Øp\mSv cmPmhv,

Iπnßm´p \ºqXncn, I√Snt°m´p Ifcnbnse sh´Øp NmØp∏Wn°¿ XpSßnbhcmWv. [mcmfw

NSßpItfmsS, Nn´tbmsS \SØs∏Sp∂ IebmWnXv. tIfnsIm v, AcßØptIfn, tXmSbw,

]pd∏mSv, taf∏Zw, IYm`n\bw Cßs\ hnIkn®phcp∂XmWv A`n\bIaw, ]®, Icn, IØn,

an\p°v, XmSn F∂nßs\ IYm]mXßfpsS kz`mhßƒ°\pkcn®v thjØnepw hyXymkw

hcp∂p. icocØns‚ mj kºq¿Æambn D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp \mSyIebmWv IYIfn.

IYIfn \S\v I¿i\amb Ifcn A`ymkØn\p ]pdta \mSykµ¿`hpambn

X∑bo`hn°m\p≈ `mh\mssh`hhpw D≠mbncn°Ww. tIcfØnse ][m\s∏´ IYIfn

hnZymebw tIcf IemafieamWv. ]´n°mwsXmSn cmhpÆn tat\m≥, hmtg¶S Ip©p \mb¿,

sNß∂q¿ cma≥]n≈, Iemafiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿, Iemafiew cma≥Ip´n \mb¿,

Iemafiew tKm]n, tIm´°¬ inhcma≥, IpSamfq¿ IcpWmIc≥ \mb¿ XpSßnbh¿

IYIfnbcßnse alm\S∑mcmWv. kº∂amb Hcp IYIfn kwKoXimJbpw Cu

Iemcq]Øns‚ Ahn`mPy LSIamWv.

kº∂amb Hcp B´°YmkmlnXyw aebmfØnep≠v. IYIfnbpsS kmlnXyimJ

F∂ \nebn¬ amXa√ i‡amb kmlnXycq]w F∂ \nebnepw B´°Y°v ]m[m\yap≠v.

A™qdne[nIw B´°YIƒ D≠mbn´p≠v. sIm´mc°cØºpcms‚ cmambWw F´pZnhksØ

IYIƒ, tIm´bw Xºpcms‚ \mev B´°YIƒ, DÆmbnhmcycpsS \fNcnXw, CcbnΩ≥

XºnbpsS aq∂v B´°YIƒ XpSßnbhbmWv CXn¬ ][m\w. B´°YIfpsS KpWta∑

AhXcWanIhns\ \n¿Æbn°p∂ Hcp LSIambn ImWmdn√.

]m›mXy˛]uckvXy \mSI k¶ev]w.

temIkmlnXyØnse G‰hpw ]g°ap≈ imJIfnsem∂mWv \mSIw.

]mNo\ImeØpXs∂ \mSIw cq]w sIm≠ cmPyßfn¬ BZyImeØv AXv HcpXcw

A\pjvTm\ambncp∂p. B A\pjvTm\w ]e ]cnWmaßfneqsS hnIkn®v \mSIcq]w

]m]n®Xn\p tijamWv \mSIIrXnIƒ D≠mbXv. hnIknXamb \mSIIe BZyambn \nehn¬

h∂ cmPyw ]mNo\ Kokv Bbncp∂p. AXns\ØpS¿∂v A[nIImew Ignbp∂Xn\p apºpXs∂

C¥ybnepw \mSIIe cq]w sIm≠p.

]mNo\Koknse P\ßƒ tZhXIƒ°v _en A¿∏n°m≥ tZhXm ]XnjvTIƒ°v Np‰pw

AWn\nc∂v Bcm[\m]camb ]m´pIƒ ]mSpIbpw XmfmflIambn NphSpsh®v \rØw

sNbvXpsIm≠v ]XnjvTsb hew sh°pIbpw sNbvXp h∂p. B NSßv Iem]cambn

hnIkn®t∏mƒ Bcm[I¿ ]mSnbncp∂ KoXßfn¬ Hmtcm mKhpw HmtcmcpØ¿ amdnamdn ]mSp∂

kºZmbw \nehn¬ h∂p. ]n∂oSv KoXØns‚ GsX¶nepw Hcp mKw ]mSp∂bmƒ ]tXyI

IYm]mXØns‚ `mhcq]ßƒ ssIs°m≈m≥ XpSßn. Cßs\ \rsØ sNøp∂hsc√mw

hn`n∂ IYm]mXßfmbnØocpIbpw HmtcmcpØcptSbpw \rØcwKßƒ Ah¿ ]mSp∂

KoX`mKØns‚ A`n\bambn cq]m¥cs∏SpIbpw F√mhcptSbpw A`n\bw IqSnt®¿∂v

\nbXamb Hcp CXnhrØØns‚ Bhnjv°cWambnØocpIbpw sNbvXp. AtXmSpIqSn

A\pjvTm\w \mSIambnØo¿∂p. Imem¥cØn¬ C]Imcw Hcp kwLw IemImc∑m¿

IqSnt®¿∂v ]m´nepw kw`mjWØnepw cwKNe\ßfnepw IqSn CXnhrØw AhXcn∏n°p∂

\mSIIe DcpØncn™p h∂p.

]mNo\ImeØv C¥ybpsS hS°p]Sn™mdv AXn¿Øn]tZiØv hkn®ncp∂

BcyhwiP¿ k‘ymkabØv HØpIqSn A·nIpfiw Xømdm°pIbpw, A∂∂v tiJcn®

`£yhkvXp°ƒ B A·nbnen v thhn®v £n°pIbpw sNbvXXn\ptijw A·nIpfisØ

hewsh®p ]mSn BSpI ]Xnhmbncp∂psh∂v Hc`n]mbap≠v. tZhXmkvXpXn]chpw

]m¿∞\mcq]Ønep≈Xpamb B ]m´pIfpsS Bem]\w ItaW \mSIob `mjWßfmbn

amdnsb∂pw hnh[ kwLmwKßƒ hyXykvXßfmb Nn¥Ifpw hnImcßfpw ]ISn∏n°p∂

Km\`mKßƒ sNm√ns°m≠p \SØp∂ \rØw Imem¥cØn¬ hn`n∂ IYm]mXßfpsS

A`n\bambn Iemin®psh∂pw Aßs\bmWv ]mNo\`mcXob \mSIw D¤hn®sX∂pamWv

NnecpsS ]Ijw. ssN\bnepw P∏m\nepw CXpt]mse ]IrXni‡nIsf ]oXns∏bpØm≥

\SØnb \rØmflI NSßpIfn¬ \n∂mWv \mSIØns‚ D¤hw. P∏m\nse t\m, I_p°n

F∂o ]cºcmKX \mSIßƒ Aßs\bmWv cq]s∏´ph∂Xv.

\mSIØns‚ LSIßƒ

""kw`mjWØn¬ cNn°s∏´Xpw hm°pw tNjvSIfpw sIm≠v cwKthZnbn¬ \n∂v

t]£I\nte°p hn\ykn°s∏´Xpamb PohnXkwL´\ßfpsS IYbmWv \mSIw'' F∂mWv

tPm¨ UnSn®ns‚ \mSI \n¿∆N\w. \mSIIrØv, kwhn[mbI≥, \S≥, t]£I≥ XpSßn

hnhn[ hy‡nXzßfpw LSIßfpaSßp∂ iaIcamsbmcp Iem]InbbmWv Acßnse

\mSIw. cN\, cwKmhXcWw, BkzmZ\w Cu ap∂v LSIßfpw tN¿∂XmWv \mSIthZn.

IrXnbpw \mSIIrØpw

]IrXnsb _nw_ßfneqsS kzmwioIcn® \mSIIrØns‚ mjbmWv Hcp \mSIIrXn.

Inbmwi][m\amb PohnXm\p`hßfpw aplq¿Øßfpw FgpØpImcs‚ ]Xn`bnbn¬

DSseSp°p∂XpapX¬ hyXykvX XeßfneqsS IS∂ph∂mWv Hcp IrXn P\n°p∂Xv. ChnsS

`mjbpsS F√m km[yXItfbpw At±lw ]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂p. _mlym¥c inev]s∏mcpØw

A\nhmcyamWv. bYm¿∞Øn¬ cwKmhXcWØns‚ Hcp ªq]n‚mWv \mSIIrXn.

\mSIIrXnbn¬ cN\, cwK]Imi\w F∂o c≠p LSIßfp≠v. Hcp \mSIIrØns\

kw_‘n®nStØmfw Xs‚ IrXn hmbn®mkzZn°s∏Sptºmg√ cwKØv

AhXcn∏n°s∏SptºmgmWv BflkwXr]vXn D≠mhp∂Xv.

A`n\bn°p∂Xn\pth≠nb√msX kzImcy hmb\sb Dt±in®pamXw FgpXs∏Sp∂

\mSIamWv t¢mkn‰v Uma. (Closet Drama)

\mSIIrXnbpsS cwKmhXcWw \S°p∂ ÿeØn\mWv cwKthZn F∂p ]dbp∂Xv.

F√m \mSIßfpw Htc coXnbnep≈ cwKthZnbn¬ AhXcn∏n°mhp∂X√.

\mSIkmlnXyØns‚ mhcq] k¶ev]ßƒ°v A\ptbmPyamhWw AhXcn∏nt°≠ cwKthZn.

\mSIIrXnbpw cwKmhXcWhpw BkzmZ\hpw ]ckv]c]qcIambn `hn°p∂

Hc¥co£ØnemWv \mSIthZnbp≠mhp∂Xv.

cwK]mTw

\mSI]cnioe\Øn\p klmbn°pamdv kwhn[mbI≥ Xømdm°p∂ \mSIIrXnsb

IYm]mXßfpsS ]thi\ \njvIaWßfptStbm ][m\s∏´ sshImcnI aplq¿ØßfptStbm

ASnÿm\Øn¬ hn`Pn°p∂p. cwKmhXcWÿeØns‚ amXrI hc®v AXn¬

IYm]mXßfpsS kp][m\hpw \n¿ÆmbIhpamb Ne\ßƒ,]thi\\njvIaWßƒ F∂nh

ASbmfs∏SpØp∂p sNdnb Jfißfm°n cwKßsf th¿Xncn°m\p≈ a‰p LSIßfptSbpw

kqN\Iƒ \¬Imw. Zo]]kcWw, i_vZhn\ymkw F∂nhsb∏‰nbpw CXn¬

\n¿t±ißfp≠mIpw.

cwKØnse hkvXp°ƒ

cwKhnXm\Øns‚ ASnÿm\w \mSIØnse InbmwiØn\v ZriymIrXn

\¬IpIbmWv.Zriycq]Øn\v \mev LSIßfp≠v. 1.cwKafiew 2.cwKkmaKnIƒ

(cwKPwKaßƒ) 3. thjNabßƒ 4.Zo]vX]kcWw F∂nh. A`nt\Xm°ƒ. cwKinev]w,

AXymhiyw th≠ cwtKm]IcWßƒ F∂nh kZ ns‚ GXp mKØncn°p∂h¿°pw ImWm≥

IgnbpI; AtXmsSm∏w IYbv°v A`n\bØn\v, kw`hßƒ°v klmbIcamb hn[Øn¬

shfn®w \¬IpI F∂nhbmWv Zo]]kcWØns‚ [¿Ωw. Xnam\XzamWv Acßnep≈sX∂v

AtUmƒ v A∏nb ]kvXmhn°p∂p≠v. Xnc›o\amb Xdbpw ew_am\amb Acsßmcp°pw

Cu ]›mØeØn¬ Nen°p∂ \So\S∑mcpw Ahsb Zriyam°p∂ ]Imi]kcWhpw Hcpan®v

tN¿∂v Acßns‚ ZriyX Xnam\amIp∂p.

A`n\bw, A`nt\Xmhv

\mSIØns‚ Z¿i\w t]£I\nseØp∂Xv A`n\bØneqsSbmWv. CXp

km[yam°p∂Xv A`nt\Xm°fmWv. Hcmƒ A`n\bn°ptºmƒ kzm`n]mbßfpw hnImcßfpw

]ISn∏n°p∂Xn\p ]Icw as‰mcmfpsS hnImchnNmcßƒ t]£I¿°v

]I¿∂psImSp°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. IYm]mXßfpsS D≈n¬ F¥p \S°p∂psh∂pw

\S∂tXm \S°m\p≈tXm Bb kw`hßƒ F¥msW∂pw kw`mjWØneqsS

shfnhm°s∏Sp∂p. icochpw i_vZhpw a\ pw th≠Xpt]mse hg°nsbSp°p∂

Hcmƒ°pamXta Agnt\XmhmIm≥ km[yamIp.

t]£I≥

Acßn¬ kw`hn°p∂ \mSIw i≤tbmsS ho£n®v Kuchambn ]XnIcWw

kzcq]n°p∂bmfmWv t]£I≥. ]£Isc Dt±in®mWv \mSIw AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv.

cwKmhXcWw Ign™v t]£Is‚ a\ nemWv bYm¿∞ \mSIw P\n°p∂sX∂v ]dbmdp≠v.

AcßneqsSFØnb \mSIobm\p`hw t]£I\n¬ AhcpsS cpNnt`Zßƒ°\pkcn®v

hyXykvX ]XnIcWßfp≠m°p∂p. t]£I¿ ]q¿Æamb Adnhpt\Snbhcpw XnI™

klrZbcpambncn°Ww F∂pw \Ss‚ F√m [¿Ωßfpw \ndth‰m≥ kn≤nbpw km[\bpw

D≈hcmbncn°Wsa∂v \mSyimkvXw tcJs∏SpØp∂p.

\mSI]tbmP\w, \mSIm\p`qXn Hmtcm a\pjyt‚bpw D≈n¬ BgØn¬

kv]¿in°pIbpw Ne\ßƒ krjvSn°pIbpw _u≤nIambpw Bflobambpw Ahs\

]cnh¿Øn∏n°pIbpw sNøpI. P\Iob Iebmb \mSIØns‚ ][m\ [¿ΩamWv.

\mSIIebpsS apJy[¿Ωw t_m[\amsW∂ A`n]mbamWv ]m›mXy ]uckvXy

\mSImNmcy∑m¿°p≈Xv. \mSyw [¿Ωm\pkmcnbpw A¿∞P\Ihpw Io¿ØnIchpamsW∂v

`cXap\n ]kvXmhn®p.

[¿ayw bikyambqjyw

lnXw _p≤nhnh¿[\w

temtIm]tZi P\\w

\mSytaXZv hnjyXn

C]ImcamWv \mSyØns‚ ^ehntijßsf `cXap\n hnhcn°p∂Xv. ]m›mXy

ImhyimkvXmNmcy\mb AcntÃm´n¬ \mSyIebpsS ]tbmP\w hnImchntcN\ (IYm¿knkv)

amsW∂p ka¿∞n®p.

\mSyimkvX]Imcw ckm\p`qXnbmWv BXy¥nIambn \mSIØns‚ e£yw.

hnImchntcN\ØneqsS e`yamb BÀmZamWv \mSIobm\p`qXnsb∂v AcntÃm´nepw

tcJs∏SpØp∂p.

]uckvXy \mSI k¶ev]w

\mSyimkvXw \mSIkmlnXysØbpw \mSI Iesbbpw ]‰n kaKambn

]Xn]mZn°p∂Xpw InkvXph¿jmcw`tØmSSpØv cNn°s∏´Xpamb kwkvIrX KŸamWv

`cXap\nbpsS \mSyimkvXw. \mSyIetbmSp _‘s∏´ F√m hnjbßfpw ˛ kwKoXw,

kmlnXyw, \rØw, A`n\bw, \mSyafi]\n¿ΩmWw XpSßnShsb√mw 36 A[ymbßfnembn

efnXhpw hniZhpambn ]Xn]mZn°p∂p. Bdmbncw t«mIßfmWv Cu KŸØnep≈Xv.

ZriyIeIƒ°v cq]Isa∂mWv \mSyimkvXØn¬ kmam\yambn ]dbp∂Xv.

\mSy[¿Ωn, temI[¿Ωn

A`n\bsØ temI[¿Ωnsb∂pw \mSy[¿Ωnsb∂pw \mSyimkvXØn¬ Ias∏SpØn

bncn°p∂p.

""temI[¿Ωo \mSy[¿Ωo

[¿ΩoXn Zznhn[w ipX:''

BflKXw, P\m¥nIw ]pcpjs‚ kvXothjw adn®v kvXobpsS ]pcpjthjw

ÿeImeßfpsS A\yYmIcWw, \rØw, Km\w F∂p XpSßnb cwKkwhn[m\ßsf

\mSy[¿Ωn Dƒs°m≈p∂p. an°hmdpw temIcoXntbmSv \nc∏mbnt∏mIp∂ AhXcWcoXn

temI[¿Ωn AeuInIXzw IqSnbm¬ \mSy[¿Ωn. iqZIs‚ "ar—ISnIw' temI[¿Ωn°pw

ImfnZmks‚ "A`n⁄m\ imIp¥fw' \mSy[¿Ωn°pw DZmlcn°mw. km[mcWcoXnbnep≈

kw`mjWhpw ]IS\hpw temI[¿ΩnbmWv.

A`n\bcoXnIƒ

\mSyimkvXØnse F´mw A[ymbØnemWv A`n\bØns‚ ASnÿm\]amWßƒ

hniZoIcn°p∂Xv. A`napJambn \bn°p∂Xv˛ Imhym¿∞ßsf AYhm temIhrØnIsf

t]£IcpsS I¨ap∂nseØn°p∂Xv˛ F∂ A¿∞amWv A`n\b]ZØn\p \¬Ip∂Xv.

A`n\bsØ BwKnIw, hmNnIw, kmXznIw, Blmcyw F∂v \mep hn`mKßfmbnØncn°p∂p.

`qt\XmZn icocmhbhßsfs°m≠p km[n°s∏Sp∂ A`n\bamWv BwKnIw. BwKnIm`n\bw

Xs∂ apJPw, imcocw, tNjvSmIrXw F∂v aq∂v hn[ap≠v. hm°pIsfs°m≠p≈ A`n\bamWv

hmNnIw. hm°pIfpsS tIheamb D®mcWa√, Ahsb D®cn°p∂Xn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂

kzcßfpsS hyXymkamWv ChnsS ][m\w.

kmXznIm`\bw Nnc]cnNnXcmb \S∑msct∏mepw _p≤nap´n°p∂ A`n\bamWv.

kXzØn¬ \n∂p kw`hn°p∂ hnImcßfmWv kmXznIßƒ , a\ mWv ChbpsS

Dev]Ønÿm\w. a‰p aq∂v A`n\bßsf°mƒ ][m\w CXmWv. kvXw`w, hnb¿∏v, tcmam©w,

hnd, H®bnS¿®, \nd∏I¿®, IÆocv, aq¿O F∂nßs\ kmXznI`mhßƒ F´mWv.

kz¥w cq]sØ ad®v A\ythjsØ A\pIcn°m≥ th≠n B`cWmZnIsfs°m≠pw

a‰pw IrXnaambn kzoIcn°s∏Sp∂ A`n\bamWv BlmcymZn \bw. thjw, B`cWw, apJØp

Nmbw ]pc´p∂Xns‚ \nbaßƒ, ]eXcw Nmb°q´pIƒ, cwKØp]tbmKn°p∂ D]IcWßfpsS

]tXyIXIƒ, Ae¶mcßƒ F∂nhsb√mw Blmcym`n\bØn¬s∏Sp∂p. \mSyIrXnIfnse

IYm]mXßfpsS hyXymkßƒ ChnsS ][m\amWv. A`n⁄m\ imIp¥fØnse IWz\pw

Zpjy¥\pw hyXykvXamb Blmcym`n\bamWv kzoIcnt°≠Xv.

hrØnIƒ

ckhyRvPIßfmb IYm]mXhym]mcßfmWv hrØn. \mep hrØnIƒ ˛ `mcXn,

kmXzXn, ssIinIn, Bc`Sn. `mcXn F∂m¬ hmIv][m\amb A`n\bw. kmXzXn

imcocnIm`n\bw. wKnIƒ sImSp°p∂ irwKmcw, \rØw Km\w XpSßnbh tN¿∂ A`n\bw

ssIinIn. BUw_cw, BIaWw, bp≤w XpSßnbh Dƒs∏Sp∂ A`n\bw Bc`Sn.

A`n\bØnse hyXykvX kz`mhßfmWv hnjbw. \mSyw hrØnIfn¬ ]XnjvTnXamsW∂pw

hrØnIƒ \mSyamXm°fmsW∂pw cX≥ \n¿t±in°p∂p.

]©k‘nIƒ

ctkm∑pJamb CXnhrØØns‚ LS\mIaamWv k‘n inev]w. apJw, ]XnapJw,

K¿`w, hna¿iw, \n¿∆lWw F∂nßs\bmWv k‘nIƒ. Bcw`w, ]bXv\w, ]m]vXymi,

\nbXm]vXn, ^ekn≤n F∂nßs\ Chbv°Snÿm\ambn A©v AhÿIfp≠v. _oPw,

_nµp, ]XmI, ]Icn, Imcyw F∂nßs\bmWv ChbpsS hf¿®. Hmtcm k‘nbpepw ]tØm,

]¥t≠m AwKßfp≠v.

\mSIØn¬ _oPmhm]w sNøp∂ Bcw`L´amWv apJw. apJk‘nbn¬ ]£n]vXamb

_oPw H∂pIqSn ]Imin®v CSbv°nS°v Hfn™pw sXfn™pw sIm≠ncn°p∂ mKamWv ]XnapJ

k‘n. apJk‘nbn¬ hnX® hnØv ]XnapJk‘nbnseØnbt∏mƒ apf®p Xg®p.

K¿`k‘nbn¬ AXp ]q°m\p≈ `mhamWv. ^ew K¿`Ønep≈XpsIm≠mWv K¿`k‘n

F∂p t]cp In´nbXv. ta¬ ]d™ aq∂v k‘nIfn¬ \S∂ kw`hßsfs°m≠p ^ew

Ip´psa∂min°mdmb ImcyØn¬ s]s´∂v Hcp hnLv\w t\cn´p I≠m¬ AXp hna¿i k‘n.

^ekn≤n h∂ptNcp∂ mKamWv \n¿hlW k‘n.

ck`mhkn≤m¥amWv mcXob \mSIØns‚ ASnÿm\ ]amWw, k‘nIfpsS hn`P\w

ck`mhmZnIfpsS A\pIaamb \mSIobamb hnImkØn\p tbmPyambn´mIp∂p \mSIw,

]IcWw XpSßnb ]Øp cp]Ißƒ Xs∂ hkvXp, ckw, \mbI≥ F∂nhsb

B[mcam°nbmWv D≠mbn´p≈Xv.

ck\n¿∆N\w

""\ln ckmZrtX I›nZ¿∞x ]h¿ØtX'' (ck \nct]£Iambn H∂pw Xs∂

Imhy\mSIßfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂n√) F∂mWv cXap\n ]dbp∂Xv. "hn`hm\p`mh hy`nNmcn

kwtbmKmZv ck\njv]Ønx' F∂mWv ]kn≤amb ck kqXw. irwKmcw, lmkyw, IcpWw,

cuZw, hocw, bm\Iw, _o`’w, A¤pXw F∂v F´p ckßsf°pdn®mWv \mSyimkvXØn¬

hnhcn°p∂Xv. im¥w F∂ HºXmasØ ckw ]n∂oSv Iq´nt®¿°s∏´XmWv.

ÿmbo`mhw

CXc`mhßsf X∂nepƒs°m≈n®psIm≠v kPmXob hnPmXob `mhßfm¬

A`n`hn°s∏SmXncn°p∂XmWv ÿmbo`mhw. cXap\n F´p ÿmbn mhßsf hnhcn°p∂p.

cXn, lmkw, timIw, tIm[w, D’mlw, bw. PpKp]vk, hnkvabw F∂nh. ]n∂oSv \n¿thZw

Fs∂mcp ÿmbo`mhw IqSn Iq´nt®¿°s∏´p. hn`mhØm¬ DZv_p≤hpw A\p`mhØm¬

]XoXntbmKyhpw k©mcnbm¬ ]cn]pjvShpw BIptºmgmWv ÿmbo`mhw ckambnØocp∂Xv.

hn`mhw

ckk‘n°p≈ H∂masØ ImcWamWv hn`mhw. hn`mhw kzbsamcp mhhntija√

˛ mthm±o]\tlXphmIp∂p. hninjvSamb ⁄m\sØ \¬Ip∂ hkvXphmWv hn`mhw. hn`mhw

c≠p XcØnep≠v. H∂v : `mhßsf DW¿Ø¬ c≠v : D±o]vXam°¬ Chsb bYmIIaw

Bew_\w, D±o]\w F∂p hnfn°p∂p. Bsc Ahew_n®mtWm ÿmbo`mhw DWcp∂Xv

B hy‡n (hkvXp) Bew_\ hn`mhw. ÿmbo`mhsØ D±o]n∏n°p∂ LSIw (\nemhv,

]q°fpsS kpK‘w, CfwIm‰v, XpSßnbh) D±o]\hn`mhw.

A\p- mhw

hmNnImw-Kn-I-km-X-zn-Im- n-\-b-ß-fm¬ mhsØ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ LS-I-amWv A\p- m-hw.

A\p- mhw c≠p hn[w. BwKn-Im-\p- m-hw, kmX-zn-Im-\p- m-hw, AwK-tN-jvS-bmWv BwKn-Im-\p- m-hw,

kX-z-a-\- ns‚ krjvSn-bmWv kmX-zn-I- m-h-ßƒ, tcmam-©w, Ic-®n¬., sXm≠-bn-S-d¬, hnd-b¬,

hnb¿∏v, sshh¿W-yw, ]f-bw, kvXw`w F∂n-h-bmWv F v kmX-zn-Im-\p- m-h-ßƒ.

hy- n-Nm-cn`mhw (k-©m-cn- m-hw)

hnhn-[-cq-]-Øn¬ sshNn-X-am¿∂v ckm- n-ap-J-ambn k©-cn-°p-∂-h-bmWv k©m-co- m-h-ßƒ.

Aÿn-c-X-bmWv CXns‚ kz-cq-]w. ap∏-Øn-aq∂v hy- n-Nm-cn- m-h-ßsf `c-X-ap\n hnh-cn-®n- p-≠v.

i¶, Akq-b, Nm]-eyw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-W-h.

ck-\n-jv]Øn

"hn`m-hm-\p- mh hy- n-Nm-cn-kw-tbm-Km-Z-k-\n-jv]Ønx'F∂ ck-kq-X-Øn\v \mS-y-imkvXw

\¬Ip∂ hni-Zo-I-cWw Cß-s\-bm-Wv. hn`m-hm-Zn-kw-tbm-Kw-sIm≠v \njv]-∂-am-Ip∂ ckw

]m\-I-ckw t]mse F∂v `c-X≥ ]d-bp-∂p. hnhn[ hy-RvP-\-ßƒ tN¿Øv \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂

]m\-I-Øns‚ Bk-zmZw t]mse-bmWv Cu Imh-y-c-km-k-zm-Z-\w. ]e-Xcw kzmZp-ff `£-W-

]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ Ign-® £W ckn-I-∑m-cmb Bfp-Iƒ BÀm-Z-a-\p- -hn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse hn`mhm-Zn-

I-fpsS kwtbmKw sIm≠v ck\ D≠m-Ip-∂p. ck-\bv°p hnj-b-am-Ip∂ temtIm-Ø-c-amb

A¿∞-amWv ckw.

ck-kq-X-h-ym-J-ym-\-ßƒ

`c-X-ap-\n-bpsS ck-kq-X-Øn\v hnhn[ kn≤m-¥-°m-cmb \mS-y-X-Øz \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ Hmtcm

]Im-c-Øn¬ hym-J-ym\w \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ `´-tem-√∏-Ss‚ "D¬]Øn hmZw',

ioi-¶p-Is‚ "A\p-a-Xn-hmZ-Zw, -\m-b-Is‚ "`‡n-hmZw' A`n-\-h-Kp-]vXs‚ "A`n-h-y-‡n-hmZw'

F∂n-h-bmWv ][m-\-ßƒ. ck-kq-X-Ønse "kwtbmKw' "\njv]Øn' F∂o i_vZ-ßƒ°mWv

hym-J-ym-\-t -Z-ß-fp-f-f-Xv.

\S-\n-emWv \ap-°p-ckw ]Xo-X-am-Ip-∂-sX-∂mWv tem√-S-a-Xw. A\p-Im-c-y-\n-jvT-amb ÿmbn-

`m-hsØ \S≥ A`n-\-b-ß-fm¬ A\p-I-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw AXns\ t]£-I≥ A\p-am-\-Øm¬

Na-Xv°m-c-Iq¿∆w km£m-Xv°-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ioi-¶p-I≥ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p. NXp¿hn-[m- n-\-b-

ß-fm¬ \mS-ym¿∞w hn`m-hmZn kz-cq]w ssIh∂v mh-I-Xzw F∂ hym-]m-c-Øm¬ hn`m-hm-Zn-Iƒ

km[m-c-Wn-Ir-X-ß-fm-hp-Ibpw kYm-bo- mhw ck-cq-]-Øn¬ t]£-Is‚ mh-\bv°v hnj-b-am-

hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh∂pw t`mP-I-Xzw F∂ hym-]m-c-Øm¬ t]£-I≥ ckw Bk-z-Zn-°p-∂p-sh-

∂p-amWv -\m-b-Is‚ ‡n-hm-Zw, t]£-I-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ hmk-\m-cq-t]W ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ cX-ym-

Zn- m-h-ß-fpsS A`n-h-y-‡n-bmWv ckm-\p- qXn F∂mWv A`n-\-h-Kp-]vX-a-Xw. ckm-k-zm-Z-\-Øn\v

ka¿∞-amb hym-J-ym\w \¬In-bXv A`n-\-h-Kp-]vX-\m-Wv.

\mS-I-hn- m-K-ßƒ

hkvXp-\m-b-I-c-k-ß-fpsS ÿnXn-t`Zw sIm≠v cq]-I-ßƒ At\-I-hn-t[-b-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-

∂p. ]Øp-cq-]-I-ßfpw ]Xn-s\ v D]-cq-]-ßfpw Ds≠∂v \mS-y-im-kvXw.

\mS-Iw, ]I-cWw ka-h-Im-cw, hym-tbm-Kw, A¶w,-`m-Ww, hoYn, ]l-k-\w, knaw,

Culm-arKw F∂n-h-bmWv Zi-cq-]-I-ßƒ, C-h-bn¬ mWw, hoYn, A¶w, hym-tbm-Kw, ]l-k\w

F∂nh Hc¶w amX-ap-f-f-h-bm-Wv. ]J-ym-Xtam Iev]n-Xtam Bb IYm-h-kvXp, [otcm-≤-X≥,

[oc-e-fn-X≥ XpS-ßnb \mb-I-∑m¿ irwKm-cw, lmk-yw, IcpWw XpS-ßnb ck-ßƒ F∂n-hbmWnh-

bn-ep-f-f-Xv. Culm-arKw Unaw F∂n-h-bn¬ \mev AwK-ßƒ. [otcm-≤-X-\mWv \mb-I≥.

ka-h-Im-c-Øn¬ aq∂v A¶w, ]J-ym-X-hn-j-bhpw [otcm-Zm-Ø-\mb \mb-I\pw hoc-c-k-hp-am-Wn-Xn¬.

\mS-I-Ønepw ]I-c-W-Ønepw A©p-ap-X¬ ]Øp-hsc A¶-ßƒ. \mS-I-Øn\v ]J-ym-X-

amb IYm-h-kvXp, ]I-c-W-Øn\v Iev]n-X-hpw, \mS-I-\m-b-I≥ [otcm-Zm-Ø-\m-Ip-tºmƒ ]I-c-W-

\m-b-I≥ [oc-im-¥≥. irwKm-ctam hoctam im¥tam BWv \mS-I-c-kw. ]I-c-W-Øn¬ irwKm-

c-c-kw-am-Xw.

cwK-thZn

\mS-y-Kr-l-\n¿ΩmW-hn[n \mS-y-imkvXw hni-Z-ambn N¿®-sN-øp-∂p-≠v. ka-N-Xp-cw, Zo¿L-

N-Xp-cw, apt°m¨ F∂o aq∂p-Xcw \mS-I-im-e-I-fp-≠v.

\mS-ym-cmw- -Øn¬ A\p-jvTn-t°≠ ]q¿h-cw-K-hn-[nbpw hnh-cn-°-∂p. ad-bv°-IØv A\p-

jvTn-t°≠ H≥]-Xp-hn-[nbpw ad-\o-°n-b-tijw A\p-jvTn-t°≠ ]Øp-hn-[n-Ifpw hni-Zo-I-cn-

°p-∂p-≠v. hmZ-y-°msc btYm-NnXw B\-bn®v bYm-ÿm-\Øv Ccp-Øp-I, ]m´p-Im¿°v A\p-tbm-

P-y-amb ÿm\w \¬In kzo-I-cn-°p-I, ]m´pw hmZ-yhpw ka-\-y-bn®v ]cn-ti-m-[n-°pI Km\m-em-

]\w \S-ØpI XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv adbv°p ]n∂n-ep-ff hn[n-Iƒ. ad-\o-In-b-Xn-\p-tijw tZh-Xm-

h-µ-\w, \mµo-]-Z-yw, \rØw, tZh-Z-zn-P-\r-]mZn-Isf hµn-°¬, IYm-kw-t£]w XpS-ßn-bh ]q¿∆-

cw-K-hn-[n-I-fn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.

\mtS-ym¬]-Øn-sb-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-∂n-SØv BZ-y-\m-S-Im-h-X-cWw Akp-c-∑m¿ Ae-t¶m-

e-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂v \mS-y-imkvXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. CØcw A]-I-S-ßƒ XS-bm-\mWv

\mS-y-Krlw apJ-y-ambpw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.

\mS-Im- n-\bw Cµ-[-zP D’-h-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®m-bn-cp∂p \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. cwK-t°m-∏p-

Iƒ (t]m-]vkv) D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. hml-\-ßƒ ˛ cYm-Zn-Iƒ, IY-m-]p-cp-j-]-Ir-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v

IpXn-c, Imf, Igp-X, H´Iw apX-em-bh ˛ Ch-bpsS NnX-ßƒ cwKØp-]-tbm-Kn-°mw. NnX-]-S-

ßƒ kqXs‚ Iøn-em-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw "A`n-\-h- m-cXn' (A- n-\-h-Kp-]vX≥) hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p. cwK-

]oTØn\pw kZ-k-y¿°p-an-S-bn¬ ap≥Xn-c-»oe C√m-bn-cp-∂p. cwK-io¿j-Øn\pw cwK]oTØn\pw

CS-bn¬ Xnc-»oe-bp≠v. Ah \o°n-bmWv IYm-]m-X-ßƒ cwK-sØ-Øp-∂-Xv. c≠p-Xcw ]thi\-

ß-fp-≠v. ][m\ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ ]th-i-\sØ ap≥Iq´n kqNn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂mWv \nb-aw.

\mS-I-c-N-\m-X-¥-ßƒ

\mµn, ]kvXm-h\

\mS-I-Øns‚ ]q¿∆-cw-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ AXn-]-[m-\hpw A]cnX-ym-P-y-hp-amb mK-amWv \mµn.

\mµn Hcp ]Zyw sNm√¬ amX-a√. \rØ Km\-hm-Z\ kap-Zm-b-amb Hc-\p-jvTm-\hp-am-Wv. GXp

tZhs‚ D’-h-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®mtWm \mSIw Ac-tß-dp-∂Xv B tZhs\ hmgvØp-∂p. hnLv\-

\n-hm-c-W-Øn-\mWv \mµn sNm√p-∂-Xv. \mµn sNmt√-≠Xv kqX-[m-c-\m-Wv. \mµn-bpsS Ah-km-

\-Øn¬ kqX-[m-c≥ cwK-th-Zn-bn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂p.

\mµn-I-gn-™m¬∏ns∂ BapJw AYhm ]kvXm-h-\-bm-Wv. ÿm]\ F∂pw CXn\v t]cp-

≠v. sNøm≥ t]mIp-∂-Im-cyw Dd-∏n-°pI F∂mWv ÿm]-\-Øn-\¿∞w. hnZq-j-I≥, \Sn, \S≥,

]mcn-]m¿i-zn-I≥ Ch-cn-em-sc-¶nepw IYm-kq-N-I-amb coXn-bn¬ Ac-ß-Øp-sh®v kqX-[m-c-t\mSp

IqSn kw`m-jWw \S-Øp∂ mK-am-Wn-Xv. kqX-[m-c≥ IY-bpsS cq]-tcJ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

\mS-I-Øn¬ ]gb BNm-c-y-∑m-cpsS hn[n-]-Imcw bp≤w, h[w, ssaYp\w XpSßn ]e

kwK-Xn-Ifpw Ac-ßØp Im´m≥ ]mSn-√. F∂m¬ Ah-sb-∏‰n Hcp cq]w ImWn-Iƒ°v sImSp-

°p-Ibpw thWw. IY-bpsS hf¿®bv°v ImWn-Iƒ°v B hnh-c-ßƒ e`nt® Xocq, AXn-\mWv

]th-i-Ihpw hnjv°w- hpw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Ch c≠pw CSbv°p tN¿°p∂ kw`m-j-W-ß-fm-Wv.

]th-iIw

c≠v A¶-ßƒ°n-Sbv°v F¥p \S∂p F∂-XmWv CXn-eqsS [cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Nne \mS-I-

ß-fpsS IY-bpsS ][m\ Awi-ßƒ Hcp cq]-tc-J-am-X-ambn ]th-i-I-Øn¬IqSn e`n-°pw. CXv

\n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xv apJ-y-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fm-cp-a-√, rX-y-∑m¿, tPmen-°m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v

`mj ]mIr-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.

hnjv°w`w

\mS-Io-b-ambn \n_-‘n-°-s∏- -XmWv hnjv°w- w. ]ap-J-cmb IYm-]m-X-ß-fmhpw AXn¬

cwKØp hcn-I. Ah¿ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv kwkvIrXw Xs∂. \S∂p Ign-™tXm \S-°m-\n-cn-

°p∂tXm Bb IYm- m-K-ßsf cwK-ÿ-∑m¿°v a\- n-em-I-X-°-hn[w kwt£-]n®v A¶-Øn‚

BZn-bn¬ tN¿°p∂ A`n-\-b- m-K-am-Wn-Xv.

\mtS-ym-‡n-Iƒ

\mS-I-I¿Ømhp t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hnfn IY apgp-h≥ kw`m-j-W-Øn-em-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv.

IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS cl-k-y-ßfpw ]c-k-y-ß-fp-amb at\m-hn-Im-c-ßƒ apgp-h≥ ImWn-°sf

Adn-bn-°m≥ th≠n ]e coXn-Ifpw \mS-I-IrØv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. \mS-y-tØm-Sp-IqSn D]-

tbm-Kn-t°≠ D‡n-I-fm-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Chsb \mtS-ym-‡n-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Bfl-K-Xw,

]Imiw P\m-¥n-Iw, A]-hm-cn-Xw, BIm-i- m-jnXw F∂n-h-bmWv \mtS-ym-‡n-Iƒ.

Bfl-KXw

A¥¿KXw ImWn-Isf a\- n-em-°n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n hnNm-cn-°p∂ \mS-y-Øn¬

]d-bp-∂Xv Bfl-K-Xw. k-KXw Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xv. ]n∂oSv "hnNmcw' F∂v CXns\ ]cn-jv°-cn®p

]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.

A]-hm-cnXw

cwK-Øn¬ ]ecpw IqSn-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p-f-f-h¿ tI´m¬ Xc-t°-Sn-√mØ hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n

Hcm-tfmSp ]tX-yIw ]d-bp-∂-XmWv A]-hm-cn-Xw.

Bfl-K-X-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Xpd∂p ]d-bp-∂-XmWv ]Im-iw.

P\m-¥nIw

cwK-Øn¬ c≠n-e-[nIw Bfp-Iƒ IqSn-bn-cn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ a‰p-f-f-h¿ tIƒ°m-

sXbpw ImWm-tXbpw c≠p-t]¿ XΩn¬ kz-Im-cyw ]d-bp-∂Xv P\m-¥n-Iw.

BIm-i- m-jnXw

Ai-co-cn-bm-Wn-Xv. \mS-I-Ønse BIm-i- m-jn-X-Øn¬ Ai-co-cn-bmb hm°p tIƒ°pI

]Xn-hn-√. Aßs\ tI -Xmbn IYm-]m-X-ßƒ \Sn-°pI amXta sNøp-∂p-ff-q, "sNhn-tbm¿Øn v'

"tI -Xmbn \Sn®v' Fs∂m-s°-bmWv \mS-I-ß-fn¬ Cu kµ¿ -ßsf tcJs∏-Sp-Øm-dv.

kqX-[m-c≥

]mNo\ mc-Xob \mS-I-Øn¬ kqX-[m-c≥ cwK-]-km-[\w Hc-f-hp-hsc h-ln-®n-cp∂ Bfm-Wv.

""Bkq-X-b≥ KpWm-t∂Xpw

Ith-c-]nN hkvXpX

cwK-]-km-[\ ]uV

kqX-[mc Ctlm-ZnX:''

(kqX-[m-c≥ Ihn-bp-sSbpw IY-bp-sSbpw KpW-K-W-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-h\pw ]uV-\p-

am-bn-cn-°Ww. kµ¿ -Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]mX-ßsf ]th-in-∏n®v hnLv\w IqSmsX \mSIw \S-Ø-Ww).

cwK-]-tbm-K-Øns‚ Bap-J-amb ]q¿∆-cw-K-Øn¬ kqX-[m-c≥ c≠v ]mcn-]m¿i-zn-I-∑m-

tcm-sSm∏w ]th-in®v _“mhv XpS-ßn-b-hsc hµn-°p-∂p. \mµn-sNm-t√≠ Npa-X-ebpw kqX-

[m-ct‚Xm-Wv. \mS-ym-Nm-c-y≥ Xs∂-bmWv kqX-[m-c≥.

kqX[mc\v "kqXw [cn-®-h≥' "kqXw Iøn-te-¥n-b-h≥' F∂n-ßs\ c≠¿∞-ap-≠v.

\mS-y-im-kvXkq-‡-ßƒ Adn-™-h-s\∂ A¿∞-amWv BZytØXn-\v. ]mNo-\-Imew apX¬

C¥-y-bn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]mh-I-fn-bn¬ NcSp \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂-bmsf kqX-[m-c-s\∂p

hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. CXn¬ \n∂mWv c≠m-asØ A¿∞w h∂-Xv.

\mS-I-Øn‚ hy-X-ykvX Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ kuI-c-y-s∏-Sp-amdv t\cn- p-ff CS-s]-S-

emWv kqX-[m-c≥ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. thZn-bpsS N´°qSns\ t`Zn®v t]£Icp-ambn _‘w

]pe¿Øm\pw Ah-cp-ambn kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw Abmƒ°p Ign-bp-∂p. Abmƒ Ah-

X-c-WØn¬ \n∂p kzbw A\-y-s∏´p \n¬°p-Ibpw H∏w t]£-I¿°p kw -h-ßƒ hnh-cn-®p-

sIm-SpØv Ah-cpsS Nn¥sb D±o-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. GXp IYbpw DNn-X-amb \mS-I-

\n¿Ωn-Xn-bm-°m-\p-ff hnin-jvtSm-]m-[n-bmWv kqX-[m-c≥. ]m›m-Xy \mS-I-th-Zn-bnse

\td-‰¿, tÃPv amt\-P¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ kqX-[m-c-t\m-S-SpØp \n¬°p-∂p.

]m›m-X-y-\m-SI k¶ev]w

]pcm-X\ Kokn¬ aZ-y-]m-\-Øns‚bpw D√m-k-Øns‚bpw tZh-X-bm-bn-cp∂ Utbm-W-n-

k- ns‚ Bcm-[-\bv°v P\-ßƒ BSp-I-fp-sSbpw Du¿[-z-Imbw amXw BSp-I-fpsS cq]-tØmSp

IqSnb km‰n-dp-I-fp-sSbpw thjw sI´n A`n-\-bn-°p-I-sb∂ ]Xnhv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Cu

A`n-\bw ImWm≥ P\-ßƒ Hcp ÿeØv IqSp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Utbm-Wnk v kvtXmX-

ßƒ°v UnYn-dmw_v F∂ t]cmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. UnYn-dmw_v cN-\-Iƒ A≥]Xv

t]¿ tN¿∂v HXp tImdkv (kwLw) ]mSp-Ibpw AXn-s\mØv \rØw shbv°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-

∂p. Cß-s\-bp-ff A`n-\bw ]n∂oSv H‰-bvs°mcp \S≥ cwK-]-thiw sNbvXv \S-Øp∂

A`n-\b Ie-bmbn amdn. sXkv]nkv F∂ \S-\mWv BZ-y-ambn CØcw A`n-\bw ImgvN-sh-®-

sX∂v hni-z-kn-°p-∂p.

FkvInekv (_n.kn 525- 456), tkmt^m-¢nkv (_n.kn 496- 406) bqdn-∏n-Uokv (_n.kn

484˛406), Acn-tÃm- -\okv (_n.kn 450 - 388), F∂n-h-cmWv Ko°v \mS-I-N-cn-X-Ønse alm-c-Y-

∑m¿. FkvIne-kn-s\-bmWv Ko°v \mS-I-ß-fpsS ]nXm-hmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. At±-l-amWv

H∂n-e-[nIw IYm-]m-X-ßsf BZ-y-ambn cwK-Ø-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. FkvIn-ekv 52 \mS-I-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-

b-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. s]man-X-yqkv tZhs‚ IYsb B[m-c-am°n cNn® aq∂v \mS-I-ß-fmWv

Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw ]kn-≤w. AXn¬ _‘-\-ÿ-\mb s]man-X-yqkv amXta C∂v Ah-ti-jn-°p-

∂p-f-fq.

bqdn-∏n-Uokv BWv as‰mcp \mS-I-Ir-Øv. At±-l-Øns‚ \mS-I-ß-fn¬ 20 FÆw

e -y-am-Wv. G‰hpw henb aqØ Ihn F∂mWv Acn-tÃm- n¬ At±-lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. At±-

l-Øns‚ \mS-I-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw al-Xzw I¬]n-°-s∏-´n -´p -f -fXv "aoUnb-'bv°mWv.

Ce-IvS, Ctbm¨ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw ]kn-≤w.

lmk-ym-fl-I-amb Ko°v ip`m-¥-\m-S-IcwKsØ Ipe-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p Acn-tÃm- -\okv,

tkmt^m-¢o-kns‚bpw bqdn-∏n-Uo-kns‚bpw ka-Im-eo-\-\-bn-cp∂p Ct±-lw. Xh-f-Iƒ,

enkn-kvSm-‰, F∂n-h-bmWv G‰hpw ]kn-≤-amb \mS-I-ßƒ. bp≤sØ FXn¿°p∂ \mS-I-

amWv "enkn-kvSm‰-.' "Xhf' Ifn¬ bqdn-∏n-Uo-kns\ Ifn-bm-°m-\mWv Acn-tÃm-^-Xokv

Xp\n-™-Xv.

t]mbn-‰nIvkv (Im-h-y-ao-amw-k)

Ko°v \mS-I-ß-fpsS ]nd-hn-tbbpw ]Ir-Xn-tbbpw Ipdn®v B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Adnhp

\¬Ip∂ IrXn-bm-Wv Acn-tÃm- n-ens‚ (_n .kn 384 322) "t]mb-‰nIvkv'. CXn-lm-k-ß-sfbpw

\mS-I-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®mWv t]mb-‰nIvkv apJ-y-am-bpw N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv. inj-y-∑m¿°v \¬Im\mbn

Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ ]mT-°p-dn-∏p-I-fm-Wn-h-sb∂p a\- n-em-°mw. CXn-lm-k-˛-\m-SI cN-\-bn¬

K -Ÿ-I¿Ømhv Ah-iyw Adn -™n-cn -t°≠ hkvXp -X -Iƒ CXn¬ khn -kvXcw

]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. A≥]-Xp-t]-Pp-ff Cu KŸ-Øn¬ 26 A≤-ym-b-ß-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. 6˛mw

A≤-ymbw apX¬ 19˛mw A≤-ymbw hsc Zpc-¥-\m-SI N¿®-bm-Wv. \mSIw Hcp Inb-bpsS A\p-

I-c-W-sa-∂mWv Acn-tÃm- n¬ ka¿Øn®p. Ko°v mj-bn¬ Ua-T-‰mkv F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w

"Kuc-h-ap-ff I¿Ωw' F∂m-Wv. \mSIw c≠p-hn-[-Øn-ep-≠v. SmP-Unbpw tIma-Unbpw G‰hpw

DØ-a-amb Iem-kr-jvSn-bmWv SmPUn (Zp-c-¥-\m-S-Iw) F∂mWv Acn-tÃm- n-ens‚ A`n-]m-bw.

A\p-I-ºbpw `bhpw Df-hm-°-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ Iev]nX IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS

A\p-`-hßƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ \mSI cq]-sØ-bmWv SmPUn AYhm Zpc-¥-\m-SIw F∂p

]d-bp-∂-Xv. hy-‡n-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw D≠m-hp∂ kwL¿jhpw a\p-jy \nb-¥-W-Øn\v

AXo-X-amb kml-N-c-y-ß-fp-amWv CØcw A\p- -h-ßƒ°v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn k¶-ev]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xv. a\p-j-ys‚ hnIm-c-ßƒ, BK-l-ßƒ, ]Ir-Xn -bn -ep -f-fXpw ]Ir-X-y -Xo-Xhpw

kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-c-hp-amb i‡n-Iƒ F∂nh kwL¿j-Øn\p hgn-sbm-cp-

°p-∂p. a\p-j-y-k-z- m-h-tØmSpw (`u-Xn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-am-b) temI-tØmSpw \mS-I-Ir-Øn-\p-

ff ho£Ww A\p-I-ºbpw `bhpw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ ][m\ LS-I-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

Acn-tÃm- n¬ SmP-Un°p \¬Ip∂ \n¿h-N\w Cß-s\-bmWv: ""kzbw ]q¿Æbpw Kuc-h-bp-

‡hpw ¢n]vX-ssZ¿L-y-ap-f-f-Xp-amb Hcp kw`-h-K-Xn-bpsS kp`-K-amb A\p-I-c-W-amWv

SmPUn. AXp IYm-K-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn¬ at\m-lc kw`m-j-W-ß-

fm¬ \n_n-‘Xhpw A`n-\-bn°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw A\p-Iº Zbm-Zn- m-h-ß-fpsS Bhn-jv°m-c-Øm¬

B\-µ-I-c-amb hnIm-c-hn-th-N-\w(CATHARSIS) Df-hm-°p-∂XpamWv.'' bYm¿∞hpw

]tbm-P\ ]Zhpw Kuc-h-ta-dn-b-Xp-amb Hcp kmln-X-y-im-J-sb∂ \ne-bn-emWv Acn-tÃm- n¬

SmP-Unsb I≠-Xv. AXv imco-cn-I-ambpw a\:imkvX-]-c-ambpw A\p-I-º, `bw F∂o

hnIm-c-ßsf ]c-a-Im-jvT-bn-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw IYm¿kn-kn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

X¬ -e-ambn t]£-I\v kuµ-c-y-]-c-amb kwXr]vXn e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F√m Adnhpw

kpµ-chpw ]tbm-P\ ]Z-hp-am-I-bm¬ a\p-j-ym-h-ÿ-I-fpsS Df-f-d-I-fn-te°p shfn®w hoip∂

SmPUn a\p-j-y-tN-X-\bv°p kwXr]vXn \¬Ip∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an-√. a\p-j-y\p ]]-©-Øn-ep-ff

ÿm\hpw B≤-ym-flnI aqe-y-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-ff Ahs‚ Ah-t_m-[hpw SmPUn kº-∂-am-°p-∂p.

a\p-j-y-kvt\-lhpw A\p-I-ºbpw _lp-am-\hpw D≠m-°p-∂p. kz¥w ]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw a‰p

hy-‡n-I-tfmSpw ]]-©-i-‡n-I-tfmSpw kwL- -\-Øn-te¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ a\p-j-ys\ NnXo-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-e-qsS Pohn-X-Zp-c-¥-Øns‚ bYm¿∞Im-c-W-ßƒ hy-‡-am-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw

AXn-eqsS t]£I¿°v A\p-c-RvP-\-Øn\pw hnIm-c-hn-th-N-\-Øn\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. tkmt^m-¢o-kns‚ \mS-I-ß-sf-bmWv DØa SmP-Un-I-fmbn Acn-tÃm-´n¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

tImaUn

km[m-cW a\p-j-y-cpsS Zu¿_eyßfpw Ah-cpsS s]cp-am-‰-Øn-ep-ff sshI-e-y-ßfpw

NnXo-I-cn®v Bk-zm-Z-Isc lmk-y-c-k-Øn¬ apgp-In-°p∂ \mS-I-ß-fmWv tIma-Un-Iƒ. Cu

]cn-lm-k-Øn-eqsS ]uc-∑m-cpsS kz- m-h-Øn-tebpw s]cp-am-‰-Øn-tebpw sshI-e-y-ßƒ shfn-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂ \mS-I-ß-fm-Wn-h. Ah-bnse IYm-]m-X-ßƒ km[m-cW a\p-j-y-cpsS X\n-∏-I¿∏p-Iƒ

A√. AXn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb ]p\:krjvSnIfmWv F∂v ImWn-°m≥ tIma-Un-bnse

\S-∑m¿ apJw-aq-Sn-Iƒ [cn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Øn-eq-f-f-h-tc-°mƒ

lo\-cm-b-h-sc-bmWv tIma-Un-I-fn¬ Z¿in-°m-\m-hpI F∂mWv Acn-tÃm- n¬ hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.

Ko°v tIma-Un-Isf aq∂v L -ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p. ]mNo-\w, a[-yw, \ho-\w. _n.kn

5˛mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv tImaUn Kokn¬ BZ-y-ambn Ac-tß-dn-b-Xv. Acn-tÃm- -\o-kmWv tImaUn

cN-bn-Xm-°-kn¬ AK-K-W-y≥.

CXn-lmkw (F-∏n-Iv)

F∏n-°p-Iƒ alØpw Kuc-h-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n Zo¿L-ambn D÷-z-e-ssi-en-

bn¬ h¿Wn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. [oct\m A¿≤-ssZ-hn-I-X-z-ap-ff hy-‡ntbm BWv CXnse

\mb-I≥. At±-lØns‚ ]hrØn-Iƒ Hcp h¿§-Øns‚tbm cmjvS-Øns‚tbm hn[n-\n¿W-bn-

°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. BZ-y-Im-eØv Ncn-X-h-kvXp-XItftbm sFXn-l-y-ß-tftbm antØm-f-Pn-

tbtbm ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv F∏n-°p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tlma-dns‚ Cen-bUpw

HUo-knbpw Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.

CXn-lm-k-Im-h-y-ßsf Bi-bn®p cq]w sImf-fp-∂-h-bmWv Zpc-¥-\m-S-ß-sf∂v Acn-tÃm-

´n¬ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p. SmP-Un°pw F∏n-°n-\p-ap-ff kma-y-t -Z-ßƒ Acn-tÃm- n¬ N¿®-sN-øp-

∂p-≠v. F∏n-°nse F√m LS-I-ßfpw SmP-Un-bn¬ ImWm-sa-¶nepw SmP-Un-bnse F√m Awi-

ßfpw F∏n -°n -en -√. SmP -Un -bnse Inbmw -i -Øn\v kab ]cn -¢n -] vXn -bp -≠v .

F∏n-°n-\-Xn-√. BJ-ym-\-]-c-amWv F∏n-Iv.

F√m Iem-cq-]-ßfpw A\p-I-c-W-]-c-ß-fm-Wv. A\p-I-c-W-Øns‚ am[-y-aw, hnj-bw, coXn

F∂n-h-b-\p-k-cn®v Imh-y-cq-]-ßƒ°v t`Zw kw`hn-°p-∂p. F∏n-Iv, SmPUn, tImaUn F∂n-

hbpw A\p-I-c-W-t -Z-ßƒ Xs∂. SmPUn F∏n-°n-t\mSpw tImaUn ]cn-lm-k-Im-h-y-ß-tfmSpw

]e Awi-ß-fnepw ASpØp \n¬°p-∂p.

SmP-Un-bpsS LS-I-ßƒ

SmP-Un°v Bdv LS-I-ßƒ D≠v. CXn-hr-Øw, ]mX-k-z- m-hw, cN-\m-co-Xn, hnNm-cmw-iw,

Zriyw, kz-c-am-[p-cyw F∂n-h-bm-W-h. CXn¬ CXn-hr-Øw, ]mXk-z- m-hw, hnNmcmwiw F∂nh

A\p-I-cW hnj-b-ßfpw Zr-iyw A\p-I-cW am[-y-ahpw cN-\m-co-Xnbpw kz-c-am-[p-c-yhpw A\p-I-

cW coXn-I-fp-am-sW∂v Acn-tÃm- n¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

CXn-hr-Ø-Øn-\mWv SmP-Un-bn¬ ]c-a-]-[m-\yw. Kw`o-chpw kºq¿Æbpw \n›nX

ssZ¿Lyapf-f-Xp-amb Inbmwiw Xs∂-bmWv CXn-hr-Øw. CXn-hr-Ø-Øn\p amXta Hcp

SmP-Un-bn¬ Zpc-¥- m-h-]-Xo-Xn-bp-f-hm-°m≥ Ign-bq. CXn-hr-Ø-Øn\v sFI-y-Xbw ˛ Imew,

Inb, ÿew D≠m-h-Ww. CXn-hr-Ø-Øn\v kw`m-h-yX D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. bm\p-IºIƒ DW¿Øm≥

Ign-hp-ff kw -h-ß-fpsS A\p-I-c-W-amWv th≠-Xv. CXn-hrØw k¶o¿W-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

IYm-]m-X-Øn\v CXn-hr-Ø-I-ev]-\-bnse ][m\ IÆn-sb∂ ÿm\-am-Wp-f-f-Xv.

kwhm-Zw, Bfl-K-Xw, kw`m-jWw F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS _u≤n-I-

tijn ][m-\-am-Wv. IYm-]m-X-ßƒ hnJ-ym-X-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. tijvT-k-z- m-hhpw Zp¿_-e-X-I-fp-

apff-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. F¶nte t]£-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS ]hr-Øn-I-fp-ambn XmZm-flyw ]m]n-°p-

hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-f-fq. \mb-I≥ hy-‡n-]-c-amb Ipd-hp-Iƒ ImcWw kz¥w Zu¿`m-K-yw, £Wn-

®p-h-cp-Øp∂ hy-‡n-bm-bn-cn-°pw. "lta¿jy' F∂mWv CXn\v Acn-tÃm- n¬ \¬°p∂ t]cv.

Abm-fpsS Zu¿`m-Kyw Abmƒ A¿ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ hf-sc-°q-Sp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw, AXn-\m¬

t]£-I¿ Abm-tfmSp kl-X-]n-°p-∂p. Abm-sf-t∏mse sX‰p-Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂-h-cmWv t]£-I¿

F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-cn¬ `b-ap-≠m-°m\pw SmP-Un°p Ign-bp-∂p. tkmt^m-¢o-kns‚ CuUn-

∏kv CXn\v DØ-tam-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

aq∂mw-ÿm\w hnNm-cmw-i-Øn-\m-Wv. \ne-hn-ep-ff ]cnX:ÿnXn°v A\p-tbm-P-yhpw kwK-

X-hp-am-bXv ]Xn-]m-Zn-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Ign-hmWv hnNm-cw.

i_vZ-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff hnNm-cm- n-h-y-RvP-\-bmWv i_vZ-hn-\-ym-kw. CXv KZ-y-Ønepw ]Z-y-

Ønepw Xpe-y-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Ae-¶m-c-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ apJyw kz-c-am-[p-c-y-am-hp-∂p. Zri-ykwhn[m-\-Øn\pw

AXnt‚Xmbn Hcp BI¿j-I-X-zap-≠v. F¶nepw Zpc-¥-\m-S-I-Øns‚ CX-cmw-K-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-

a-y-s∏-SpØn t\m°n-bm¬ AXv Iem-fl-I-Xzw Xosc Ipd-™-Xm-°p-∂p.

\mS-IsØ ih-y-Im-h-y-am-bmWv ][m-\-ambpw Acn-tÃm- n¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®-sX-∂mWv CXn¬

\n∂v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv.

IYm¿knkv

Zpc¥ \mS-I-ßƒ I≠v hnIm-c-X-c-fn-X-cm-bn-Ø-D-cp∂ t]£-I-cps lrZ-b-ß-fn¬

hnIm-c-hn-tc-N\w (I-Ym¿kn-kv) \S-°p∂p F∂mWv Acn-tÃm-´n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

lnt∏m-Im-‰nkns‚ sshZ-y-im-kvX-Øn¬ \n∂mWv IYm¿knkv F∂ ]Zw IS-wsIm-≠n- p-f-fXv.

\mSIw F∂ am[-y-a-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff hnImc ip≤o-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ Imew

apX¬°mWv Cu ]Zw Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ ]tbm-K-Øn¬h-∂-Xv. SmP-Un-bpsS ]tbm-P\w

kqNn-∏n-°m≥ Acn-tÃm- n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-am-Wn-Xv. a\p-j-y-a-\- n¬ A\p-I-º, bw F∂o

hnIm-c-ßƒ DW¿Øn-hn v Ahsb hna-eo-I-cn-°m≥ t]m∂ kw -h-ßƒ SmP-Un-bn¬ NnXo-I-cn-

°-W-sa-∂mWv Acn-tÃm- n-ens‚ hn-h-£.

Ie-I-sf-°p-dn®v Acn-tÃm- n¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ F¥mWv A¿∞-am-°n-bXv F∂m-Xn-s\-

°p-dn®v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ apºp XpS-ßnb hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-ßƒ C∂pw XpS-cp-∂p. Nne hym-J-ym-Xm-°ƒ

CXn\v hnIm-c-hn-a-eo-I-cWw F∂v hym-J-ym\w \¬Iptºmƒ a‰p Nne¿ hnIm-c-hn-tc-N\w F∂

A¿∞w Iev]n-°p-∂p. Hcp-Iq- ¿ IYm¿kn-kn\p km∑m¿KnI aqe-yhpw as‰m-cp-Iq- ¿ ip≤-I-em-

]-c-amb ku\vµ-c-ym-fl-I-aq-e-yhpw Iev]n-°p-∂p. _¿sW-bvkv, an¬´¨, se n-ßv, aptd-_p-®¿,

F v. F¬. eq°mkv XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv IYm¿knkv h-ym-J-ym-Xm-°-fn¬ ]ap-J¿. IYm-kn-kns\

kw_-‘n® c≠p hym -J -ym -\ -ß-sf -bpw˛ hna -eo -I -c -Whpw hntc -N -\hpw ˛

ka-\-z-bn-∏n-°m-\p-ff ia-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv _p®-dpsS kao-]-\w. bYm¿∞-Po-hn-X-Ønse

`bm-\p-I-º-I-fn¬ thZ-\m-P-\-I-ß-fmb ]Xn-Iq-emw-i-ß-fp-≠v. ssZ\-wZn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬

a\p-j-ys‚ hy-‡n-]-c-Xbpw kzm¿∞Nn¥-I-fp-am-Wv Cu hnIm-c-ßsf D]-Z-h-Im-cn-I-fm-°n-Øo¿°p-

∂Xv. SmPUn ImWp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ t]£-Is‚ a\ v sshb-‡nI hnIm-c-ßsf hnkva-cn-

°p-Ibpw IYm-]m-X-tØmSpw AXp-hgn km¿h-eu-InI a\p-j-y-X-z-tØmSpw kmflyw ]m]n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂p. X∑qew `bhpw A\p-I-ºbpw \n¿h-y-‡nI hnIm-c-ß-fm-bn- mWv t]£-I\v

A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. B Ah-ÿ-bn¬ ]Xn-Iq-e-ß-fmb Awi-ßƒ amdn ]-kvXpX hnIm-c-ßƒ

\n¿a -e -ßfpw BÀm-ssZ -I -a -b -ßfpw Bbn -Øo -cp -∂p. CXmWv _p®-dpsS

A`n-]m-bw.

Ko°v \mS-I-thZn

_n.-kn. A©pw \mepw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ko°v \mS-I-Øns‚ kph¿W-Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mS-

I-c-N-\bpw cwK-th-Zn-bnse \mS-Im-h-X-c-Whpw \mS-I-a-’-chpw hn]p-e-amb ]Nmcw t\Snb Ime-

am-bn-cp∂p CXv. \mS-I-ß-fpsS Ah-X-cWw \S-°n-cp-∂Xv tÃUn-b-Øn\v kZr-ihpw hrØm-Im-

c-hp-amb ÿeØv (Amphitheatre) BWv. AXns‚ aq∂p-h-iØpw kZ-k-y¿°v Ccp∂ \mSIw

ImWm≥ ]S-hp-Iƒ t]mep-ff Ccn-∏n-S-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-®p-h-∂p. Cu ÿe-Øn\v ta¬°q-ctbm AS-

®p-sIt´m D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Bfp-Iƒ°p-ff Ccn-∏n-S-ß-fpsS FXn¿h-iØv s]m°-ta-dnb Hcp

cwK-thZn \n¿Ωn-°-s∏- p. B thZn-bn¬ \n∂mWv \S-∑m¿ A`n-\-bn-°p-∂-Xv. cwK-th-Zn-bpsS

ap≥h-iØv Xmsg Hcp Kmb-I-kwLw (tIm-d-kv) \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-th-fbn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-®p-h-∂p.

\mS-I-Ønse Hmtcm cwKhpw Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ AXnse kw -h-ß-tfmSv ]Xn-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v

Kmb-I-kwLw hnIm-c-\n¿ -c-amb Km\-ßƒ Be-]n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ko°v Xntb-‰¿ Ft∏mgpw Hcp Ip∂n≥ ]pd-ØmWv ]W-n-bn-®n- p-f-f-Xv. G‰hpw ]g-°-ap-

ff Xntb-‰¿ GsX≥knse Utbm-Wn-kkv Fe-yq-Øn-c-yqkv BWv. alm-∑m-cmb Ko°v \mS-I-Ir-

Øp-°-fpsS SmPUnIfpw tIma-Un-Ifpw Ac-tß-dn-bXv Chn-sS-bm-Wv.

thZn-bpsS ap≥h-isØ `mK-Øn-s\√mw ko≥ F∂mWv s]mXp-hmbn ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv.

CXns‚ ap≥`m-KØv s]mko-\nbw F∂mWv t]cv. s]mko-\nbw tÃPv F∂v C∂v AXns\ hnfn-

°p-∂p. \S-∑m¿ amXw Ib-dp∂ mK-amWv temPn-bw. s]mko-\n-b-Øns‚ apIƒh-i-amWv Xnb-

tfm-Pn-bw. Znh-y-]p-cp-j-∑m¿°v kwkm-cn-°m-\p-ff ÿe-am-Wn-Xv.

tkmt^m-¢nkv

hnJ-ym-X-cmb aq∂v Ko°v Zpc-¥-\m-S-I-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ G‰hpw ]i-kvX≥ tkmt^m-¢nkmWv.

At±lw 123 \mS-I-ßƒ cNn-®-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Gsg-Æta C∂v Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-f-fq.

aq∂v Xo_≥ \mS-I-ßƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ CuUn-∏-kvXbw (Cu-Un-∏kv cmPm-hv, CuUn-∏kv

sImtfmW- n¬, B‚n-K-Wn), CemIvS, ntem-IvsS-‰n-kv, Abm-Ivkv, hna≥ Hm v Sm°nkv F∂n-

h-bm-W-h. tkmt^m-¢nkns‚ al-Xzw Ah shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

tkmt^m-¢nkv Ko°v \mS-I-th-Znsb ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. aq∂m-a-sXmcp \S-s\-

°qSn cwK-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. \mb-I-I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse kpJhpw ITn-\-amb

XI¿®bpw HSp-hn¬ al-X-z-Øn-te-°p-ff Db¿®-bp-amWv Xs‚ \mS-I-ß-fn¬ tkmt^m-¢nkv

NnXoIcn-®-Xv. Adn-bmsX ]m]w sNbvX CuUn-∏kv Pohn-Xw-sIm≠v al-X-z-Øn-tebv°v Db-cp-∂-

Xmbn CuUn-∏kv \mS-I-ßƒ ImW-®p-X-cp-∂p. CuUn-∏kv cmPmhpw B‚nKWnbpw

kn.-sP.-tXm-a- mWv ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv. ]cn-]q¿W-ambn e£-W-bp-‡-

amb Zpc-¥-\m-S-I-am-bmWv CuUn-∏kv cmPm-hns\ Acn-tÃm- n¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv.

CuUn-∏kv cmPmhv

Koknse \mtSmSn kmln-X-y-Ønepw CXn-lm-k-ß-fnepw hnh-cn-°-s∏´ IY-bmWv

CuUn-∏kv cmPm-hnt‚Xv. Xo_vknse cmPm-hmWv CuUn-∏-kv. Cu \mS-I-Øn¬ IY-bn-te°p

\bn-°p∂ ]q¿∆-Ime kw -h-ßƒ \mSIw XpSßn Htcm L -ß-fn-em-bmWv ImWn-I-fn-te-bvs°-

Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

CuUn-∏-kns‚ A—s‚ t]cv ebqkv F∂m-Wv. At±lw Xo_vknse cmPm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

At±-l-Øn\v Hcp aI-\p-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw B aI≥ At±-lsØ h[n-°p-sa∂pw AΩsb ]cn-W-bn-

°p-sa∂pw Hcp ]h-N-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ At±-l-Øn-s\mcp ]pX≥ P\n-®p. B

]pX-\n¬ \n∂p c£-s∏-Sm≥th≠n cmPmhv Ahs\ sIm√p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n A\p-N-c¿ apJm-¥cw

aes©-cp-hp-I-fn-te-bv°-b-®p. ]t£ as‰mcp cmP-y-amb tImdn-¥nse cmPm-hmb t]mfn-_kpw

cm⁄n-bmb antdm∏pw IqSn B Ip´nsb c£n®v kz¥w aI-s\-t∏mse hf¿Øm≥ XpS-ßn.

CuUn-∏kv hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv t]mfn-_kpw antdm∏pw Xs‚ ]nXmhpw amXm-hp-am-sW∂ hni-zm-k-

tØm-sS-bm-Wv. CuUn-∏kv buh-\-bp-‡-\m-bn. Xs‚ A—s\ sIm∂v AΩsb hnhmlw

Ign-°p-sa∂ Hcp ]h-N\w Fß-s\tbm Abmƒ tIƒ°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXv `b∂v Abmƒ

tImdn¥v cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ \n∂v Hfn-t®m-Sn. Aßs\ k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp ap°-h-e-bn¬sh®v

Hcp hmt°-‰-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v CuUn-∏kv Hcp hr≤-s\bpw A\p-N-c-∑m-tcbpw h[n-®p. acn® hr≤≥

ebqkv Bbn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv Xo_v-kn-se-Ønb CuUn-∏kv AhnsS P\-ßsf `b-s∏-Sp-Ønb

kv nMvkns\ h[n®v Ahn-SsØ cmPm-hm-bn. hn[-h-bmb cm⁄n sPm°-Ãsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

CuUn-∏-kn\v sPm°-Ã-bn¬ c≠v B¨a-°fpw c≠v s]¨a-°fpw D≠m-bn. Cu L -Øn¬

Xo_vkv \K-c-Øn¬ henb tπKv _m[-bp-≠m-bn. \K-c-Ønse P\-ßƒ NsØm-Sp-ßn-s°m-≠n-

cp-∂p. Cu L -Øn-emWv tkmt^m-¢nkv Xs‚ \mSIwBcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. \K-c-Ønse Hcp kwLw

]P-Iƒ Cu B]-Øn¬ \n∂v P\-ßsf c£n-°p-hm≥ At]-£n-®p-sIm≠v CuUn-∏kv cmPm-

hns\ h∂p ImWp-∂p.

Chn-Sw-sXm v \mS-Io-b-amb Hmtcm aqlq¿Ø-Øn-eqsS IY-bpsS Nqcp-f-gn-bp-I-bm-Wv. F√m

kX-y-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™ CuUn-∏kv kz¥w IÆp-Iƒ IpØn-s∏m- n-°p-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv \mSIw

Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Ønse apgp-h≥ IYbpw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Hcp a\p-j-ys\

kw_-‘n®v Ah-km-\-hn[n Fgp-Xn-°-f-b-cpXv F∂ ap∂-dn-bn-∏mWv Kmb-I-kwLw IqSn

cwK-Øp-\n∂v \njvI-an-°p∂ thf-bn¬ \mw tIƒ°p-∂-Xv.

a\- ns\ aYn°p-∂, ip≤o-I-cn°p∂ Cu D÷-z-e-amb IrXn amXw aXn tkmt^m-¢o-kns‚

A¤p-X-I-c-amb \mS-I-]-Xn` a\- n-em-°p-hm≥, kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn CuUn-∏kv cmPm-hn-\p-ff ta∑-

IƒsIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Acn-tÃm- n¬ Xs‚ Iem-\n-cq-]-W-Øn¬ ]e-X-hW Cu \mS-IsØ DZm-

l-c-W-ambn FSp-Øp-]-d-™n- p-f-f-Xv.

ae-bmfØnse Ko°v \mS-I-hn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

]m›m-X-y-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnse ]pXnb ]co-£-W-ßƒ ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xns‚ mK-ambmWv Ko°v \mS-I-hn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠m-b-Xv.

Ko°v \mS-I-hn-h¿Ø-I-cn¬ G‰hpw ][m\n kn.-sP.-tXm-a- m-Wv. \mS-I-Ir-Øv, \mS-I

-]-fin-X≥, \ncq-]-I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ ]i-kvX-\mb At±lw tkmt^m-¢n-kns‚ CuUn-∏kv

cmPm-hv, B‚n-K-Wn, Acn-tÃm- -\o-kns‚ enkn-kvSm‰ F∂o \mS-Ißƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

bqdn-∏n-Uo-kns‚ A¬sk-Ãokv "]Xn tZhX' F∂ t]cn¬ Fkv.-sI.-\m-b¿ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂ "aoUnb' ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-µ-\mWv hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xv.

"Acn-tÃm^\nkns‚ Xh-f-Iƒ' C.-Fw.-sP.-sh-Ænbq¿ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

ae-bmf \mS-I-Øns‚ hnIm-k-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Ko°p-\m-SI hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v \n¿Wm-b-I-

]m-[m-\-y-ap-≠v.

`mk≥

C∂p ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-ff \mS-y-im-kvX-Øn\p apºmWv kwkvIrX \mS-I-Ir-Ømb mk≥

Pohn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Imfn-Zm-ks‚ ap≥Km-an-bmb Ct±-l-Øns‚ sshin-jvS-y-sØ-

°p-dn®v At±-lhpw a‰-t\Iw kmln-Xy imkvX-Im-c-∑mcpw ]cm-a¿in-®n- p-≠v. Pohn-X-Imew

_n.kn aq∂mw iX-I-am-sW∂pw F.-Un.-c≠mw iX-I-am-sW∂pw hy-X-y-kvXm- n-]m-bw. F.-Un.12- mw

iXIw hsc At±-l-Øns‚ \mS-I-Øns‚ amlm-fl-y-sØ-°p-dn®v [mcmfw ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ e`n-®n-

´p -s≠-¶nepw ]n∂oSv 20 -˛mw iXIw hsc Ah A]-X-y -£-am-hp -I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

Sn.-K-W-]-Xn -im-kvXn-Iƒ 1909˛¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂v At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ Is≠-Sp-°p-Ibpw

1912˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXm-sS-bmWv \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ad-™n-cp∂ `mk-\m-S-I-

ßƒ°v Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev]p-≠m-b-Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Hmdn-b‚¬ am\p-kvIn]v‰v sse_dn Iyq-td‰-dm-

bn-cp∂p Sn.-K-W-]Xn imkvXn-Iƒ. "`mk-\m-S-I-NIw' F∂ t]cn¬ `mks‚ 11 \mS-I-ß-fmWv

At±lw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. ]n∂oSv 2 \mS-I-ßƒ IqSn e`n-®-Xns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ 13 mk-\m-S-

I-ß-fmWv C∂v e -y-am-bn- p-f-f-Xv.

kz-]v\-hm-k-h-Z-Øw, ]Xn-⁄m-bu-K-‘-cm-b-Ww, ]©-cm-Xw, Nmcp-Z-Øw, ZqX-L-tSm¬°-Nw,

Ahn-am-c-Iw, _me-N-cn-Xw, a[-y-a-h-ym-tbm-Kw, I¿W- m-cw, Ducp- w-Kw, ZqX-hm-I-yw, ]Xn-am-\m-SIw,

A`n-tj-I\m-SIw F∂n-h-bmWv e`yamb mk-\m-S-I-ßƒ.

`mk-\m-S-I-ß-sf√mw "\mµn-bpsS Ah-km-\-Øn¬ kqX-[m-c≥ ]th-in-°p∂p' F∂

]kvXm-h-\-tbm-sS-bmWv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Ducp-`w-Kw, a[-y-a-h-ym-tbm-Kw, I¿W-`m-cw,

ZqX-L-tSm¬°Nw F∂nh GIm-¶-ß-fm-Wv. Ch-bpsS CXn-hrØw alm- m-c-Øn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv.

]Xn-abpw A`n-tj-Ihpw cmam-b-W-I-Y-tbmSp _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. sFXn-l-y-]-kn-≤-amb

DZ-b\ Ncn-X-amWv ]Xn-⁄m-bu-K-‘-cm-b-Whpw kz-]v\-hm-k-h-Z-Ø-hpw. kz-]v\-hm-k-h-Z-Ø-amWv

`mk-\m-S-I-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw al-Ømbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kz-]v\-hm-k-h-Z-ØsØ A·n-°p-t]mepw

Zln-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√ Fs∂mcp sFXn-l-y-I-Y-t]m-ep-ap-≠v. CXnse kz-]v\m-¶-Øns‚ Aeu-In-

I-N-a-Xv°mcw Imc-W-amWv Cu \mS-I-Øn\v kz-]v\-hm-k-h-ZØw F∂ t]cv e`n-®-Xv. CXnse

kz-]v\m-¶hpw ]Xn-⁄m-bu-K-‘-cm-b-W-Ønse a¥m-¶hpw NmI-ym-∑m¿ IqSn-bm-´-Øn\v

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.

`mk≥ tIc-fo-b-\m-sW∂v Nne ]fin-X¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏- n- p-≠v. thZ-hn-ln-X-ß-fmb bmKw,

tlmaw apX-em-b-h-sb-°p-dn®v BZ-c-]q¿∆w ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ sshZnI ]mamWyw

AwKo-I-cn-®n- p-ff hy-‡n-bm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°mw. ipZ-I≥, Imfn-Zm-k≥, `h- qXn XpS-ßnb

\mS-I-Ir-Øp-°-sf-sb√mw mk-\m-S-I-ßƒ kzm-[o-\n-®n- p-≠v. ae-bm-f-apƒs∏-sS-bp-ff C¥-y≥

`mj-I-fnepw ]apJ temI- m-j-I-fnepw mk-\m-S-I-ßƒ°v hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn- p-≠v.

Ducp- wKw

Hcp A¶w amX-ap-ff cq]-I-amWv Ducp- w-Kw. CXns‚ ae-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø\w \n¿h-ln-®Xv

hf-f-tØm-fmWv (1919).

Ducp- w-K-Øns‚ CXn-hrØw alm- m-c-X-Øn¬ \n∂v kzo-I-cn-®-Xm-Wv. oa\pw Zptc-ym-[\pw

XΩn¬ KZm-bp≤w \S-Øp-∂Xpw oa≥ Zptc-ym-[-\s\ KZ-sIm≠v XpS-bn¬ ASn-®p-ho-gvØp-∂Xpw

Zptc-ym-[-\≥ Xs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw mc-y-am-cp-sSbpw ]pXs‚bpw km∂n-[-y-Øn¬ Cl-tem-

I-hmkw shSn-bp-∂-Xp-amWv CXn-hr-Øw.

alm- m-c-X-Ønse ie-y-]¿∆-Øn¬ \n∂pw kzo-I-cn-®-XmWv IYm-h-kvXp. \mS-I-Øn¬

aqe-I-Y-bn¬ \n∂p Nne hy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ hcp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. KZmbp≤-Øn¬ cWm-¶-W-Øn¬ hoW

Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ kao-]Øv At±-l-Øns‚ KZm-bp≤ Kpcp-hmb _e-cm-a≥ FØp-∂p. `oa≥

KZm-bp-≤-Øns‚ \nbaw ]men-°msX Xs‚ inj-ys‚ XpSbv°v KZ-sIm-≠-Sn®p F∂-dn-bp∂

_e-cm-a≥ Iq]n-X-\m-Ip-∂p. ]pX≥ Zp¿÷-b≥ inip-k-l-P-amb IuXp-I-tØmsS kao-]Øp

hcp-tºmƒ Xs‚ Ip™ns\ aSn-bn¬ shbv°m≥ km[n-°msX Zptc-ym-[-\≥ Zp:-Jn-°p-∂p.

Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ Zp:-ÿXn I≠v a\w-s\m¥ Ai-z-∞m-amhv Xm≥ ]mfi-hsc Ht∂msS h[n°pw

F∂p ]Xn⁄ sNøp-∂p. [rX-cm-jvS¿, Km‘mcn, cm⁄n-am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS km∂n-[-y-Øn¬

Zptc-ym-[-\≥ hoc-N-c-a-a-S-bp-∂p. Ch-bmWv \mS-Io-bX \nd™p \n¬°p∂ kw -h-ßƒ.

hochpw Icp-Whpw AwKn-bmb ck-ß-fm-bp-ff CXv Hcp hym-tbm-K-am-sW∂pw

D’r-jvSn-Im-¶-am-sW∂pw aX-t`-Z-ap-≠v. `mh-]q¿Whpw cN-\m-`wKn \nd-™-Xp-amb Cu

timI-m¥-\m-SIw At\Iw A¶-ß-tfmsS cNn® \mS-I-Ønse Hcp Aw¶-amImw F∂p Nne ]fin-X-∑m¿

A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. `oas\ Zptc-ym-[-\-\p-ambn Zz-µ-z-bp-≤Øn\p t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw XpSbv°v

ASn-®m¬ amXta Zptc-ym-[-\s\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ignbq F∂p a\- n-em°n KZm-bp≤

\nb-a-Øn\p hncp-≤-am-sW-¶n¬°qSn oas\ AXn\p t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX IrjvW≥ CXnse

Hcp ][m\ IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. ]Xn-\m-b-I\pw ZpjvS-\p-amb Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ ac-W-Øn¬

Ah-km-\n°p∂Xn-\m¬ CsXmcp ip`m-¥-\m-S-I-am-sW∂p Icp-Xp∂ ]fin-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠v. acWw

cwKØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂ c-Xs‚ \mS-y-im-kvX-Ønse \nbaw CXn¬ mk≥ A\p-

k-cn-®n- n-√. CXns\ \mS-I-c-N-\-bnse Hcp ]co-£-W-ambn IW-°m-°mw.

kwkvIrX \mSI hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ

ae-bmf\mS-I-N-cnXw Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv kwkvIr-X-\m-SI hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. 1882˛¬

tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ Imfn-Zm-ks‚ A`n-⁄m\imIp-¥fw "tIc-fob

`mjm-im-Ip-¥fw' F∂ t]cn¬ (]n-∂oSv CXv "aWn-]-hmfimIp-¥fw' F∂ t]cn¬

]p\:]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p). hnh¿Ø\w sNøpIbpw [mcmfw thZn-I-fn¬ AXv Ac-tß-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

CXn-\p-apºv Bbn-eyw Xncp-\mƒ cma-h¿Ω Hcp kz-X-¥-]-cn- m-j-sb∂ t]cn¬ mjm-im-Ip-¥fw

cNn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXv ]Im-in-∏n-®Xv 1882˛¬ tIc-f-h¿Ω Xs∂-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂v A`n-⁄m-

\ -im -Ip -¥-f -Øn\v [mcmfw hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn -´p -≠v . hf-f -tØmƒ,

F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω, B‰q¿ IrjvW ]njm-c-Sn, Ip‰n-∏p-dØp tIi-h≥ \mb¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv

hnh¿Ø-I-∑m¿. cma- Z Zo£n-X-cpsS Pm\-Io-]-cn-W-bhpw `h- q-Xn-bpsS DØ-c-cm-a-N-cn-Xhpw

Nº-Øn¬ NmØp-°p´n a∂m-Sn -bm¿ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. Pb-tZ -hs‚ ]k∂

cmLhw aq¿t°mØv IrjvW-ta-t\m\pw i‡n-`-Zs‚ B›-cy NqUm-aWn Ip™n°p´≥

Xºp-cm-\pw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

`mk\mS-I-hn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn- p-≠v. kz-]v\-hm-k-h-Z-Øw, Nmcp-Z-Ø≥ F∂nh

F.B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. kz-]v\-hm-k-h-Z-Øw, Ducp- w-Kw, a[-y-a-h-ym-tbm-Kw,

A`n-tj-Iw, ]©-cmXw F∂nh hfftØmƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn- p-≠v. Fwcm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω, Ip‰n-

∏p-dØp tIi-h≥ \mb¿, sI.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn tUm. kp[mw-ip-N-Xp¿thZn XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv

][m-\-\m-SI hnh¿Ø-I¿.

samU-yqƒ 2

B[p-\nI \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-te-°p-ff hnImkw

B[p-\nI \mS-I-ß-fpsS Iem-ku-µ-cyw B[p-\nIamb PohnX apJ-ß-fp-sSbpw

Ah-bpsS ASn-bn¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ ho£-W-K-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Dev]-∂-am-Wv. B[p-\n-I-L- -Øn¬

]pXnb ssien-Ifpw cq]-am-Xr-I-Ifpw krjvSn-°-s∏- p. Ac-ßnse inev]-c-N-\bv°v kw -hn®

A¤p-X-I-c-ß-fmb am‰-ß-fm-Wv ]ÿm\ hnti-j-ß-fmbn amdn-b-Xv. B[p-\nI ae-bmf \mS-I-

th-Znsb \n¿W-bn-®Xv ]m›m-X-y-tZ-i-Øp-≠mb hnhn[ \mS-I-[m-c-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv.

anÃdn tπkv, ]mj≥ tπkv

a[-y-Im-eØv bqtdm-]-y≥ \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ ssIkvX-h-a-X-hn-i-zm-k-tØmSp KmV-ambn

_‘-s∏´v cq]-s∏- -XmWv and°nƒ tπbpw anÃdn tπbpw. aX-hn-i-zmk ]N-c-W-Øn-\mWv Ch

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. I\-y-Im-]p-X-\mbn InkvXp P\n-®-Xv, XnX-z-hn-i-zmkw XpS-ßnb

Kl-\-ß-fmb Znh-y-c-l-k-y-ßsf B[m-c-am-°n-bp-f-f-h-bmWv anÃ-dn-tπ-Iƒ.

InkvXp-hns‚ Pohn-X-sØbpw _‘-s∏´ InkvXob IY-I-sfbpw Bi-bn®v 17-˛mw

\q‰m-≠n\pw tijw bqtdm-∏n¬ ]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂ sXcp-h-p\m-S-I-amWv ]mj≥tπ-kv.

sjbv°vkv-]n-cn-b≥ \mS-I-thZn

]m›m-X-y-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn¬ c≠m-a-sXmcp kph¿W-bpKw Bcw- n-®Xv Cw•ojv \mS-I-Ir-Ømb

tj°vkv]n-b-dpsS (1564˛1616) cwK-]-th-i-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-Iƒ

Bk-zm-Z-y-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂p-am-X-a√ XnI®pw A`n-\-b-tbm-K-y-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]eXpw

XpS¿®-bmbn Htc \mS-I-th-Zn -I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn -∏n -°-s∏-´p. D∂-X-Ip -e-Pm-X¿°pw

km[m-c-W-°m¿°pw th≠n sht∆sd thZn-I-fn¬ Ah Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

s]m -j-W¬ BWv F∂-XmWv Cu \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]tX-y-I-X. sjbvIvkv]n-b¿ \mS-I-ß-

fn¬°qSn \mS-I-I-e-bpsS ]c-a-Im-jvS-bn-se-Øp∂ Fen-k-_-Ø≥ \mSIw kw`m-j-W-Ønse Hmtcm

hm°nepw i≤-sN-epØn. Hmtcm A`n-\-bmw-i-Øn\pw ]m[m-\yw \¬In \mS-Io-bX ssIh-cp-

Øm≥ ian-®-Xm-bn-Im-Wmw.

sjbvIvkv]n-b-dpsS \mS-I-ßsf SmP-Un, tIma-Un, NcnX \mSIw F∂v aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-

fm-bn-Øn-cn-°mw. At±-l-Øns‚ InMven-b¿, amIv_-Øv, lmwse‰v, HYt√m XpS-ßnb ]e

SmP-Un-Ifpw temI-km-ln-X-y-Øn-sebpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-sebpw amÃ¿ ]okp-I-fm-Wv.

t•m_v Xntb-‰¿

e≠-\nse ]kn-≤-amb \mS-I-im-e-bmWv t•m_v Xntb-‰¿. Fenk_Ø≥ amXr-I-bn¬

\n¿Ωn® Cu Xntb-‰-dn-emWv sjbvIvkv]n-b-dpsS ][m\ \mS-I-ß-sf√mw BZ-y-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-

®n- p-f-f-Xv. 1598˛¬ sXwkv \Zn-°-c-bn¬ dn®mUv _m¿t_Pv F∂ ]kn-≤-\-S-\mWv Cu Xntb-‰¿

ÿm]n-®-Xv. sjbvIvkv]n-b¿ CXns‚ Hmlcn DS-a-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

AjvS-tIm-Wm-Ir-Xn-bn-emWv CXv \n¿Ωn®Xv. c≠v Kme-dn-Ifpw tÃPv πm‰vt^map-Ifpw

1200 ImWn-Isf Ccp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff k÷o-I-c-W-ß-fp-ap-ff Cu \mS-I-im-e-bn¬ km[m-c-W-

°m-gvN-°m¿ ][m\ A¶-W-Øn-en-cp∂p ImWp-tºmƒ ]`¤cmb ImWn-Iƒ°mWv Kme-dn-I-fn¬

]th-i\w \¬In-b-Xv. A`n-t\-Xm-°fpw ImWn-Ifpw XΩn¬ ASp-Ø-_‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

tÃPn-\p-]p-d-In-embn AI-tØm v Hcp-ap-dnbpw Na-b-ap-dnbpw D≠v. 1644˛¬ Cu Xntb-‰¿ \in-∏n-°-s∏- p.

C_vk≥ (1826˛1906)

B[p-\nI dnb-en-ÃnIv KZ-y-\m-S-I-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hmWv sl‚nIv C_vk≥. t\m¿ho-

Pn-b≥ \mS-I-Ir-Ømb Ct±lØns‚ \mS-I-ßƒ bqtdm-]-y≥ \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS

Bcw`w Ipdn-®p. ]iv\ \mS-I-ßƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ cN-\-I-fn-eqsS kmaq-ln-I-]-iv\-ßƒ cwK-th-

Zn-bn-tebv°v sIm≠p-h-∂p. ]nt√¿kv Hm v Z skmssk-‰n, FtUmƒkv lukv, tKmÃvkv XpS-ßnb

\mS-I-ßƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. dnb-en-ÃnIv kz-`m-h-ap-ff Cu \mS-I

-c-N-\-Iƒ°v tij-ap-ff L -Øn¬ knw_-en-k-Øn\p ]m[m-\yw \¬In-bp-ff cN-\-Ifntebv°-t±lw

hcp-∂-Xm-bn ImWmw.

]iv\-\m-S-I-ß-fn¬ IYm-L-S-\bvt°m IYm-]m-X-Ønt\m A√ ]m[m-\-yw. \mS-I-Øn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]iv\-ßƒ°m-Wv. A°m-eØv bqtdm-]-y≥ kmln-X-y-Øn-em-sI-Øs∂ kpL-SnX

IY-I-fp-ff \mS-I-ßƒ°m-bn-cp∂p ]Nm-cw. Cu \mS-I-co-Xnsb \ho-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p C_vk≥.

tIµo- q-X-amb Hcm-i-b-Øn¬ \n∂mWv C_vks‚ IrXn-I-fpsS DZv -hw, B Bi-b-Øns‚ a¿Ω-

Øn¬ i≤-tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]c-ym-]vXhpw EPp-hp-amb IYm-in-ev]-Øn\v At±lw cq]w \¬In.

kwL- \w ap‰n-\n¬°p∂ IYm-k-µ¿ -ß-fn-eqsS A¿∞w \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS B IYm-inev]Øn\p ka-K-amb \mS-Iob ku`m-Kyw ssIh-cp-ØpI F∂ e£-y-Øn¬

At±lw hnP-bn-®p. XnI®pw ]k-‡-ß-fmb IYm-]m-X-ßsf amXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v A\n-X-c-

km-[m-c-W-amb GIm-K-X-bn¬ C_vk≥ Ie-bpsS a¿Ωw Is≠-Øp-∂p. kw -h_-lp-e-amb

`qX-Im-e-Øns‚ BLm-X-]-X-ym-Lm-X-ßƒ \nd™ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hy-‡n-bpsS am\-knI

kwL¿j-Øns‚ ]mc-º-c-y-Øn¬ \n¿h-l-W-k-‘n°p sXm -Sp-Øp-sh®p \mSIw Bcw- n-°p∂coXn ]m›m-X-y-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn¬ ]co-£n-®Xv C_vk-\m-Wv. CXn-hr-Ø-Øns‚ B¿P-hw, kw`m-j-W-

Ønse NSp-e-X, kwL- -\m-fl-IX \nd™ GIm-¥X XpS-ßn-bh C_vks‚ \mS-I-ß-fn-eqS\ofw

ImWmw.

B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-Ønse apJy t]c-Wm-i‡n C_vk-\m-sW∂p ]d-bmw. \mS-I-c-

N-\bpsS kmt¶-XnI hi-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw \mS-I-am-[-y-a-Øn-eqsS D∂-bn-°m-hp∂ ]iv\-ßsf

kw_-‘n®pw C_vk≥ ImgvN-sh®\qX-\m-i-b-ßƒ B[p-\nI ae-bmf \mS-I-c-N-bn-Xm-°ƒ°v

]pXn-sbmcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn. C_vk≥ \mS-I-ßƒ°v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw

hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn- p-≠v.

BKÃv kvSn≥_¿Kv (1849˛1912)

B[p-\nI kzo-Unjv kmln-X-y-Øns‚ ]nXmhpw B[p-\nI bqtdm-]-y≥ \mS-I-Ir-Øp-°-fn¬

][m-\n-bp-amb kvSn≥_¿Kv C_vks‚ ka-Im-en-I-\m-Wv. teUn Pqen, ^mZ¿ sIUn-t‰gvkv

F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ \mS-I-ßƒ, At±lw dnb-en-ÃnIv \mS-I-ß-fn¬ XpSßn mhm-fl-I-sat∂m

hnfn-°m-hp∂ kº-Zm-b-Øn-eqsS B[p-\nI PohnXw \¬Inb A\p- q-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥

]pXnb am¿K-ßƒ At\-z-jn® \mS-I-Ir-Øm-Wv. \mS-I-c-N-\-bn¬ bp‡n-bpsS `mj-sh-Sn™v

Akm-[m-c-W-amb Hcp A\p- q-Xn-Xew krjvSn-°p∂ \mS-I-ßƒ cNn-®p. Fan-en-tkm-f-bpsS

\mN-z-d-e-ÃnIv coXnbpw \mS-I-Øn¬ At±lw ]co-£n-®p.

kpL-SnX \mS-I-ßƒ (Wellmade Play)

19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ i‡-ambn \n∂ \mS-I-k-¶-ev]-am-Wn-Xv. bqPn≥ kvssS_v BWv CXn\v

aq¿Ø cq]w \¬In-b-Xv. ImWn-Isf ]nSn-®n-cp-Øm≥ Icp-Xn-°q´n LS-\-I-sfm-∏n®v cNn-°-s∏- n- p-ff

IYm- -Z-amb \mS-I-am-Wn-Xv.

]iv\-\m-S-I-ßƒ

kmaq-ln-Itam k∑m¿K-]-ctam Bb Hcp ]iv\w D∂-bn-°p-Ibpw AtX-°p-dn®v N¿®-bp-

W¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ \mS-I-amWv ]iv\-\m-S-Iw. \mS-I-IrØv ChnsS GsX-¶nepw Hcp

am\p-jnI ]iv\-Øn¬ tNmZ-y-ß-fp-∂-bn-°p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ AXn\p adp-]Sn ]d-bp-∂p.

Nne-t∏mƒ AXn-\p-a-dp-]Sn ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-∂p. C\nbpw Nne-t∏mƒ ImWn-I-fn¬ \n∂p adp-]Sn

In´m≥ ian-°p-∂p. C_vk-\mWv ]iv\-\m-S-I-ßƒ°v i‡-amb Hcp cq]hpw `mhhpw

D≠m-°n-b-Xv. s_¿WmUv jmbpsS \mS-I-ßfpw Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep-f-f-h-bm-Wv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬

F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n-ff Cu \mS-I-k-t¶-XsØ ka¿∞-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn.

\mS-I-Øns‚ ]nc-an-U¬ coXn

Hcp \mS-I-Øns‚ Bcw`w apX¬ Btcm-l-W-I-a-Øn¬ \n¿h-lWw hsc hf¿∂p hcp∂

CXn-hr-Ø-L-S-\-X-s∂-bm-Wn-Xv. \mS-I-Øns‚ Cu LS-\sb ]m›m-X-ycpw ]uc-kvX-ycpw

hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. apJw, ]Xn-ap-Jw, K¿`w, hna¿i-\w, \n¿h-l-Ww, F∂v `c-X-ap\n

hnh-cn-®n. t^SmKv (Freytag) s‚ hni-I-c-\-a-\p-k-cn®v ]iv\w (Exposition) kwL¿jm-fl-IX

(Rising action) hgn-Øn-cnhv (Turning Point - Climax) ]cn-k-am]vXn (Falling action) F∂n-ßs\

A©v L -ß-fm-bmWv \mSIw ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

sXcp-hp-\m-SIw (Street Theatre)

sXcp-hntem P\-ßƒIq-Sp∂ tIµ-ß-fntem \mSIw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXv

]mNo-\-Imew apXte \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. a[-y-Im-e-Øp-≠mb anÃdn tπ, ]mj≥tπ F∂n-hbpw

CØcw coXn-bn-ep-f-f-h-bm-Wv. `mc-Xo-b-amb CØcw Bhn-jv°m-c-ß-fmWv sXcp-°q-Øv,

hoYn-\m-SIw XpS-ßn-b-h. hnπ-hm-\-¥c dj-y-bnse \mS-I-]-h¿Ø-I-cmWv P\-Iob ]t£m- -Øns‚

`mK-ambn sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-ßsf hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv. Xpd- mb ÿe-ØmWv CXv Ac-tß-dp-∂-Xv.

sXcp-hns‚ km[-yX ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn cwKm-h-X-cWw \S-Ønb tIc-fob \mS-I-ß-fmWv

Ipcn-ins‚ hgn (tPmkv Nnd-ta¬) A¶-t°m-gn-Iƒ, t`m∏m¬ t`m∏m¬ XpS-ßn-b-h. imkvX

-km-ln-Xy]cn-j-Øns‚ imkvX Iem-Pm-Y-I-fn¬ CØ-cw \mS-I-ß-fmWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm-dv.

sXcphp\mS-I-Øns‚ ]tabw P\-ßsf _m[n-°p∂ ]iv\-ß-fm-Wv. BwKn-Im- n-\b coXn-°mWv

ChnsS ]m[m-\yw. cwK-Pw-K-a-ß-fpsS B[n-I-y-Øn¬ \n∂v tamNn-X-amb \mS-I-am-Wn-Xv. \mSIw

ImWm≥ Xøm-dmbn hcp∂ t]£-I-c√ sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS t]£-I¿.

bYm-X-Y-thZn

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ kw -h-ßƒ, Pohn-X-Øn-ep-ff kw`m-j-W-ßƒ, aplq¿Ø-ßƒ

hnIm-c-ßƒ, _‘-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ F√mw AtX-]Sn (F-∂m¬ Ft∏mgpw b-Ym¿∞-Øn-ep-f-f-Xn-t\-

°mƒ `wKn-Iƒ Ie¿Øn) Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p∂ ssien-°mWv \mS-I-Ønepw

dnb-en-k-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CXv Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \ns∂-SpØ IY-bm-bn-cn-°pw. F¶n¬ amXta

AXv apgp-h≥ A¿∞-Øn¬ bYm¿Ø-am-hp-I-bp-f-fq. Cu \mS-I-ßƒ KZ-y-\m-S-I-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw.

ImcWw bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Ønse kw`m-jWw KZ-y-Øn-em-Wv. \mN-z-d-en-khpw ]e A¿∞-Ønepw

dnb-en-k-tØm-S-SpØp \n¬°p-∂p. dnb-enkw sIm≠v ]pXnb A\p- -h-ßsf Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥

Ign-bn-√ F∂ tXm∂-emWv FIvkv]-jWnkØns‚ ]nd-hn°v Imc-Ww.

FIvkv]-j-WnÃv \mS-I-thZn

]Xn-Im-fl-I-amb Hcp \mS-I-k-t¶-X-am-Wn-Xv. k¶o¿Æ-ß-fmb k¶-ev]-ß-sfbpw

a\p-j-y -k-z -`m -h-ß-sfbpw a\: -im-kvX-]-c -amb Ah-Km-l-tØmSp IqSn ]Xo-Im-fl-I-ambn

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-WnhnsS. a\p-j-ys‚ _ml-y-cq-]-a√ B¥-c-cq-]-amWv IYm-]m-X-ambn cq]w-sIm-f-fp-

∂-Xv. CXv km[n-°p-∂Xv \m\m-Xcw ]Xo-I-ßfpw \mS-I-IrØp kzo-I-cn-°p∂ Nne ÿncw ]Im-i-

\ -co -Xn -Ifpw sIm≠m-Wv . a\p -j-y -a -\ - ns\ aYn -°-Ø-°-hn[w i‡-amb

hnIm-cm-hn-jv°-c-W-Øn-\p-ff kuI-cyw Cu kt¶-X-Øn-\p-≠v. AtX-k-abw ]Xo-I-ßƒ°v s]mXp-

sh-bp -ff ]cn -an -Xn -Ifpw D≠v. kzo -Unjv \mS -I -Ir -Ømb kvSn≥kv _¿Kns‚ ]e

\mS-I-ß-fnepw FIvkv ]j-Wn-k-Øns‚ km∂n-[-y-ap-≠v. "Hcp kz-]v\-\m-SIw' CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. FIvkv]-

j-WnÃv \mS-I-Øn\v as‰m-cp-Zm-l-cWw Ata-cn-°≥ \mS-I-Ir-Ømb bqPn≥ H\n-ens‚ "Fº-d¿ tPm¨kv'

BWv. ae-bm-f -Øn¬ ]qfn -am\ ]c-ta-i-z -c≥ ]nf-f -bpsS "ka-X-z -thZn' Cu

coXn-bn-cp-ff \mS-I-am-Wv.

F∏nIv Xntb-‰¿

1920˛Ifnepw XpS¿∂pw ][m-\-ambpw P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ cq]w-Im≠ Hcp \mS-I-co-Xn-bmWv F∏nIv

Xntb-‰¿ AYhm A\-y-h-ev°-c-W-\m-S-I-th-Zn. s_¿tSmƒkv s_lvXv (1896˛1956) BWv CXns‚ D]-

⁄m-Xm-hv. kw -h-ßƒ (an°-hmdpw XpS¿®-bm-bp-f-f-h) Ah-bv°n-Sbv°v XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ ]kvXm-

h-\-Iƒ \mSI _ml-y-sa∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ ]tbm-K-ßƒ "CXmWv F∏nIv Xntb-‰-dns‚ ][m-\-ssien.

ImWn-Isf hnImcw sImf-fn-°p-I-bn-√, Nn¥n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv \mS-I-Øns‚ IS-a-sb∂v CXv ]J-ym-]n-°p-∂p.

F∏nIv \mS-I-Øn¬ cN-\-bn¬ Xs∂ AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-L-S\ kzo-I-cn -°-Ww.

Ab-™-k-‘n-I-fp-ff _‘-ß-fpsS irwJ-e-bm-bn- mWv CXn-hr-Ø-Ønse hnhn-[-kw- -h-ßƒ k¶-

ev]\w sNbvXn- p-f-f-Xv. thZn-bn¬ s]mXpsh F√mw \∂mbv Zri-y-am-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ shfn-®-am-

Wp -] -tbm -Kn -°p -∂-X v . \So -\ -S -∑m¿ IYm-]m - X -ambn XmZm -flyw ]m]n -°m -Xn -cn -°m≥

kwhn-[m-\-b-It\m kqX-[m-ct\m Hmtcm mK-Øn-\p-sam-Sp-hn¬ cwK-]-th-i\w sNøp-∂p. t_m[\w

ChnsS ][m-\-am-Wv. aq∂mw temI-cm-P-y-ß-fn¬ hntam-N-\-Øns‚ cwK- m-j-bmbn F∏nIv ssien

]Io¿Øn-°-s∏- p.

ae-bm-f-Ønse \ho-\-\m-S-I-am-Xr-I-I-fn¬ s_lvXv hen-sbmcp kzm-[o-\-X-bmbn \n¬°p-∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ Ht´sd \mS-I-ßƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-Ibpw hnP-b-I-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn- p-≠v. ae-bm-f-Ønse cmjvSob \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚ kzm-[o-\X Gsd

IS∂p h∂n- p-f-f-Xv.

A_vtkUv Xntb-‰¿

c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-tijw P∑-sa-SpØ \mS-I-th-Zn-bmWv A_vtkUv Xntb-‰¿

(A-kw-_-‘-\m-S-I-th-Zn). Pohn-X-Øn\p kw -hn® XI¿®bpw Zm¿i-\nI Xe-Øn¬ A\p- -h-s∏´

iq\-y-Xm-t_m-[-hp-amWv Cu \mS-I-thZn cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bm-°n-b-Xv. Hcp c£-I\pw

hcm-\n-s√∂pw Pohn-X-sa-∂-Im-Øn-cn∏v A¿∞-iq-\-y-hp-am-sW-∂p-ap-ff ktµiw Iem-fl-I-ambn

Ac-ßn-se-Øn-°p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.

FIvkv]-j-WnÃv \mS-I-th-Zn-bp-sSbpw FIvkn-Ã≥j-y-enÃw \mS-I-Øns‚bpw

]n¥p-S¿®-bm-Wn-Xv. Akw-_‘ \mS-I-Øns‚ `mj htI-‡n-t]mse Imh-ym-fl-I-am-Wv.

IYm-]m--X-ßƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-y-[m-c-bne kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-tcm, ]pdw-X-f-f-s∏- -htcm BWv.

kmap-h¬ _°-‰ns‚ "tKmtZmsb ImØv' (Waiting for Godiot) AbsW-kvt°m-bpsS

"Itk-c-Iƒ' F∂nh DZm-l-c-am-Wv.

\mS-I-Øn¬ km[m-cWsNøm-Ø, AXns‚ cwK-in-ev]-tØmSv tN¿∂p t]mImØ

LS-I-ß-fmWv Akw-_‘ \mS-I-Øn¬ t]£-I\v e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

IqcXm \mSI thZn

t]£-I-\n-te°p \mS-I-e-£yw i‡-ambn hn\n-abw sNøm-\p-ff \ho\ \mS-I-co-Xn-bmWv

A‚-zm≥ A¿ØmUv Ah-X-cn-∏n® Iqc-Xm-\m-S-I-th-Zn (Theatre of Cruelty) ^m≥knepw

bqtdm-∏n-em-I-am-\hpw CXv kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn. \mSI kmln-X-y-a√ \S-\mWv ChnsS ][m-\w.

Cu \mSIw ImWp-∂-Xn-eqsS t]£-Is‚ a\- ns‚ ASn-Ø- n-ep-ff AI-am-k-‡n, ssewKnI

hmk-\-Iƒ XpS-ßnb ASn-®a¿Øs∏´ hnIm-c-ßƒ°v _ln¿K-a-\-ap-≠m-Ip-Ibpw a\ v

hna-eo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw F∂-XmWv Iqc-Xm-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kao-]-\w.

Zcn-Z-\m-S-I-thZn

Iqc-Xm-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS XpS¿®-bm-bmWv t]mfnjv kwhn-[m-b-I-\mb sPgvkn tKmt´mhvjvIn

Ah-X-cn-∏n® Zcn-Z-\m-S-I-thZn (Theatre of Poverty) cwKsØØp-∂-Xv. t]£-I-\nte°p \mS-

Im-\p- hw FØn-°m-\p-ff At\-z-j-W-ßfpw ]co-£-W-ß-fp-amW v][m-\-ambpw At±lw

\S-Øn-b-Xv. \S-\mWv G‰hpw ][m-\w. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-cp∂ "h¿Ø-am\w

]d-®n¬' Ac-ßns‚ mjsb Ai-‡hpw \n¿Po-h-hp-am-°n. \Ss‚ ico-chpw i_vZhpw a\ pw

Bg-Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-bmWv At±lw Ac-ßns\ \ho-I-cn-®-Xv. CXn\v C¥-y, P∏m≥, ssN\,

Ct¥m-t\-jy F∂o cmP-y-ß-fnse A`n-\b kt¶-X-ßƒ (I-Y-I-fn-bnse saø-`-ym-kw,

IÆ-km-[-Iw) At±lw kzmw-io-I-cn-®p. "tUmIvS¿ ^uÃv (sK-bvsY) A`n-⁄m-\-im-Ip-¥fw

(Im-fn-Zm-k≥) XpS-ßnb \mS-I-ßƒ At±lw Cu coXn-bn¬ cwK-Ø-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.

ta°-∏v, sse‰nw-Kv, ku≠v C^Iv‰v XpS-ßnb ]e Awi-ß-fnepw G‰hpw efn-X-amb ssien-

bmWv CXn¬ kz-oI-cn-®-Xv. \S-\n¬ IqSp-X¬ i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn-I-Tn-\-amb

A -ymkw sIm≠v ico-c-Øns‚ GXp- mKw sIm≠pw A`n-\-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ sabvhg°w

Abmƒ°p \¬Ip-∂p.

F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n-ff (1916˛1988)

B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-Øns‚ cq]- m-h-ßƒ°v kaq-e-amb ]cn-h¿Ø\w hcp-Øn-b-h-cn¬

]Y-a-K-W-\o-b-\mWv F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n-f-f. ""Kuc-h-]q¿Æhpw auen-I-hp-amb GsX-¶nepw PohnX

]iv\sØ bmYm¿∞-y-t_m-[-sØmsS kqkq-£aw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv AXns‚ Bhn-jvIrXn°v

IqSntb Xocq F∂v DØ-a-t_m-[-y-ap-ff IYm-Km-Xhpw ÿe-Im-e-ßfpw IYm-]m-X-ßfpw kµ-¿ -

ßfpw kw`m-j-W-ßfpw hmIy-ßfpw amXw D]-tbm-Kn®v B LS-I-ß-sf-sb-√mw kzo-IrX]-iv\-

Øns‚ ka-K-]-Im-i-\-Øn¬ GIm-KI-ß-fm°n \mSIw cNn-°Ww. (ssIc-fn-bpsS IY)

F∂ e£y-t_m-[-tØm-sS-bmWv IrjvW-]n≈ \mSIw cNn-®-Xv, ·- -h\w (1942) BWv At±-l-

Øns‚ it≤-b-amb BZy-IrXn. Xangv kwKo-X-\m-SIßfpsS A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw ]l-k-\-ßfpw

I≠p-a-Sp-Øn-cp∂ t]£-I¿°v Kuc-h-]-Ir-X-amb ·- -h\w ]pXn-sbm-c-\p`hambn. C_vks‚

cN-\m-k-t¶Xw amXr-I-bm-°n-s°m≠v tIc-fob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ A[:]X-

\w ]ta-b-am-°nb Cu \mSIw [mcmfw thZnIfn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠bn. I\y-I (1943)

_em-_ew (1945) Z¿i\w (1949) A\p-cRvP\w (1950) apS-°p-ap-X¬ (1953) Agn-ap-J-tØ°v (1955)

sNt¶mepw ac-hp-cnbpw (1956) IpS-Ønse hnf°v (1972) acp-∏® (1972) F∂n-h-bmWv Ct±-l-

Øns≥d a‰p cN-\-Iƒ.

C_vk≥, _¿WmUvjm XpS-ßnb ]›mXy \mS-I-Ir-Øp-°-fpsS kmap-ln-I-e-t£ym∑p-

J-amb ho£-W-ssi-enbpw cN-\mkwhn[m-\hpw Ct±-l-amWv BZy-ambn ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-®-Xv. IpSpw__‘-ß-fnse kwL¿jm-flI \nanjßsf Hcp am\p-jnIm]K-Y-\- ]Sp-hns‚

kq£-a-Z¿in-\n-bn-eqsS A\m-b-k-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-hbmWv IrjvW-]n-≈-bpsS \mS-I-

ßƒ, \mS-I-thZn-bpsS CXc LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw IrjvW-]n-≈°v \√ ]cn-⁄m-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. \ne-hn-hp≈ cwK-]-tbm-K- kºZm-b-Øn-em-h-cpXv Xs‚ \mSIw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-sX∂

\n¿_‘w At±-l-Øn-\p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bmf \mS-Ikmln-Xy-Øn¬ kwL-SnX \mSIw F∂

k¶¬]w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xpw At±-l-am-Wv. ]n¬°m-eØv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ h∂ H´p-an° \mSI-Ir-

Øp-°ƒ°pw hgnIm´n-bm-bn-cp∂p F≥ IrjvW-]n-≈.

1944 ¬ F≥ IrjvW-]n-≈ cNn® I\yI aebmf-Ønse Htc-sbm-cp ]iv\\mSIamsW∂v

Pn.- i-¶-c-∏n≈ (aebmf \mS-I-km-lnXy NcnXw) hne-b-bn-cp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Cu \mSIØn¬ \mev

A¶-fp-≠v. Akw-Xr]vX-amb kvssXW`m-h-Øns‚bpw amXr-hmk-\-bpsSbpw ho¿∏p-ap- -en¬

Ign-bp∂ A`ykvXhnZybpw a[y-h-b-kvI-bp-amb tZh-In-°p´n F∂ I\yI amXm-]nXm-°sf

[n°-cn®v kz¥w ]yWns\ `¿Øm-hmbn kzoI-cn-°m≥ tPmen cmPn-sh®v \mSp-hn´XmWv

CXn-hr-Øw. kvXoPo-hnXw k -e-am-hp-∂Xv `mcymXzØnepw amXr-Xz-ØnepamsW∂v CXn¬

hyRvPn∏n®ncn-°p-∂p. Cu Km¿lnI ]iv\-Øn\mWv \mSIØn¬ ]c-a-]m-[m\yw. IYm-]m-X-

ßfpw IYm-ap-lq¿Øhpw AXn-s\mØ hÆ-amWv cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv. Nn¥m-kp-µ-c-amb

kqN-\-Ifpw Ipdn-°p-sIm-≈p∂ kw`m-j-W-ßfpw hn`n∂ ]Ir-Xn-I-fmb IYm-]m-X-ßfpw \mS-

IsØ Bkzm-Zy-am-°n-bn- p-≠v. ][m\ IYm-]m-X-amb I\y-I-bpsS am\-kn-I--hym-]m-c-ßsf

AXn-kp£vaambn NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ IYm-]m-X-ßsf AhX-cn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬

AXn-i-tbm‡n kv]¿i-ap-≠v. Ah-km\`mKw Ahn-iz-k-\o-bX Df-hm-°p∂XmsW∂ Btcm-]-

W-hpap≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw ae-bm-f-Ønse kpL-Sn-X-amb dnb-en-ÃnIv \mS-I-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wn-Xv.

I\yIbv°v C_vks‚ ]mh-°p´n (Dolls house) t\mSp≈ kmayw \mS-I-]-fin-X-∑m¿ FSp-Øp-]-

d-™n- p-≠v.

F≥. F≥. ]n≈ (1918- 1995)

kaq-l-Ønse s\dntISp-Iƒ°p-t\sc Bt£-]-lm-ky-Øn-eqsS Iqdn-°q-sIm-≈p∂

hna¿i\w \S-Ønb \mS-I-Ir-ØmWv F≥. F≥. ]n≈ 1952 emWv ]n≈-bpsS hniz-tI-c-f-

IemkanXn bYm¿∞yam-hp-∂-Xv. A∂p-ap-X¬ acWw hsc \mS-I-Øn\p th≠n-bmbn At±-l-

Øns‚ PohnXw. kz¥-ambn cNn® \mSIßƒ amXw AhX-cn∏n°pIbpw Ah-bn¬ IpSpw-_mw-

K-ßƒ A`n-\-bn°pIbpw sNbvXp-sh-∂Xv hniz-tI-cf Iem-k-an-Xn-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. _¿Wm-

Uvjm-bpsS \mSIssien-bp-sSbpw Akw-_‘\mS-Iß-fpsS Z¿i-\-sØbpw ka-\z-bn∏n°m\mWv

Ct±lw ian-®-Xv. Bfl-_-en, t]X-temIw Im]m-enI, t^mfn-tUm¿, ssU\-ssa‰v apX-emb \mS-

I-ßƒ kaq-l-Øn-eq-≠mb A]-N-b-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb i‡-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-f-sX. kw`m-jW

][m-\-amWv F≥.-F≥. ]n≈-bpsS \mS-I-ßƒ. hm°p-Iƒ Iqc-ºp-t]mse e£y-Øn¬ B™p-

X-d-bv°p-∂p. bh-\-Zp-c-¥-\m-S-I-ßƒ e£y-am-°nb hnIm-c-hn-tc-N\w Xs∂-bm-Wv F≥.-F≥.

]n≈-bp-sSbpw e£yw. Bi-b-]-[m-\-am-sW-¶nepw F≥.-F≥.-]n≈ Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈-h-cpsS hnZ-

Kv≤m- n-\bw aqew B \mS-I-ßƒ anI-hp‰ cwKm-\p- -h-ß-fmbn amdn t]£-I¿°v. \S\pw kwhn-

[m-b-I\pw IqSn Bb-Xn-\m¬ Bi-bm-hn-jv°-cWw ]c-am-h[n hnP-b-I-c-am-°m≥ Ct±-l-Øn\v

km[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\mev]-Xn-te-sd-bp≈ F≥.-F≥.]n≈-bpsS \mS-I-ß-fpsS enJn-X-cq-]-sØ-°mƒ Zriy-cq-]-

amWv ][m-\w. \mSIw H∂m-a-sXmcp Zriy-I-e-bm-sW∂ cqV-hn-izm-k-amWv F≥.-F≥. ]n≈-

bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Im]m-en-I-bpw, tImkvs_¬‰pw Cuiz-c≥ Ad-Ãnepw a‰pw cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-

Øn-eqsS t]£-I-cpsS Nn¥-bp-sSbpw hnIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw temI-ßƒ Cf-°n-a-dn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

\mS-I-Z¿∏-Ww, I¿´≥, \mSIw thtWm \mSIw F∂o IrXn-I-fn¬ \mS-I-c-N-\, A`n-\-bw,

kwhn-[m\w F∂o LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ahiyw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ At±lw tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øn-sh-®p. Xs‚ Xntb-‰¿ k¶ev]w At±lw Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]n∂n¬ Hcp ad,

\ev°m-s\mcp Xd, Fs‚ ap∂n¬ \nß-fpw, Fs‚ D≈n¬ Hcp \mS-Ihpw AXmWv Xntb-‰¿.

Cuizc≥ Ad-Ãn¬ (1967)

^m‚-kn-bpsS hnNn-X-temIw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ dnb-en-k-Øn¬ \n∂p hn´p-

t]m-cmØ \mS-I-amWv Cuiz-c≥ Ad-Ãn¬. ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn-√mØ A]m-c-X-bn-emWv BZy-cwKw

Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. Xoh-amb kwKo-X-[m-c. AXp \ne-bv°p-tºmƒ thZ-hm-Iy-ßƒ L\-Kw- o-c-\m-

Z-Øn¬ Ai-co-cn-bmbn tIƒ°p-∂p. cwK-ÿen apgp-h≥ IdpØ sh¬sh-‰n¬ s]mXn™v alm-

iq-\y-X-bpsS ]XoXn P\n-∏n-°p-∂p. bmYm¿Yy-Øn\v A]m-]y-amb s]mcp-fp-Iƒ [z\n-∏n-°p-∂-

XmWv \mSIw F∂ hy‡-amb kqN-\-Iƒ G‰p-hmßn t]£-I≥ Ac-tß-dm≥ t]mIp∂ kw -

h-ß-fn-te°p I¨an-gn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ shfn®w ]I¿∂v IYm-]m-X-ßƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cl-

]-c-ßƒ°n-S-bnse CS-\m-gn-bmWv cwKw. B¬_¿´v sF≥Ãn≥, ssZhw, ]nim-Nv, arXyp-tZ-hX

XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv IYm-]m-X-ßƒ. ChnsS Cuiz-c≥ s]mß®w ]d-bp∂ Hcm-fm-Wv. At±-lsØ

Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hm°p-I-fp-ambn ktlm-Z-c≥ ]nim-Np-ap-≠v. ssZh-Øns‚ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-

ßƒ A¿∞-iq-\y-ß-fm-sW∂pw ]nim-Nns‚ hm°p-I-fn-emWv ]ns∂bpw Ig-ºp-≈-sX∂pw

ka¿∞n-°p-∂p. ssZhw ChnsS Hcp tImam-fn-bm-Wv.

Cu Bibw ka¿∞n-°m≥th≠n Hcp _ -]-I-S-Øn¬ acn-®-h-cpsS Bflm-°sf Ac-

ßn¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Ip´n, DΩ, `‡≥, hnem-k-h-Xn-bmb Hcp kvXo, D]-tZin F∂n-

ßs\ F√m ssS∏p-Ifpw D’m-l-tØmsS Ac-ßn¬ h∂v Xß-fpsS km£yw \¬In ssZhsØ

ap´p-Ip-Øn-°p-∂p. ssZhhpw ]nimNpw a\p-jys‚ k¶-ev]-ßƒ amX-am-Wv. a\p-jy≥ _p≤n-

sIm≠pw kwkvImcw sIm≠pw hf¿∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ C\n B k¶-ev]-ßƒ°v \ne-\n-ev]n√

F∂v Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p≠v Cu \mS-I-Øn¬.

\nin-X-amb kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\hpw am\y-X-bpsS ]n∂nse Im]-Sy-ßsf ad-\o-°n-°m-

Wn-°epw F≥.-F≥. ]n≈-bpsS CjvS-hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv.

samUyqƒ 3

kwKo-X-\m-S-I-ßƒ

Xangv kwKo-X-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS NphSp ]nSn-®mWv ae-bm-f-Ønepw kwKo-X-\m-S-I-ßƒ cq]-

sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. tIc-f-h¿Ω-bp-sSbpw a‰pw kwkvIr-X-\m-SI X¿÷-a-Iƒ at\m-tam-l\w Iº-\n, ckn-

I-c-RvPn\n XpS-ßnb \mS-I-kw-L-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXnse t«mI-ßƒ kwKo-Xm-fl-I-

ambn Be-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-∂n-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv CXn¬ Xr]vXn-h-cmsX kw`m-j-W-ß-fpsS

`mK-ambn Km\-ßƒ IqsS cNn-®p≈ \mS-I-ßƒ cwK-Øp-h-∂p. Ah-bmWv kwKoX \mS-I-ßƒ.

kwKo-X-Ønepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse Ign-hp≈h¿°p amXta kwKo-X-\m-SI cwKØv

tim`n-°m≥ Ign-bq. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ kwKo-X-\m-SIw Sn.-kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\ms‚ kwKo-

X-ss\-j[w (1892) BWv. ap∏-Xp-h¿j-°mew kwKo-X-\m-SIw ae-bmf \mSI cwKØv \nd-™p-\n-

∂p. Cu ]ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≠mb G‰hpw ta∑-tb-dnb IrXn-bmbn hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv sI.-kn.

tIi-h-∏n-≈-bpsS kZm-cma (1903) BWv. Xangv kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amb "kmZc'-Øns‚ ae-bmf

]Xn-∏m-bn-cp∂p kZm-cm-a.

ae-bm-f-kw-KoX \mSI ]ÿm-\-Øn\p _lp-P-\mw-Ko-Imcw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø-h-cpsS

Iq -Øn¬ ]ap-J-\mb Hcp hy‡n-bmWv Ip -aØv Ip∂nbqcv Ip™n-Ir-jvW-Ip-dp∏v (a-lm-Ihn

Ip -a-Øv). At±-l-Øns‚ tZh-bm-\o-N-cn-Xw, _me-tKm-]m-e≥, [ph-am-[hw XpS-ßnb \mS-I-

ßƒ hmbn-®m-kz-Zn-°m-s\-∂-t]mse I≠m-\-µn-°m\pw ]‰n-b-h-bm-Wv. hnZzm≥ . ]n. tIfp-\m-b-

cpsS ]m°-\m¿ Ncn-Xw, I_o¿Zm-k-N-cnXw XpS-ßnb \mS-I-ßƒ°v ae-_m-dn¬ \√ ]Nmcw

kn≤n-®n-cp-∂p.

ssIkvX-th-Xn-hr-Ø-ßƒ kwKo-X-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-h-cn¬ ][m\n Fkv.

B≥Uqkv BWv. At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fmWv ⁄m\-kp-µ-co-N-cn-Xw, iotb-ip-\m-SIw F∂n-h.

1930-I-fn¬ kwKo-X-\m-S-I-Øns‚ D≈-S-°-Øn\pw apJ-Om-bbv°pw am‰-ßƒ h∂p.

sk_m-Ãy≥ Ip™p-Ip-™p-`m-K-h-X¿, Hm®nd thep-°p-´n, ssh°w hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿,

Bd-∑pf s]m∂-Ω, Aº-e-∏pg cmPΩ XpS-ßnb \So-\-S-∑msc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v kwL-Sn-∏n®

\mS-I-I-em-k-an-Xn-Iƒ kwKo-X-\m-S-I-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ tÃPp-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw P\-a-\-

p-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kzman _“-h-X≥ \S-Ønb Bims‚ Icp-WbpsS

kwKo-X-\m-S-Im-hn-jv°m-cw, ap≥jn ]c-ap-]n-≈-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ F∂nh FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-h-bm-Wv.

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ kwKo-X-Øn-\p-h∂ ÿm\-Øn¬ hyXn-bm\w h∂-

Xmbn ImWmw. It®-cn-a- n-ep≈ Km\m-em-]-\-ß-fpw, lm¿tam-WnÃpw \S\pw XΩn¬ \S-Øp∂

Km\-a-’c ]I-S-\-ßfpw IYm-k-µ¿ -Øn\p tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ efn-X-Km-\-ßƒ°v

hgn-am-dn-s°m-Sp-Øp.

tIc-f-Ønse hyXykvX PmXn-a-X-ß-fn¬s∏´ F√m-Xcw t]£-I-scbpw Htc-th-Zn°p

apºn¬sIm≠p hcp-∂-Xn¬ kwKo-X-\m-SIw Dƒs∏sSbpff \mS-I-ßƒ henb ]¶p-h-ln-®p.

hSt° ae-_m-dnse hnhn[ \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-k- -IƒkwKo-X-]-[m-\-amb \mS-I-ß-fmWv ae-_m-dn¬ BZyw ]N-cn-®-Xv. Ip -aØv IpSpw-_m-K-

ß-fmWv (Ip- -aØv Ip™-ºp-°p-dp-∏v, alm-Ihn Ip -aØv XpS-ßn-b-h¿)- A-Xn\v ASn-Ød ]mIn-

b-Xv. `‡aI-c-µ\o \mS-I-ame , F∂ \mS-I-kw-L-amWv B \mS-I-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

alm-Ihn Ip -a-Øns‚ \mS-I-ßƒ Xangv \mS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]e ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

hcp-Ønb `mjm-kw-KoX \mS-I-ß-fm-Wv. Xangv \mS-I-ß-fnse ]m´p-Ifpw cwK-kw-hn-[m-\hpw

thj-hn-[m-\hpw kzoI-cn®v; kwkvIrX \mS-I-ß-fnse \mµn, hnjv°w- w, kqX-[m-c≥, \Sn,

F∂n-hbpw tN¿ØpsIm≠p≈ \mS-Im-h-X-cW coXn-bmWv At±lw sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. ckn-Im-

I¿j-Ww, at\m-tam-ln\n F∂o \mS-I-kw-L-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ \mS-I-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

tZh-bm-\n-N-cn-Xw, _me-tKm-]m-e≥ F∂n-h-bmWv Ip´-a-Øns‚ G‰hpw ]kn-≤-amb

\mS-I-ßƒ.

ae-_m-dnse \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ ]kn-≤-\mb as‰mcp \mS-I-Ir-ØmWv hnZzm≥

]n. tIfp-\mb¿ (1899- 1929). e¶m-Z-l-\w, ]mZpI ]´m- n-tj-Iw, ioIr-jvW-eo-e, I_o¿Zm-k-

N-cn-Xw, ]m°-\m¿ NcnXw XpS-ßnb \mS-I-ß-fmWv At±lw cNn-®-Xv. cmjvSob ]h¿Ø-\-

Øn\v \mS-IsØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønb kmaqly hnπ-h-Im-cn-bm-W-t±-lw. tIc-f-Øn-em-Zy-ambn

tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Ae-Iƒ \mS-I-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂Xpw At±-l-am-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚

I_o¿Zm-k-N-cn-X-Øn¬ N¿° Xncn-®p-sIm≠v Ccp-∂p-]m-Sp∂ coXn-bn-emWv Cu \mS-I-Øn¬

I_o-dns‚ mcy cwK]thiw sNøp-∂-Xv. tIfp-\m-b-cpsS Poh-N-cnXw D¬s°m-≈p∂ \mS-I-

amWv F≥.-i-in-[-c\pw C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]mepw tN¿s∂-gp-Xnb tIfp F∂ \mS-Iw.

sh≈n-t°mØv hn⁄m-\-Zm-b\n kwKoX \mSI kan-Xn-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ \mS-I-ßƒ

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. ]d»n\n°-Shv ioap-Ø-∏≥ ssZh-hn-emkw \mS-I-kwLw tIfp-\m-b-cpsSbpw

Ip -a-Øn-s‚bpw \mS-I-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

]l-k-\-ßƒ

kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈ (1858- 1922)

kwKo-X-\m-S-I-ßƒ Ac-ßp-X-I¿Ø Ime-L- -Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv ]l-k-\-ßfpw ae-bm-

f-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu imJ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ DZvLm-S\w sNbvXXv kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈-bm-

Wv. Icp-Øp‰ t\mh-en-Ãmb kn.-hn.bpsS ]l-k-\-ßƒ AX Kuc-h-tØmsS Fgp-Xn-b-X√

F∂mWv kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. F¶nepw tIhew s]m´n-®n-cn-Iƒ amXw

e£y-am-°n-bp≈hbm-bn-cp-∂n-√, XnI™ Bt£-]-lm-ky-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. AXp-hsc kwKo-

X-\m-S-I-ßƒ I≠ t]£-I¿°v kn.-hn.bpsS ]l-k-\-ßƒ Hcp ]pXp-abpw Nne¿°Xv ]l-c-

ß-fp-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

Xm≥ \nXyw s]cp-am-dn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ P\-k-aqlw Xs∂-bmWv kn.-

hn.bpsS ]l-k-\-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. DtZym-Kÿ temI-Øn¬ \S-am-Sp∂ tkz—m-]-c-

Xbpw Agn-a-Xnbpw aZy-]m-\-io-ehpw AIm-en-I-sa∂v At±lw hn[n® kvXoP-\-ß-fpsS ]cn-

jv°m-c-`a ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw a[y-h¿Øn-I-fpsS ]nØ-em- -ßfpw rXy-tk-h-I-hr-µ-Øns‚ KXn-hn-K-

Xn-Ifpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]l-k-\-ß-fn¬ ]Xn- -en-°p-∂p.

kn.-hn.-bpsS BZy-]-l-k-\-ß-fmb Nµ-apJo hnem-khpw, aØ-hn-em-khpw A®-Sn-°-s∏-

´n- n-√. Ipdp-∏n-√m-°-f-cn, sX¥-\mw-tIm´v lcn-›-µ≥, Ibva-f-»s‚ IS-»n-ss°, tUmIvS¿°p

In´nb an®w, sNdptX≥ sImfw-_-kv, ]≠sØ ]m®≥, ]m]n-sN-s√-sWSw ]mXm-fw, Ipdp-∏ns‚

Xncn-∏v, _Sve¿ ]∏≥ F∂n-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ A®-Sn® ]l-k-∂-ßƒ.

Cu \mS-I-ß-sf√mw GsX-¶nepw hm¿jn-Im-tLm-jm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n

cNn-°-s∏- -h-bmWv. ^mgvkv F∂ cq]sØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]m›mXy \n¿∆-N-\-Øn-\n-W-ßn-

t∏m-Ip∂ cq]-in-ev]-amWv Cu \mS-I-ßƒ°p-≈-Xv.

C.-hn. IrjvW-]n≈ (1894- 1938)

Ncn-X-\m-S-I-ßƒ IqSmsX ]l-k-\-ßfpw Fgp-Xnb ]Xn- -bmWv C.-hn. IrjvW-]n≈.

I≈-]-am-Ww, Ipdp-∏ns‚ sUbven, _n.-F. ambm-hn, s]Æ-c-ip-\m-Sv, ]W-b-°-Ωo-j≥, hnhm-l-

°-Ω- w, hnkvar-Xn, ambm-am-\p-j≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv C.-hn.-bpsS ]l-k-\-ßƒ. hniz-\m-S-I-ß-

fp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ]cn-Nbw h∂-Xp-sIm-≠mhmw C.-hn.-bpsS ]l-k-\-ßƒ s]m´n-®n-cn-∏n-°-en¬

\n∂p tamN-\w-tXSn Iptd-°qSn A¿∞-hym-]vXn-bp≈ LS-\bpw ck-k-ºq¿Ønbpw hcp-Øm≥

ian-®p. t_m[-]q¿∆-amb B am‰-amWv _n.-F. ambm-hn-bn¬ \n∂p hnhm-l-°-Ω- -Øn-te°pw

hnkvar-Xn-bn-te°pw IS-°p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-bn¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv.

C.-hn.-bpsS lmkym-flI \mS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v F≥. IrjvW-]n≈ Cßs\ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-

∂p. ]Xn-]m-Zy-ß-fpsS £W-amX ]m[m-\yw, GI-Xm- m-hhpw A\-h-[m-\Xbpw sIm≠p≈

cN\m sshI-ey-ßƒ F∂nh C.-hn.-bpsS lmkym-flI \mS-I-ß-fn¬ ImWm-sa-¶nepw ss\k¿KnI

^en-X-hm-k-\bpw cwK-t_m-[-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øn\v hnt\m-Z-k-ºp-jvS-ß-fmb \mS-Iob

kµ¿ -ßƒ hn`m-h\ sNøm\pw tImaUn F∂ \mS-I-im-Jsb h¿tWm-÷z-ehpw DW¿∆p-≈-Xp-

am°n \ne-hmcw Db¿Øm\pw km[n-®p. (ssI-c-fn-bpsS IY).

tbmK-t£aw \mS-I-ßƒ

1930 apX¬ 40 hsc-bp≈ Imew ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ \mS-I-sa∂ kmln-Xy-im-Jsb

Kuc-h-ambn I≠ Ime-L´w IqSn-bm-Wv. kmaqly ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v P\-ßsf am\-kn-I-ambn

k∂-≤-cm-°m≥ \mS-I-sa∂ Zriy-I-esb Hcp-]m-[n-bm°mw F∂v \mS-I-Ir-Øp-°ƒ a\- n-em-

°p-Ibpw Ah-cXv km[y-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fmWv hn.-Sn. -Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚

ASp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-ß-tØbv°v (1930) Fw.-B¿.-_n.-bpsS ad-°p-S-°p-≈nse alm-\-cIw

(1933), t]wPn-bpsS EXp-aXn (1939) F∂o \thm-∞m\ \mS-I-X-bw.

hn.-Sn. ` -Xn-cn-∏m-Sn(1896- 1982)s‚ ASp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-ß-tØ°v F∂ \mS-I-Øns‚

Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ sI. tIf-∏≥ Cu \mS-IsØ Hcp B‰w-t_mw_v F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. ]Tn-°m\pw Nn¥n-°m\pw kuI-cyhpw Bh-iy-hp-an-√msX Ccp-f-S™ Ad-I-fnepw ad-°p-

Sbv°p ]n∂nepw Ime-bm-]\w sNbvXp t]m∂ A¥¿÷-\-ßƒ kap-Zm-bsØ hf-cm-\-\p-h-Zn-

°mØ \n¿Poh mc-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m-cm-sW-¶n¬ Np‰p-]mSpw Zn\w-]Xn D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-

°p∂ hºn® ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßsf I≠p-]-Tn-°m≥ kµ¿`w e`n-°m-Ø-hn[w A\y-cn¬ \n∂-I∂v

A‘-amb Hcp-Xcw aX-]-T-\-Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn \´w-Xn-cn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

hn.-Sn.-bpsS \mSIw al-Øm-sbmcp Ncn-X-Zu-Xy-amWv sNbvX-Xv. Cu \mS-I-Øns‚ Ah-X-

c-Wm-\-¥cw bphm-°ƒ ]ng® thZm-[yb-\sØ FXn¿Øp. ]cn-th-Z\w \S-∏n-em-bn. ad-°pS

X√n-s∏m-fn®v kvXoIƒ ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑mtcmsSm∏w kvXoIfpw B[p-\nI hnZym- ym-k-

Øn\v apXn¿∂p. hn[hmhnhmlw \S-Øm≥ Xøm-dm-bn. Aßs\ a‰p kap-Zm-b-tØm-sSm∏w

\ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bhpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mbn apt∂m- p-h-∂p. Cu am‰-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬Im≥

hn.-Sn.°v km[n-®Xv ASp°f-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-ß-tØ°v F∂ \mS-I-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Cu \mS-

IsØ Hcp \mNz-d-enÃv ]N-cW \mSIw F∂v hnfn-°mw. bmsXm-cp-Xcw hywKytam [z\ntbm

hf-®p-sI- tem Cu \mS-I-Øn-\n-√.

\thm-∞m\ \mS-I-Xbw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ aq∂v \mS-I-ßƒ°pw s]mXp-hm-bp≈

khn-ti-jX Ch aq∂pw cNn-®Xv \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏- -h¿ Xs∂-bmWv F∂-Xm-Wv.

Ah¿°p amXta \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Øn-\-IsØ t\cnb kwK-Xn-Iƒ t]mepw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. ImcWw AX-h-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw A\p- -h-Øn-s‚bpw mK-am-Wv. AXp-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂bmWv Ah¿°v kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Ønse A\-ßm-∏m-d-I-fmb hnizm-k-ß-tfbpw

BNm-c-ß-tfbpw XI¿°m≥ Ign-™-Xv. Fs‚ taesØ sXmen-bqcmw F∂mepw Rm≥

ªukq-cn√ F∂v EXp-a-Xn-bnse tZh-In-sb-s°m≠v ]d-bn-®Xpw XØbv°v IqSv sXmd∂v

sImSp-°p∂ [¿Ω-_p-≤n√ym temI-Øn\v AXv AXns‚ sNdIv sIm≠v Xs∂ X√n-s∏m-fn-

°Ww F∂v tZh-In°v hmkp-tZ-h≥ Fgp-Xp∂ IØnse hmN-I-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-®Xpw ]pXnb

Ime-L- -Øn-te-°p≈ hnπh hmN-I-ß-fmbn hmbn-s®-Sp-°mw.

]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-]-ÿm-\hpw \mS-I-th-Znbpw

kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v DX-Ip∂ hn[-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-°pI F∂ e£y-

tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-]-ÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏- -Xv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CØ-c-

samcht_m[-tØm-Sp-IqSn [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-°-s∏- p. Zriy-Iem kwkv°m-c-sØ-°qSn

\ho-I-cn® \mSIw Cu cwKØv hf-sc-b-[nIw kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn.

1937¬ s]m∂m\n I¿j-I-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\m-bn- mWv sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ ]m -

_m°n cNn-®-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ cmjvSob \mS-I-sa-∂mWv kn.sP. tXmakv CXns\

hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. h¿K-k-a-c-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-amWv CXn-\p-≈-Xv. P∑n-bpsS Nqj-W-Øn\p

hnt[-b-cmb Irjn-°m¿ Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\Sm≥ \S-Øp∂ t]mcm´am-Wn-Xnse apJy-

]-ta-bw. ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xr-\n-c-bn¬ ]h¿Øn® sI. Zmtam-Z-c\v

Xm≥ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ cmjvSob ]Xy-bimkvXw Cu \mS-I-c-N-\bv°p t]c-I-am-bn. c‡-]m-\ -

amWv Zmtam-Z-cs‚ as‰mcp \mS-Iw. tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I-]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Poh-s\-SpØ

]m -_m°n AXns‚ D≈-S-°-Ønse bmYm¿∞y-t_m[w sIm≠pw cN-\m-]-c-amb emfnXyw

sIm≠pw ]tXyI ]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p.

sXt° ae-_m-dnse I¿jI Pohn-X-Øns‚ kwL¿j-Im-flI ]cn-t—-Z-amWv CS-t»-cn-

bpsS Iq´p-Irjn (1940). aÆn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ km[m-cW I¿j-I-cpsS Pohn-X-]-iv\-ß-

fmWv Cu \mS-I-Øn¬ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xv. qan-bn¬ A[zm-\n-°p-∂-h-cpsS tamN-\-amWv

Cu \mS-I-Øns‚ e£yw. ]mc-º-cy-Øn-s‚bpw B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw A\n-hm-cy-amb XΩn-e-Sn-

bmWv Iq´p-Ir-jn-bnse ]ta-bw. XpSn-°p∂ \mS≥ Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw apdn-s®-SpØ Hcp

\mS≥]m- ns‚ hymapKv≤ at\m-l-c-amb IrXn F∂v Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈bpw XpSn-°p∂ \mS≥

Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v apdn-s®-SpØ Hcp Ij-W- sa∂v F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cycpw Iq´p-Ir-jnsb

hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. am\-hnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS kmaq-ly-am-‰-sa∂ Km‘n-b≥ XØzhpw

Iq´p-Ir-jn-sb∂ djy≥ IΩyq-WnÃv ]mtbm-Kn-I-Xbpw tN¿∂ Cu \mSIw DØ-c-tI-c-f-Øn¬

\nc-h[n XhW Ac-tß-dn.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse cmjvSob ka-csØ ]›m-Ø-e-am°n Ip -\mSv sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈

Fgp-Xnb ]Xna , tIih-tZ-hns‚ ][m-\-a-¥n , Rm\n∏w Iayq-Wn-Ãmhpw , apt∂m´v

s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n-bpsS tPXm-°ƒ , hni-dn°p Im‰p-th≠ XI-gn-bpsS tXm‰n-√ ,

tXm∏n¬`mkn-bpsS \nß-sfs∂ Iayq-Wn-Ãm-°n , C∂se C∂v \msf , apSn-b-\mb ]pX≥ ,

sNdpIm-Sns‚ \Ω-sfm-∂v , kzX¥ , ]n.-sP. B‚-Wn-bpsS C¶p-em-_ns‚ a°ƒ XpS-ßn-

bh ][m-\-s∏´ cmjvSob \mS-I-ß-fm-Wv.

sNdp-Im-Sns‚ \Ω-sfm∂v (1969) KmaoW Pohn-X-Øns‚ DƒØp-Sn-∏p-Ifpw h≈p-h-\m-

´nse I¿jI ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ apt∂-‰hpw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p∂ \mS-I-am-Wv. ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-

I-fpsS kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ h∂ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb XI-cm-dp-Iƒ, lnµp-ap…ow ssaXn-bpsS ]m[m-

\yw, \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ ASn-™p-In-S-°p∂ A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ \mSp-hm-gnØ hyh-ÿ-

bpsS sISp-Xn-Iƒ, hnZym- ymk ]iv\-ßƒ, I¿j-I- -I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn ]iv\-ßƒ XpSßn

sshhn-[y-ap≈ ]ta-b-ß-fmWv sNdp-ImSv kzoI-cn-®n- p-≈-Xv.

ae-_m¿ Iem-k-anXn

tIc-f-Ønse Ata-Nz¿ \mS-IsØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]¶p-h-ln-

®Xv Iem-k-an-Xn-bm-Wv. 1948¬ ]h¿Ø-\-am-cw- n® Iem-k-anXn ]n∂oSv tIµ-I-em-k-an-Xn-bm-bn.

Fw. tKmhn-µ≥, CS-t»-cn, hn.-Sn., Ddq_v F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ s]m∂m-\n-°p-∂n¬ Bcw- n-

®-Xm-Wn-Xv. ae-_m-dnse Kma-ßƒ tXmdpw k©-cn®v tKmhn-µ\pw, Fw.-hn. tZh\pw, sI.-F.

sImSp-ß-√qcpw a‰pw A∂v Iem-k-an-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. cmjvSo-b-ambn Xnf-®p-a-dn-

™n-cp∂ ae-_m-dn¬ 1948 Ime-L- -Øn¬ Cg-™p-]-c∂ iq\y-X-bn¬ \n∂pw ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-

Xy-kw-L-S-\-bpsS XI¿®-bn¬ \n∂p-amWv Cu ]ÿm\w P∑w-sIm-≠-Xv. tImgn-t°mSv tIµ-

amb Iem-k-an-Xn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1949¬ ae-_m-dnse F√m kan-Xn-Ifpw tN¿∂v Hcp tIµ-

I-em-k-anXn cq]w-sIm-≠p. 1953¬ tIµ-I-em-k-an-Xn-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ tImgn-t°m´v \S∂

\mS-tIm-’hw tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ \mS-tIm-’-h-am-Wv. ]n∂oSv tIµ-I-em-k-anXn AXns‚

ÿm]-I-cpsS kmwk-°m-cnI e£yw Dt]-£n®v cmjvSob ]h¿Ø-I-cpsS cl-ky-k-t¶-X-ambn

]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw arXn-b-S-bp-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nepw tImgn-t°m v Hcp \mS-Im-¥-co£w D≠m-°m≥

AXn-\p-I-gn-™p. Iem-k-an-Xn-bpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ CS-t»-cn-bpsS Iq´p-Irjn ]e-bn-SØpw Ac-

tß-dn. H∂mw \mS-tIm-’-h-Øn¬ sI.-Sn. apl-Ω-Zns‚ Id-h‰ ]ip Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. sI.-Sn.

apl-ΩZv, Xnt°m-Sn-b≥, bqk v XpS-ßnb \mS-I-Ir-Øp-°fpw Ip™m-≠n, Ip™mh XpS-ßnb

\S-∑mcpw Cu \mS-tIm-’-h-ß-fpsS an®-am-Wv. Iem-k-anXn ]ÿm\w ]n¥p-S¿∂Xv \mNz-d-enÃv

Ah-X-c-W-ssi-en-bm-Wv. tIµ-I-em-k-anXn 1957- ¬ tIcf tIµ-I-em-k-an-Xn-bm-bn. 1958- ¬ tIcf

kwKoX \mSI A°m-Zan ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS AXns‚ ]h¿Ø\w \ne-®p.

C¥y≥ ]o∏nƒkv Xntb-‰¿ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ (C-]v‰)

1942- -emWv \mS-IsØ Hcp cmjvSo-bm-bp-[-am°n D]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS

C]v‰ cq]h¬°cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ \mSI cwKØv i‡n-bmbn amdnb Cu \mS-I-]-

ÿm\w _wKm-fn¬ DZbw sNbvXv a‰p kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-tebv°v hym-]n-°p-Ibpw hfcp-I-bp-amWv

sNbvX-Xv.

C]v‰ Hcp ]ÿm\w F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Hcp A¥-co£w F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. F∂m¬ mc-Xob \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-¬ Imcy-Ku-c-h-tØmsS]cn-i-a-n® H´t\Iw t]¿ ChnsS

\n∂v A -ym-kw- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cm-Wv. 1940 Ifn¬ C]v‰-bpsS \mS-I e-Ivjyw k¿h-tXm-∑p-J-amb Hcp

Zriy kw-kv°mcw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. C-¥-y≥ aÆns‚ hoc-yhpw Du¿÷hpw

Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠p-ff Hcp- cw-K-t_m-[-amWv ChnsS ]h¿Øn-®-Xv.

CS-Xp]£ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cmb Hcp Iq´w Iem-Im-c-∑m-cmWv C]v‰bv°v XpS°w Ipdn-®-sX-

¶nepw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ cwK-I-em-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Iem-t]-an-I-fn-ep-≠mb AXr-]vXn°pw

Ah-bpsS Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]cn-jv°-c-W-Øn\pw tamN\Øn-\p-ap-ff iahpw i‡n-bp-ap-≠-Xns‚

]n∂n¬. ]rY-zn-cm-Pv, A∫m-kv, _¬cmPv km”n, lco-µ-\mYv NtXm-]m-[-ymb XpS-ßnb CSXp

]£ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cmb Iem-kvt\-ln-I-fmWv C]v‰bpsS BZ-y-Ime ]h¿Ø-I¿. \mS-I-sa-∂Xv

tIh-e-samcp t\-c-tºm-°-s√∂pw hf-sc-tbsd Kuc-h-ap-ff Hcp tPmen-bm-sW-∂pw- t_m-[-y-ap-f-f-

h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿. C¥-y-bnse D∂-X-cmb Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, Fgp-Øp-Im¿, kw-Ko-X-⁄≥ XpSßn

F√m-hcpw C]v‰bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Bflm¿∞-amb klmb kl-I-c-W-ßƒ \¬In.

C-]v‰ -bpsS DtØ-P-\-amWv ]ptcm -K -a\ Iem-km-ln -Xy ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

Imc -W-am -bn -Øo¿∂-Xv . tIc -f -Øn¬ sI. -]n . -F.kn cq]w sIm≠Xpw AXns‚

]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv.

sI.]n.-F.kn

1950 ¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Ia-yq-WnÃv A\p- m-hn-I-fmb GXm\pw bphm-°ƒ cq]w sImSpØ

Hcp Ata-N-z¿ \mS-I-]-ÿm-\-amWv tIcf ]o∏nƒkv B¿Svkv Ivf∫v (sI.-]n.-F.-kn) BZyw

skan-sIm-ta-gvk-yepw ]n∂oSv sImta-gvk-yepw Bbn-Øo¿∂ Cu \mS-I-kw-L-Øns‚ kwLm-S-

I¿ Pn. P\m¿±-\-°p-dp-∏v, F≥. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ \mb¿,- sI.Fkv cmP-a-Wn, ]qP-∏pc IrjvW≥

\mb¿, Im-ºn-t»cn Icp-Wm-I-c≥, io\m-cm-b-W-]n-f-f, H. F≥.hn Ipdp∏v F∂n-h-cm-Wv. "Fs‚

aI-\mWv icn" F∂ \mS-I-amWv BZ-y-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. B \mSIw hnP-bn-®n-√. 1952 ¬

tXm∏n¬ mkn Hfn-hn-en-cp∂ ImeØv tkm-a≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Fgp-Xnb \nß-sfs∂ "IΩ-yq-Wn-

Ãm-°n, sI.-]n.-F.kn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-tXmsS ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS apJ-—mb Xs∂ amdn. Xangv

\mS-I-ß-fpsS kzm-[o-\-X-bn¬ \n∂v ae-bmf -\mS-I-thZn hnap-‡-am-bXv Cu \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-tØm-

Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

Cu \mS-I-Øn¬ H.-F≥.-hn.bpw hb-emdpw Fgp-Xnb Km\-ßƒtZ-h-cm-P≥ CuWw

]I¿∂v sI.-F-kv.- tPm¿Ppw kptem-N-\bpw ]mSn, sX-cp-hns‚bpw sIm´m-c-Øns‚bpw NnX-ßƒ

hc® Npcp- n-°-b-‰p∂ I¿- -\p-]-Icw ]vsfbn≥ I¿´¨ cwK-Øp-h-∂p. Zo] kwhn-[-\-Øns‚bpw

Iem-]-c-amb km[-yX Is≠-Øn. km[m-c-W-°m-cp-sSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw ]iv\-ß-fmWv

CXnse IYm-h-kvXp.

tIc-f-Ønse Iem-k-anXn ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmbpw Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n -\n-tcm-[n-°-

s∏- -t∏mƒ aµo- -hn®p t]mb C]v‰-bp-sSbpw ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy ]ÿm-\-Øn‚bpw XpS¿®-

bmbpw sI.-]n.-F.kn sb ImWmw. sI.-]n.-F.kn bpsS- N-cnXw B[p-\nI tIc-f-Øns‚ \m-S-Im-

h-X-c-W-Øns‚ NcnXw IqSn-bm-Wv. sI.-]n.-F.-kn-bpsS Ah-X-cW Ncn-X-Ønse h≥ hnPbw v

"\nß-sf-s∂-I-a-yq-Wn-Ãm°n" t\Sn-bXp Xs∂-bm-Wv. apSn-b-\mb ]pX≥, Xpem- m-cw, Ai-z-ta-[w,

]pXnb BImiw ]pXnb `qan F∂n-h-bmWv Bbn-c-Øn-e-[nIw tÃPn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® \mS-I-

ßƒ, ]Xn-s\m∂v \mS-I-ßƒ kn\n-a-bm-°n-bn- p-≠v.

sI. ]n.-F.kn bn¬ \n∂v A`n-t\-Xm-°fpw Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-°fpw kwKoX kwhn-[m-b-I-cp-

amb [mcmfw ]Xn- -Iƒ kn\n-a-bn-tebv°v h∂n- p≠v.

ae-bm-f-Ønse ]kn-≤-cmb F√m \mS-I-Ir-Øp-°-fp-sSbpw \mS-I-ßƒ sI.-]n.-F.kn Ah-

X-cn-∏n-®n- p≠v. ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Znsb ]cn-h¿Ø\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xn¬ ][m\ ]¶p hln-®-Xv.

sI.-]n.-F.kn Xs∂-bmWv. Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am‰-ß-fn-eqsS Ah-X-c-W-ssi-en°v ]pXpa hcp-

Øn-b-tXm-sSm∏w km[m-cW P\-ßsf \mSI Ie-bp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n-°p-hm\pw sI.-]n.-F.-

kn°v Ign-™p.

tIc-f-Ønse \mS-I -I-em-k-an-Xn-Iƒ

ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Znsb ]cn-jv°-cn-bv°pI F∂ e£-y-t_m-[-tØmsS 1950 ¬ \ncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cØv cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-XmWv "\h-kw-kv°m-c-k-anXn". F≥. IrjvW-]n-f-f, ]n.-sI.

hnI-a≥ \mb¿, Fkv.-Kp]vX≥ \mb¿, B\-µ-°p- ≥, kn.-sP. tXmakv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ÿm]n®

B kanXn IrjvW-]n-f-f-bpsS B\p-c-RvP\w, ·- -h\w, kn.sP bpsS "Ah≥ ho≠pw hcp∂p"

XpS-ßn-bh Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. ]n∂oSv Cu Iem-k-aXn A]-X-y-£-am-b-Xmbn ImWmw.

ssI\n-°c ]fl-\m- -]n-f-f-bpsS ta¬t\m- -Øn¬ cq]o-I-cn®" Uam-‰nIv _yqtdm" bpw kn.-

F≥. ioIWvT≥ \mb-cpsS t\Xr-X-zØn¬ XpS-ßnb "Iem-tI-c-f-hpw- A-ev]m-bp- p-I-fm-bn-cp-

s∂-¶nepw Hcp \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]nd-hn-°p-th≠n Zmln-°p-∂-h¿°v- A-h-cpsS iaw XpS-cm-\p-ff

Ah-ÿ-sbm-cp-°n.

1956¬ "Iem-thZn "F∂ \mS-I-kwLw Bcw- n-®p. ae-bmf \mS-I-cw-KsØ FÆ-s∏- h-

cn¬ A[nIw t]cpw Iem-th-Zn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏ v ]h¿Øn-®-h-cmWv. F≥. IrjvW-]n-ff ]kn-

U≠pw kn. -F≥. ioI-WvT≥ \mb¿ skI-´-dn -bp-ambn cq]o-I-cn® Iem-th-Zn -bn¬

hnI-a≥ \mb¿, Sn.-F≥. tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿, ASq¿ mkn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ kPoh ]h¿Ø-I-cm-

amWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n- p-f-f-Xv. sNdp-sX-¶nepw klr-Z-b-X-y-ap-ff Hcp-\m-SI kZ- ns\ krjvSn-°m≥

[m-b-I≥ F∂ ]Zhn hnI-a≥\mb¿ t\Sn -

tImgn-t°mSv tIµ Iem-k-an-Xn-bpsS ]n¥p-S¿®-bmbn h∂-XmWv _tZgvkv ay-knIv ¢∫v.

sI.-Sn. apl-a-a-Zns‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn-ep-≠mb Cu ]ÿm-\-Øn\v tImgn-t°m-S≥ \mSI th-Znsb

\ho-I-cn-°m≥ km[n-®p. sIm®n-bn¬ ]n.sP B‚-Wn-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ ]Xn` B¿Svkv ]h¿Øn-

®p. Pn. i¶-c-]n-f-f-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn-ep-≠mb \h-cwK (tIm- -bw) hpw \mS-Im- -ym-k-ßfpw ]mcm-

b-W-ßfpw Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw \S-Øn. Ch-cpsS t\Xr-Ø-z-Øn¬ [mcmfw \mS-I-sk-an-\m-dp-Ifpw

\S-Ø-s∏- p. coXn-\n-jvT-amb (stylised) A`n-\bw ]co-£n-®Xv "]km-[-\"-bm-Wv.

Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ h∂ as‰mcp khn-ti-jX "\mS-I-°-f-cn-" bpsS Bhn¿`m-

h-am-Wv. \mSIw \So \S-∑m¿, kZ v F∂ aq∂p LS-I-ßsf Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂Xv kp\n-b-X-amb

Hcp cwK-io-e-Iaam-Wv. AØ-c-samcp Iaw- \m-SI thZn°v D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m-\mWv CXns‚

]tbm-‡m-°-fmb sI. Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, Pn. i¶-c-∏n-f-f, kn.-F≥. ioI-WvT≥ \mb¿ F∂n-h¿

ian-®-Xv. 1967 ¬ tIm -bØv H∂m-asØ Ifcn \S-∂p.- tI-c-fob \mtSmSn ¢mknIv Ie-I-fn¬

\n∂v ]e Awi-ßfpw kzn-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v cq]-sa-SpXvX "X\Xp \mS-I-thZn" k¶¬∏w Cu \mS-I-

°-f-cn-bpsS mK-am-bmWv cq]-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv.

tXm∏n¬ mkn (1924- 1992)

\mS-I-IrØv \mS-I- -kn-\nam kw-hn-[m-b-I≥, \S≥ kmaq-ly cmjvvSob ]h¿Ø-I≥ F∂o

\ne-I-fn¬ hy-‡n-apZ ]Xn-∏n-® -]-Xn- -bmWv tXm∏n¬ mkn. F≥. IrjvW-]n-f-f-bpsS GI-e-hy

injy≥ F∂v kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp∂ At±lw BZyw cNn® \mSIw "apt∂-‰"-am-Wv. Hfn-hn-em-

bn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv Cu \mSIw cNn-®-Xv. ]n∂oSv NcnX ]kn-≤-amb "\nß-sfs∂ Ia-yq-Wn-Ãm-

°n". tkma≥ F∂ t]cn¬ AZvtZlw cNn-®p. k¿t∆-°√v , hni-°p∂ Icn-¶m-en. ]pXnb

BImiw ]pXnb qan, Ai-z-ta-[w, ic-i-ø, Iq´p IpSpw-_w,- Xp-em`mcw, bp≤-Im-fiw, C∂se

C∂v \msf Iøpw Xebpw ]pd-Øn-S-cp-Xv, kq£n-°pI CSXp hiw t]mhp-I, ar—-I-Sn-Iw,

bn. 1952- emWv sI.]n.-F.kn bpsS B`n-ap-J-y-Øn¬ "\nß-sfs∂ IΩ-yq-Wn-Ãm°n" Ac-tß-dn-b-

Xv. Hcp KmaØnse kmaq-lnI _‘-ß-fnse Iem-\p-kr-X-amb am‰-amWv CXnse ]ta-bw.

Hcp Kma-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ Nncnbpw thZ-\bpw Ipd®p IYm-]m--X-ß-fn-eqsS CXn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-

cn-bv°p-∂p. kmaq-lnI hnπ-h-Øns‚ D]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu -\m-S-IØns‚ ]¶v hep-Xm-Wv.

XpS¿∂v sI.-]n.-F.-kn-bpsS kPoh ]h¿Ø-I-\mbn amdnb tXm∏n¬ mkn B \mS-I-th-Zn°p

th≠n-bmWv ]n∂o-Sv an° \mS-I-ßfpw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.

I¿j-I-cpw- sXm-gn-emfnIfp-apƒs∏-Sp∂ km[m-cW a\p-j-y-cpsS ]iv\-ßfpw IjvS-∏mSpw

`mh-]q¿Æ-am-b-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ mkn-bpsS \mS-I-ßƒ°v Ign-™p. kmaq-lnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-sa∂

e£-y-tØmsS cNn® tkmt±-iy IrXn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p an°-hbpw .

Ai-z-ta-[-Øn\v 1968 ¬ tIµ kwKoX \mSI A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv e`n-®p.

Ai-z-ta[w

tXm∏n¬ `m-kn-bpsS Ggm-asØ \mS-I-amWv Ai-z-ta-[w. A‘-hni-zm-k-Øn\p ta¬

imkvXhpw am\-hn-Ibpw t\Snb hnP-b-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-am-bmWv \mS-I-Øn\v "Ai-z-ta[w "F∂v

t]cn- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "IpjvTw" F∂ alm-tcm-KsØ ]ta-b-am-°n, a\p-j-y-_-‘-ß-fpsS AXn-Xo-

jvW-amb sshIm-cnI aplq¿Ø-ß-sfm-cp°n Zqc- `q-an-bn-eqsS t]£-I-sc -\-SØn imkvX-

Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS ]X-ym-im- -cn-X-amb temI-Øn-tebv°v \bn-°p∂ \mS-I-amWv Ai-z-ta-[w.

"Ai-z-ta-[-Øn-eqsS imkvX-Øns‚ c≠p c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS IY-bmWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. H∂v

IpjvT-tcm-Kn-bmb ktcm-P-Ønt‚Xv. at‰Xv ktcm-P-Øns‚ tcmKw am‰nb tUm. tXma-knt‚Xv.

Ah¿ Xß-fpsS I¿Ω-Øn¬ hnP-bn-®p. ]s£ c≠p t]scbpw kaqlw tXmev]n-®p. Cu hnP-

b-I-c-amb ]co-£-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ c≠p-t]¿°pw \jvS-s∏- Xv Xm¥m-ß-fpsS lrZ-b-_-‘-ß-fm-

Wv. F∂m¬ ktcm-Phpw tUmIvSdpw ]n¥n-cn-™n-√. Ah¿ imkvX-ho-Yn-bnse hgn-hn-f-°p-I-

fm-hp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

c≠p IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Zpc-¥-amWv Ai-z-ta-[-Øns‚ CXn-hr-Øw. A‘-hn-i-zm-knbpw

Cui-zc- -‡\pw IpjvT-tcm-Kn-bp-amb tIi-h-k-zm-an,- a-[-y-h-b p Ign-™n´pw K¿`n-Wn-bm-hm≥

\n¿_-‘n-°-s∏´ tIi-h-k-zm-an-bpsS `mcy e£van AΩ, -]m-b-]q¿Øn-bmb aI≥ kZm-\-µ≥,

_me-\mb kX-y≥, ]mbw XnI™p \n¬°p∂ ktcm-Pw, kcf Ch-c-S-ßnb tIi-h-k-zm-an-

bpsS CS-Øcw IpSpw_w se-∏¿ tImf-\n-bnse Izm¿t -gvkn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ IpjvT-tcmK tUmIvS-

dmb tXmakpw mcy tKfnbpw ktcm-P-Øns≥d Imap-I\pw kuµ-c-ym-cm-[-I-\pamb taml-\≥,

IpjvT-tcm-Kn-bmb n£-°m-c≥, b¥w t]mse Hcp sl¬Øv hnkn‰¿, F√m-‰n-t\bpw A‘-hn-

i-zmkw sIm≠v Nmbw ]pc- p∂ h¿§ob hmZn-bmb Hcp a¥-hmZn Cßs\ ]¥≠p IYm-]m-X-

ß-fn-eqsS F´p Zri-y-ß-fn-embn hfsc Kuch-]q¿Æamb Hcp ]ta-bsØ lrZb Zho-I-cW

Nmcp-X-tbmsS \mS-I-IrØv Bhn-jv°-cn-bv°p-∂p.

kaq-l-Øn¬ k¿h-km-[m-c-W-a-√mØ Hcp ]ta-bw,- P-\-]o-Xn-t\-Snb Hcp Zri-y-I-em-cq-]-

am°n Bhn-jv°-cn-bv°m≥ tXm∏n¬ mkn°p amXta km[n-®n- p-f-fp.

sI. Sn. apl-ΩZv (1929 2008)

Nncn-bn¬ \n∂v Nn¥-bn-tebv°v t]£-I-sc-bp-W¿Øn Ahsc Itøm-ßm≥ ]Tn-∏n®

\mS-I-Ir-ØmWv sI.Sn apl-a-a-Zv. ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ B[p-\nI ]h-W-X-Iƒ°v XpS°w

Ipdn® k¿K-[-\-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-J-\mWv sI.-Sn.

BZ-ysØ temI ae-bmf IYm-a-’-c-Øn¬ H∂mw kΩ-m-\n-X-\m-b-tXmsS ]kn-≤-\m-bn-

Øo¿∂ sI.Sn ]n∂oSv \mS-I-Øn¬ Dd®p \n∂p. hni-z-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnse ]pØ≥ ]h-W-X-Iƒ

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bpw -A-\p-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw IS-∂p-h-∂- Im-e-ØmWv sI.-Sn. \mS-I-cw-K-sØ-

Øp-∂-Xv. Idh‰ ]ip, CXp `qan-bmWv, shfn®w hnf-°-t\-z-jn-°p-∂p, ]pXnb hoSv,

a\p-j-y≥ Imcm-Kr-l-Øn-emWv, cmXn h≠n-Iƒ, Rm≥t]-Sn-°p-∂p, Nph∂ LSn-Imcw

XpS-ßnb \mS-I-ß-fmWv BZ-y-Im-eL´Øn-te-Xv. tIµ-I-em-k-an-Xn-bmWv Ch Ac-ßn-se-Øn-®-

Xv. Ah-bpsS Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bpsS ]cn-jv-°mcw t]£-Is\ ab-°p∂ I¨sI v hnZ-y-I-fm-hm-

Xn-cn-°m≥ ]c-am-h[n At±lw ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. km¿∞-I-amb ]co£-W-ßƒ BZyw

sXmt´ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw kIm-cm-Z-y-\m-S-I-MvM-fpsS (kr-jvSn, ÿnXn, -k-w-lmcw, km£m-

Xv°m-cw, ka-\-z-bw, k\m-X-\w) ]nd-hn-tbm-sS-bmWv sI.-Sn -bpsS \mS-I -]-co-£-W-ßƒ hym-]-I-

amb N¿®bv°vhnt[-b-am-b-Xv.

ta¬hn-em-k-an-√m-Ø-h-cpsS kz-X-zm-t\-z-jWw sI.Sn bpsS \mS-I-ß-fn¬ ImWmw.

hni-∏mWv as‰mcp hnj-bw. sI.-Sn-bpsS an° \mS-I-ß-fnepw hni-∏ns‚ HSp-ßmØ hne-hn-fn-

Iƒ tIƒ°mw. hni∏v Hcp IYm-]m-X-ambn amdp∂ "krjvSn" sI.-Sn-bpsS amÃ¿ ]okm-Wv.

anY-y-sbbpw bmYm¿∞-y-sØbpw Hcp NW-®m-°p-sIm≠v th¿Xn-cn®v ]mX-hn-i-I-e\w \S-Øp∂

Cu \mSIw AX-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ ImeØv ae-bmf \mS-I-tem-IØv XnI™ ]pXp-abpw Bth-i-hp-

ambncp∂p. -

ap…nw kap-ZmbØnse A‘-hn-i-zm-k-ß-tfbpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-tfbpw FSp-Øp

Im´n AXns\ kwip-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff iaw sI.Sn bpsS Nne \mS-I-ß-fn¬ ]I-S-am-Wv.

B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øns‚ ]cn-h¿Ø\ kz-`m-h-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v am‰apƒs°m-f-fp-∂-Xn¬

hnap-J-cmb ap…nw kap-Zmb-Ønse v bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Isc sI.Sn Xs‚ \mS-I-ß-fn-eqsS tNmZyw

sNøp-∂p.

ae-_m-dn¬ Hcp skan- -s]m- -j-W¬ \mS-I-th-Zn°v P∑w \¬I-bXv sI.-Sn. BWv. At≤-

l-Øns‚ "Ccp- q-an-bmWv" \mSIw _tZgvkv ayq-knIv ¢∫v tIc-f-sam- msI Ifn®p. AXn\p

tijw sImta-gvk-y¬ \S-I-kw-L-ßƒ°v th≠n-Xs∂ At±lw \mS-I-sa-gp-Xn-Øp-S-ßn. Id-h‰

]ip tImgn-t°m-Sv tI-µIem-k-an-Xn-bpsS \mSI a’-c-Øn¬ H∂mw kΩm-\w -t\ -Sn .

sI.-Sn-bpsS kImc \mS-I-ßƒ tImgn-t°mSv kwKaw Xntb-t‰gvkv BWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

tImgn-t°mSv IenwK Xntb-t‰gvk,v sIm√w Imfn-Zmk Iem-tI-µw, sI. ]n. F.kn XpS-ßn-b-hbpw

At±-l-Øns‚ \mS-I-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

\mSIw cwK-Ø-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-f-f-Xm-Wv. cwK-]-tbm-K-£-a-X-bn-√m-Ø-hsb \mS-I-ambn

]cn-K-Wn-bv°m≥ ]mSn-√. \mSIw kmaq-lnI am‰-Øn-\p-f-f-Xm-Wv, \mS-I-Øns‚ auenI

e£-yhpw AXm-Wv. \mS-I-cw-KØp \S-°p∂ GXv ]co-£-Whpw t]£-Is\ ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm-

≠p-f-f-Xm-h-Ww. GXp ]co-£-Whpw \mS-I-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ KpW-ß-fn¬ Du∂n \n∂p-sIm-

≠m-h-Ww. \mS-I-tØ-°mƒ \mSI _ml-y-amb Imc-y-ßƒ°p ]m[m-\yw sImSp-°p∂ C∂sØ

Ahÿ amd-Ww, F∂n-ßs\ sI. SnbpsS \mS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn°v ]e]mT-

ßfpw ]Tn°m\p-≠v.-

CXp qan-bmWv (1955)

ap…nw kap-Zm-b-Ønse Zpcm-Nm-c-ßsf hna¿i\ hnt[b-am-°p∂ \mS-I-am-WnXv.

a\p-j-ys\ c£n-°m-\mbn cq]w sIm≠ aXw C∂v Cui-z-cs\ c£n-°m-\mbn shº¬

sImf-fp∂ ImKvN Bt£] lmk-y-tØmsS Cu \mS-I-Øn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p. aXm-\p-jvTm-\-

ßƒ \mS-I-Ir-Øns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ Hcp Xcw ISw ho -embn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kz¥w ZpjvI¿Ω-

ßƒ°p aX-Øns‚ Bh-cWw \¬In c£-s∏-Sm≥ ian-°p∂ kz-k-ap-Zm-b-°msc cq£-amb

hna¿i-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-°m¿ aX-samcp I®-h-S-®-c-°m°n am‰n-bn-cn-

°p-I-bm-Wv. ap…nw kap-Zm-b-Ønse A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw A‘-hn-i-zm-k-ßfpw hen-s®-dn-bm≥ Cu

\mSIw Bl-zm\w sNøp-∂p. \√ aX-Øns‚ e£yw \√ a\p-j-y-\m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p

hnfw-_cw sNø-s∏-Sp∂p CXn¬.

aXm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ Iøn-se-Sp-°p∂ apX-em-fnbpw t\mºpw \nkv°m-chpw I®-h-Shpw amX-

ambn \S-°p∂ Hu°¿ tImbbpw _m∏-bpsS tkz-—m-[n-]-X-ysØ FXn¿°m≥ ian-°p∂ l \pw

Pn⁄m-kp-hmb IZo-ibpw Hgp-°n-s\mØp \o¥p∂ Dkvam\pw PohnXw Hcp s]mdp-Xn-tI-Sm-bn-

°m-Wp∂ Ban-\bpw \ym-b-Øn\pw \oXn°pw th≠n i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp∂ JmenZpw Jmen-Zns≥

XW-en¬ hf-cp∂ ]msØbpw Cu \mS-I-Ønse angn-hp‰ IYm-]m-X-ß-fmWv.

samU-yqƒ 4

Ata-N-z¿, s]m -j-W¬ \mS-I-ßƒ

Ata-N-z¿ \mS-I-]-ÿm\w DZm-Øhpw i‡hpw Iem-kp- -K-hp-amWv temI \mS-I-th-Zn-

bn¬. Hcp \yq\ ]£-Øns‚ ]n≥ _e-tØm-sS, -k-l-I-c-W-tØmsS ]q¿ÆX t\Sn apt∂-dp∂

\mSI ]h¿Ø-I-\mWv Ata-N-z¿ Iem-Im-c≥. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Pn. i¶-c-∏-f-fsb DØ-c-Øn¬

hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

]s£ ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ "Ata-N-z¿ " F∂Xv sX‰mb coXn-bn-emWv ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-

´-Xv. A]-I-z-amb Iem-]-c-ambn Xmgv∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-ff Ae-k-∑m-cpsS Iq´m-bva-bn¬

]nd-∂, ]mfn-®-I-tf-sd-bp-ff F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n A¿∞-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. s]mXp-P-\-

]oXn e£-y-am°n Na-®n-´p-ffX√m-ØXpw hcpw ImeØv Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sm-\n-cn-°p∂

Iem-aq-e-y-ap-ff\mS-I-ß-fmWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Ata-N-z¿ \S-I-ßƒ. kmº-ØnI ]cn-K-W\

Ch e£-y-am-°p-∂n-√.

s]m -j-W¬ \mS-I-ßƒ°pw CØc-Øn¬ sX‰mb A¿∞-I-ev]-\-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬

G¬t°≠n h∂n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Iebpw ]tbmK NmXp-cnbpw AX-y¥w i≤-tbmsS

\n¿∆-ln-®n-cn-°p∂ \mS-I-ß-fmWv Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Zo¿L-\m-fsØ A -ym-kw, th≠p-

thmfw ]h¿Ø\ ]cn-Nbw ]q¿Æ-ambpw B sXmgn-en¬ apgp-In-bp-ff Pohn-Xw, AXn¬ \n∂p

Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hcp-am-\w, XpS¿®-bmb ]h¿Ø\ coXn, _lp-P-\-ßƒ°v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂

Xe-Øn-ep-ff A®-S-°hpw Nn´bpw F∂n-ßs\ A\-h[n LS-I-ßƒ tN¿∂-XmWv s]m -j-W-

ens‚ Iem-am-[-y-a-]-h¿Ø-\w, tXm∏n¬ mkn, sI.-Sn. apl-a-aZv, F≥.-F≥. ]nff XpS-MvMnb ]K-

\-√msX ÿnc-ambn Hcp ÿeØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp∂ kwhn-[m\w tIc-f-Øn-en-√.

Ip´n-I-fpsS cwK-thZn

Ip´n-I-fpsS k¿h-tZm-∑pJ hnI-k\w e£yw sh®p-sIm≠v hf¿∂p-h-∂-XmWv Ip´n-I-

fpsS cwK-th-Zn. Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp-ff \mS-I-ßƒ Ip´n-Iƒ amXw IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-b-tXm,

Ip´n-Ifpw apXn¿∂-hcpw IqSn-bp-f-f-tXm, apXn¿∂-h-cp-sS- mKw Ip´n-Iƒ A`n-\-bn-°p-∂tXm BImw.

]t£ Ip´n-Iƒ°v a\- n-em-Ip-∂XmhWw \mSIw. irwKm-c-sam-gn-sI-bp-ff ck-ßƒ°v ÿm\-

ap-f-fXpw _me-a-\- p-I-sf- kw-kv°-cn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-hp-f-f-XpamI-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS temI-tØbv°v

efn-X-ambn B\-µ-tØmsS IS∂p sN√m-hp∂ IYm-]m-X-ßfpw CXnhr-Øhp-amWv ChnsS][m-

\w. Ip´n-Iƒ°p ckn-°-Ww, Nn¥-bpsS Awi-ßƒ Iem-]-c-ambn ebn®p tN¿°n-cn-°-Ww.

SmtKm-dns‚ "X]m-em-∏okv" F∂ \mSIw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Ip -a-Øns‚ _me-tKm-]m-e-\mWv BZy _me-\m-S-I-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

]s£ CXnse A`n-t\-Xm-°fpw t]£-Icpw apXn¿∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ°v amXw a\ n-em-

Ip∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]ta-b-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ -_m-e-tKm-]m-e-\n¬. ssI\n-°c ]fl-\m- -∏n-f-f-bpsS "Zcn-

Z-\m-cm-b-W≥ F.-]n.-]n. \ºq-Xn-cn-bp-aS "Im_q-fn-hme" XpS-ßnb \mS-I-ßƒ _me-\m-S-I-ß-fm-

Wv. F∂m¬ Ip´n-I-ƒ°pth≠n Fgp-X-s∏´ \mS-I-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp "Nn¬U≥kv

Xntb‰¿ ]ÿm\w" apºv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn- n-√.

Ip´n-Iƒs°mcp cwK-thZn ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZ-y-ambn AX-cn-∏n-®Xv Pn. i¶-c-∏n-f-f-bm-Wv.

Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n Xm≥ Fgp-Xnb \mS-I-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv "cwK-]- mXv

""Fs∂mcp \mSI thZn°v At±lw cq]w sImSp-Øp. Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-`-y-k-Ønepw

Iem-]-h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Hcp k¿§m-flI CSs]-S¬ XnI®pw Kmao-W-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ hnI-

kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°pI F∂ eIvj-y-tØm-sS-bmWv 1970 ¬ cwK-]- mXv Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. IZw_w, Ifcn,

Ifw F∂n-ßs\ aq∂v Xc-Øn-emWv "cwK-]-`mXn" s‚ ]h¿Ø\w Iao-I-cn -®-Xv.

Ip´n-Iƒ/Ipam-c¿/apXn¿∂h¿ F∂n-ßs\ ]mb-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv th¿Xn-cn-hv. \mS≥

Ie-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-ff ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-hn-sS. Pn. i¶-c-∏n-f-f-bpsS an° \mS-

I-ß-fnepw IY ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ Hcp apØ-»n-bp-≠v. Kpcp Z£n-W, s]m∂pw-Ip-Sw, ]pjv]-In-

co-Sw, a±-f-ßƒ,- \n-g¬, \n[nbpw \oXn-bpw, NnX-i-e- -ßƒ, Hcp Iq´w Ddp-ºp-Iƒ, th\-en¬

hncn™ ]qhv, DΩm°n F∂o \mS-I-ßƒ cwK-]- mXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. Ip´n-I-fpsS \mS-I-ß-

fpsS Ah-X-cWw amX-a√ ]T-\hpw ChnsS \S∂p hcp-∂p.

Imk¿tKmUv tKm]n Ip‰n-t°m¬ t\Xr-Xzw sImSp-°p∂ "k¨tU Xntb-‰dpw" IÆq-

cnse ]Shv Inth-‰ohv Xntb-‰dpw hn√-ym-∏-f-fn-bnse at\mPv \mcm-b-Ws‚ "Ip´n-I-fpsS hoSv" sI.-

F-kv. hm-kp-tZ-h≥ t\Xr-Xzw sImSp-°p∂ tImgn-t°ms´ kv°qƒ Xntb-‰¿, Xr»q-cnse cwK-tN-

X-\-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\w, sIm®n-bnse Nn¬U≥kv Xntb-‰¿, cnXp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ kplrZv \mS-I-

thZn Xpßn-b-hbpw Ip´n-I-fpsS \mS-I-thZn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ KW-\o-b-amb kw`m-h-\-

Iƒ \evIn-b-h-bm-Wv.

kvXo]£ \mS-I-thZn

ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS BZ-y-L-´-Øn¬ Ip´n-°p™p X¶®n ( A⁄m-X-hm-kw)

tXm -°mSv C°mhΩ (kp- Zm¿÷p-\w) efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w (km-hn-Xn AYhm hn[hm

hnhmlw) kc-k-z-Xn-bΩ (tZ-h- q-Xn) XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS \mS-I-ßfpw Hcp Iq´w \ºp-Xncn kvIoIƒ

FgpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n® " sXmgn¬ tIµ-Øn-tebv°v " F∂ \mS-Ibpw it≤-b-am-Wv. F¶ncpw 1980

Iƒ hsc-bp-ff Ime-L-´-Øn¬-A-`n-\-bn-°p-∂-h¿ F∂ ÿm\w Xs∂-bmWv kvXo

°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

tIc-f-Øn¬ kvXohn-tam-N\ ]ÿm\w Bhn¿ -hn-®-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv kvXo \mS-I-thZn

sb∂ k¶ev]w kPo-h-am-b-Xv. imkvX kmln-Xy ]co-j-Øns‚ h\n-Xm-hn- m-Khpw am\pjn

(]- m-ºn) kaX (Xr-»q¿), t_m[-\, tNX\ XpS-ßnb kvXo ]ÿm-\-ßfpw kvXo ]iv\-ßsf

ap≥ \n¿Øn 80 Ifn¬ [m#mfw sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m#m-bn. ]c-ip-]p-cw,

koX, Rm≥ kvXo, `mcX Z¿i\w XpS-ßnb \mS-I-ßi it≤b-ß-fm-Wv. kmdm tPmk- v,

]n.F Djm-Ip-amcn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu cwKØv ]h¿Øn-®-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ ChnsS kvXo ]iv\-

ßƒ ]d-bp∂ \mS-I-ßƒ tIhew sXcphp \mS-I-ßƒ amX-ambn HXp-ßp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

Kuc-h-amb kvXo]£ CS-s]-S¬ cwKm-hn-jv°mc cwKØv \S-°p-∂Xv 1980 IfpsS Ah-

km-\-Øn-em-Wv. \ne-\n¬°p∂ \mSI IYm-]m-X-ß-fnse ]pcp-j\p Np‰pw \oßp∂ kvXo

F∂ ]Xnhp coXnsb am‰n adn-°m≥ kvXo \mSI cN-bn-Xm-°fpw as‰mcp A`n-\b kº-Zm-

bhpw ssienbpapff \mS-Im-h-X-cWw sIm≠p-h-cm≥ kvXo kwhn-[m-b-Icpw ian-°p-I-bp-≠m-

bn. 1980 Ifn¬ ae-bmf \mSI thZn-bn¬ kvXo hntam-N\ ]h¿Ø-I-cmbn IS-∂p-h∂ kvXoI-

fpw, \mS-I-°-fcn ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ mK-ambn \mS-I-°-f-cn-bn-eqsSbpw kv°qƒ Hm v Uma-bn-eq-

sSbpw \mS-IsØ ASp-Ø-dn™ kvXoIfpw tN¿∂v 1992 ¬ kvXo \mSI ]Wn-∏pc kwL-Sn-∏n-

°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CXv kvXo \mSI thZnsb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ klm-bn-®p.

1994 emWv "A`n-t\Xn" F∂ kvXo \mSI kwLw cq]o-I-cn-®-Xv. kPnX aT-Ønepw kn.-

]n.-kp-[n-bp-amWv CXns‚ inev]n-Iƒ. "Nnd-I-Sn-sbm-®-Iƒ" F∂ \mSIw Ah¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv C. cmtP-i-z-cn-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ " \nco£" cq]o-I-cn-®-Xv.

sshtem-∏n-f-fn-bpsS IpSn-sbm-gn-°-ens≥ kvXo ]£m-hn-X-c-Whpw ]hm-NI F∂ \mS-Ihpw

\nco£ it≤-b-ambn Ah-X -cn -∏n -®p. kn. -F-kv . NµnI (ta -[m -Xn -tb-t‰ -g vkv)

tcJm-cmPv (Z-fnXv hna≥ skmssk-‰n) F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-X-y-Ønepw kPo-h-amb \mSI ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ \S-∂n- p-≠v.

i‡-cmb [mcmfw kvXo \mSI ]h¿Ø-I¿ C∂v tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. sI.hn ioP

(te-_¿ dqw, Ie-ym-W-km-cn) ssieP Fkv. ioeX (tZh ine-Iƒ) XpS-ßn-b-h≥ kvXo \mS-I-

th-Zn-sb ]pXnb Xe-Øntebvs°-Øn-°m\pff ia-ßƒ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p.

tdUntbm \mS-I-ßƒ

tÃPn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ \mS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v XnI®pw hy-X-y-kvX-amb \mSI hn`m-K-amWv

tdUntbm \mS-I-ßƒ. CXn¬ t]£-I-cpsS ÿm\Øv timXm-°-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. Xn-tb-‰-dn-en-cp∂v

\mSIw ImWp∂ ]XoXn Ah¿°p In -Ww. CS-X-S-hn-√msX IYm-KXn a\ nemI-Ww. Bhn-

jvv°m-cßfn¬ ]¶psImffm≥ km[n°pamdm°Ww Cu khntijamb kmlNcykz`mØn¬

thcq∂nbmWv tdUntbm \mSIßƒ cNn°s∏Sp∂Xv.

\mSIIyØv, \So\S∑m¿, t]£I¿ F∂ XnXzØn¬ \mSIIrØn\v a‰p

c≠pLSIßfpsSbpw klIcWw ]q¿W Afhn¬ In´n√. tÃPns‚ kuIcyßfpw e`ya√.

AXpsIm≠v \mSIIrØns‚ NpaXeIƒ IqSp∂Xmbn ImWmw. F√m ]cnanXnIsfbpw

]cnlcn°m≥ ChnsS Iq´mbn hcp∂Xv hm°pIfmWv. IY \S°p∂ cwKw IYm]mXßfpsS

]tXyIXIƒ AhcpsS mhhyXymkßƒ Chsb√mw hm°pIfneqsS hc®nSWw. \mSIcN\

timXmhns‚ ho£W KXnbn¬ IqSn thWw \SØm≥.

tdUntbm \mSIØn\v ]cnanXnIfps≠¶nepw Ahsb AXnPohn°m≥ t]m∂

kzmX¥yhpap≠v. ChnsS timXm°fpsS hnImckm≤yXbpff `mh\m kºØv apS°p

apXembn e`n°p∂p. Hcp tÃPnepw en∏n°m≥ km[ya√mØ ]eXpw ChnsS \njv]bmkw

AhXcn∏n°m≥ Ignbpw. HmSnt∏mIp∂ Xoh≠nbn¬ H∂mw cwKhpw ]d∂p t]mIp∂ hnam-

\-Øn¬ c≠mw cwKhpw ChnsS AhXcn∏n°m≥ Ignbpw.

h¿Wi_fambthjhn[m\hpw cwKk÷oIcWßfpw D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\p ]Icw

i_vZßfpsS hn]peamb temIw e`n°p∂p. A¥co£w Nabv°m≥ h¿Wßƒs°∂t]mse

i_vZßƒ°pw Ignhp≠v. kpin£nXamb i_vZhyXymkw sIm≠v hfsc akrWamb

hnImcßƒ t]mepw hyRvPn∏n°m≥ Ignbpw. Hcp KZvKZØn\v, Hcp t\cnb aqfen\v Hcp

s\Spho¿∏n\v F√mw ChnsS ÿm\ap≠v.

tdUntbm \mSIßƒ FgpXptºmƒ Nne Imcyßƒ i≤nt°≠Xp≠v. AcaWn°qdn¬

sshhn[yhpap≠mbncn°Ww. hfsc sI´p ]nWbmØ IYIfmWv tdUotbmbn¬ hnPbn°pI.

timXmhns‚ a\ n¬ NnXßƒ ]Icp∂ kw`mjcoXnbmWv DØaw. \mSIØns‚ Bcw`w

timXm°sf ]nSn®cncpØm≥ t]m∂Xmbncn°Ww.

aebmfØnse ]kn≤cmb \mSIIrØp°sf√mw Xs∂ tdUntbm \mSIßƒ

cNn®n´p≠v. kn. sP. tXma ns‚ v "B a\pjy≥ \o Xs∂" tdUntbmbv°pth≠n FgpXnbXmWv.

At±lØns‚ "iteman" hfsc ]kn≤amb tdUntbm \mSIamWv. Xnt°mSnb≥, hmkp]Zo]v

XpSßnbhsc√mw tdUntbm \mSIßƒ FgpXnbn´p≠v. temI]kn≤ßfmb \nch[n

t\mhepIfpw IYIfpw \mSIßfpw tdUntbm \mSIcq]Øn¬ AhXcn∏n°s∏´n´p≠v.

kvInv‰v, tamtWm BIvSv, ananIn.

\mSItØmSv kmZyiyw ]pe¿Øp∂ ZriyIemcq]WßfmWv kvIn‰v, tamtWm BIvSv,

ananIn F∂nh. lmkymflIhpw lkzhpamb \mSIobmJym\amWv. kvIn‰pIƒ, kaImenI

kw`hßƒ lmkyØns‚ tasºmSntbmsS AhXcn∏n°p∂ kIn‰pIfpsS e£yw

Nncn∏n°pIbpw Nn¥n∏n°pIbpw sNøpI F∂XmWv.

GImwKm`n\bamWv tamtWm BIvSv `mhmhnjvImcØn\pw kw`mjØn\pamWnhnsS

]m[m\yw. H∂n¬°qSpX¬ IYm]mXßsf A`nt\Xmhv H‰bv°v BhnjvIcn°p∂p.

BapJambn, Bhnjv°m\pt±in°p∂ kw`hsØ (IYsb) hy‡am°p∂p.

Ahkm\ØnemIs´ [m¿anIamb Hcp ktµiw Dƒs°m≈n®p≠mIpw. ananIn A\pIcWamWv.

i_vZhpw mhlmhmZnIfpw ChnsS A\pIcn°s∏Sp∂p. cmjvSob°m¿, kn\nam \So\S∑m¿

XpSßnb P\]nb hy‡nIsf A\pIcn°p∂XneqsS ananIn C∂v P\]nbIebmWv. kmaqly

hna¿i\sa∂ coXnbnepw ananIn C∂v ]m[m\yw t\Snbn´p≠v.

]n.Fw. XmPv (1956˛1990)

"tIcfØnse k vZ¿livan "F∂v hntijn∏n°s∏´ \mIIyØmWv ]n.Fw.XmPv \S≥,

Xncn°YmIrØv F∂o \neIfnepw ]ikvX≥. XmPns\ Gsd it≤b\m°nb \mSIw

ASnb¥cmhÿsbØpS¿s∂gpXnb "s]cpºd' (1977) BWv. ASnÿm\ P\hn`mKØns‚

hymIpeXIfpsSbpw ]Xntj[Øns‚bpw i‡amb hnfw_cambncp∂p Cu \mSIw.

kqX[mc\n¬ XpSßn Ht´sd [oc\qX\ ]co£Wßƒ Cu I∂n \mSIØnep≠mbncp∂p.

XpS¿∂p h∂ "I\em´w" s_lvXns‚bpw tKmt´mhvkvInbpsSbpw \mSIkt¶XßtfmSv

Bfl_‘w ]pe¿Øp∂hbmWv cmhpÆn, IpSp° AYhm hni°p∂hs‚ v thZm¥w, ]mhØm≥

\mSv, Xeÿm\Øp \n∂v Hcphm¿Øbpan√, tacntemd≥kv, IpSn∏I, I¨sI´v, kzImcyw

F∂nhbpw XmPns‚ it≤bßfmb cN\IfmWv. ]´nWnbmWv PohnXØns‚ ASnÿm\

]iv\ßfnsem∂v F∂mWv IpSp° shfns∏SpØp∂Xv.

sXcphp \mSIßfpsS i‡nbpw kuµcyhpw aebmf \mSIØn¬ HmPt msS At±lw

]I¿Øn. k^vZ¿livanbpsS Ht´sd sXcphp\mSIßƒ tIcfØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\v

At±lw t\XrXzw sImSpØp. "I\em´' Øn\v tIcf kwKoX\mSI A°mZan ]qckvImcw

e`n®p.

cmhpÆn

aebmfØnse IcpØp‰ cmjSob \mSIßfnsem∂mWv ISs°Wnbn¬ IpSpßn

\cIn°p∂hs‚ IY ]dbp∂ cmhpÆn. tXm¬°psa∂dn™n´pw PohnXsØ Xncn®p]nSn°m≥

ian°p∂ km[mcW°mcs‚ v IYbmWnXv. cmhpÆn FXn¿°p∂Xv. Hcp hy‡nsb A√,

AØcw hy‡nIfpsS kyjvSn°pImcWamIp∂ AhÿIsfbmWv.BtKmfhXv°cWØns\Xnsc,

kmºØnIhpw kmaqlnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb ASn®a¿ØepIƒs°Xnsc,

\Kchev°cWØns\Xnsc XpSßn F√m IS∂pIb‰ßƒ°psaXnsc, \nXm¥ PmKX

]pe¿Øm\pff ktµiamWv cmhpÆnbn¬ apgßp∂Xv.

Irjn°mc\v qan aÆpamXa√, Bflmhnjv°mcØns‚ CSw IqSnbmWv. Xm≥ A[zm\n®v

s]m∂phnfbn® Iyjn`qan as‰mcph\v ]Wbs∏´Xmbncp∂p F∂dnbp∂ cmhpÆn ""kz¥w

asÆt∂m¿Øv BtcmKyw IpØnsbmen∏n°ptºm"" \o It≠m\v ]Wbs∏´Xmbncpt∂m

]pebnSn®o F∂v BtImin°p∂p≠v.

ISsa∂ IS∏mSv Hcmbp[ambn kzoIcn°ph\mWv cmhpÆn. ISw hmßp∂h≥ ISw

sImSp∂ph\v ISs∏Sp∂p. IS°mc≥ AXp Xncn®psImSp°mXmhptºmƒ AXp Xncn®p ]nSn°pI

ISw sImSpØhs‚ BhiyamIp∂p. Cu BhiysØbmWv Xs‚ ]Xntj[Øns‚

Ip¥ap\bmbn cmhpÆn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcn-°epw Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-\√ F∂ \nKpU Nn¥-

tbmsS ISw hmßp-∂-h¿, ISw sImSp-°p-∂-hsc tXmev]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ""KXn-tI-Sp-

sIm≠v IS-°m-c-\m-hm≥ GXp ][m-\-a-¥n°pw Ign-bpw. Cu cmhp-Æn°v ISw Hcp ]Xn-Im-cam''

F∂v cmhpÆn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

cmhp -Æn -bpsS sNbvXn -I -tfm -tcm∂pw Abm-fpsS \n w -K -X -t]mepw

A[oii-‡n-I-tfm-Sp-ff ITn-\-amb FXn¿∏n¬ \n∂v Dbn¿sIm-f-fp-∂-Xm-Wv. CtX Nqf-bn¬

Xs∂ Xs‚ aI-t\bpw t]c-°p- n-tbbpw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp°m≥ Abmƒ ian-°p-∂p.

IS-∂p-I-b-‰sØ AXv GXp Xe-Øn-ep-ffXmbmepw ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p∂ H‰-bm≥ ]´m-f-am-

Wn-Xnse \mbI≥. AØ-c-samcp DW¿∆n-te-°p- t]-£-Isc B\-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ImWn-

Iƒ ImWnIƒ amX-ambn Ccn-°msX Ah¿ cN-\sb Ahm-ln®p ^en-∏n-°m≥ Ign-hp-f-f-h¿

IqSn-bm-hWw F∂ \nKq-U-e-£yw XmPns‚ \mS-I-ß-fn-epS-\ofw ImWmw.

Iy-X-l-kvX-\mb Hcp Fgp-Øp-Imcs‚ ]h-N\ kz- m-hw, XnI™ ap≥ImgvN cmhpÆn

F∂ \mS-I-Øn¬ ]I-S-am-Wv. sF. Fw. F^n\pw a‰pw Hmtcm C¥y-°m-c\pw ho´n-bm¬ XocmØ

IS-°m-c-\m-bn-Xo¿∂ ]nev°me Ahÿbv°v FXtbm apºp Xs∂ ssI∏-‰mØ kwJ-ybv°v

IS-_m-[n-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ cmhp-Æn-bn-eq-sS XmPv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu ap≥Im-gvN-bpsS

sXfn-hm-Wv.

A∏-a-cw (Un. ]mWn)

Ip´n-I-fpsS \mS-I-amWv A∏-a-cw. ZWvU-]m-Wn-bmWv Cu \mSIw cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´n-

I-fpsS \mS-I-Øn-\p-th≠ F√m KpW-K-W-ßfpw XnI™ Hcp \mS-I-am-Wn-Xv. Ip´n-I-tfmSv kwh-

Zn-°p-∂, Ah¿°njvSs∏Sp∂XmWv CXnse ]ta-bw. Ip´n-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv IYm-]m-X-ß-fpw.- Ip-

´n-Iƒ XΩn¬ Ifnbpw Ii-]n-ibpw \S-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ Imtcm-e-∏Øns‚ kzm-Zn-jvT-amb aWw

hcp-∂Xpw DÆm F∂ IYm-]mXw A∏w Imbv°p∂ ac-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂-Xp-amWv \mS-I-

Ønsv XpS-°w. A∏-a-c-Øn-eqsS Ah¿ s]m´n-∏n-im-Nns‚ IY-bn-se-Øp-∂p. AsXmcp \mS-I-am-

bn-°-fn-°m-sa-∂-h¿ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS H∂mw cwKw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.

Ip´n-Isf A∏w Im´n-a-b°n Ah-cpsS tNmc-bpw amw-khpw Xn∂p∂h-fmWv

s]m´n-∏n-im-Nv. A∏w Ipgn-®n v \mtfbv°p hf¿∂p h∂n-s√-¶n¬ "sImßWw IØn-sIm≠v H∂v

cs≠m∂v c≠v" F∂v ]d™v DÆn B acsØ hf¿Øn hep-Xm°n \ndsb Imbv®p-\n¬°p∂

ac-am-°p-∂p. AhnsS \n∂v ]nimNv Ahs\ ]nSn-®p-sIm≠v t]mhp-Ibpw tNmcbpw amwkhpsaSp-

°m≥ Xsv aIsf Gev]n®v Ipfn-°m≥ t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B ka-bØv aIsf sIm∂v tNmc-

sb-Sp-Øp-sh®v Hfn-®n-cp∂ DÆn, ]nimNv AsX-SpØp IpSn-®-t∏mƒ AXv ]nim-Nns‚ aI-fp-tS-Xp-

Xs∂bmsW∂p ]d™v "Xs‚ aIsf Xm≥ Xo\n' F∂v Ifn-bm-°p-∂p. k¶-Shpw tZj-yhpw

kln-°m-\m-hmsX DÆnsb hI-h-cp-Øm-\mbn h∂ ]nimNns\ apfIps]mSnsbdn™v B \m´n¬

\n∂p-Xs∂ HmSn-°p-I-bmWv DÆnbpw Iq´p-Im-cpw.

tIc-f-Ønse F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Adnbm-hp∂ Hcp apØp»n°Y-bmWv Cu \mS-I-Ønn-

\mbn ]mWn sXcs™SpØncn°p∂Xv. Bdv cwKßfmbn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu \mSIw H´pw

ckw tNmcmsX Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ km[n-®p. Xn∑-bpsS ta¬ \∑ t\Sp∂ hnPbw ChnsS ImWmw.

sXmgn¬tI-µ-Øn-te°v (1948)

\ºq-Xncn kvXoIƒ Ip -ambn FgpXn Ah¿ Xs∂ A`n-\-bn® \mS-I-amWv sXmgn¬

tIµ-Øn-te-°v.. A¥¿÷-\-ßƒ°p th≠n t_m[-]q¿∆w BZyw \S-Ønb Iem-]-I-S-\-am-

WnXv. ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-X-z-Øns‚ t\¿°mWv Cu \mSIw ssI Hmßn-b-Xv. tIc-f-Øn¬ 1948 Iƒ

hsc \o≠p \n∂ BZ-y-Ime kvXo ]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS kzm-[o\w Cu cN\-bn¬ ImWm-\m-hpw.

\ºq-Xncn kvXoIƒ°mbn kvs]j¬ kvIqƒ, _men-Im-k-Z-\w, Ah¿°n-S-bnse sNdp-∏-°m-cn-

Iƒ°pw ]mbw sN∂ kvXoIƒ°pw tlmÃ-en¬ kuI-cyw F∂nh \¬In e°n-Sn-b¬

Bcw- n® sXmgn¬ tIµw s\bvØn¬ ]cn-io-e-\hpw \¬In. Cu c≠p tIµ-ßfpw \ºq-Xncn

kvXoI-fn¬ Ht´sd am‰-ßƒ D≠m-°n. Ah-cpsS Nn¥-I-fn¬ Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ kz-X-¥yt_m[w

hf¿Øn. ]pXn-b, amdnb kvXosb Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ hnZ-ym-k-º-∂-cmb ]pc-j-∑m¿°v

Bhp-∂n√ F∂ Xcn-®-dnhv Cu \Sm-I-Øn-ep-S-\ofw ImWmw. cwKw Bdnse NqSp-]n-Sn®

N¿®I-fn¬ tZhIn IpSpw-_-Øn-\-IØv A\p- -hn-°p∂ AkzÿX hy-‡-ambn ImWmw.

]´p-km-cn-bnepw ]In- p-ff B -c-W-Ønepw apßn-°p-fn®p \n¬°m≥ amXta tZh-In-°-

\p-hm-Z-ap≈q. kz¥w _p≤n-bp-sSbpw lrZ-b-Øns‚bpw Bh-i-y-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-hm≥ Ah¿°-[n-

Im-c-an-√. izmkw ap´n-°p∂ Cu Akzm-X-¥-yßtfmSv kacw sNbvXm¬ amXta X\nbv°p

hnim-e-X-bn-te°p hf-cm≥ Ign-bq F∂v tZh-In°p tXm∂n. Aßs\ `¿Øm-hn-s\bpw

Xd-hm-Sn-s\bpw shSn™v kzm-X-¥-ysØ `¿Øm-hmbpw sXmgn¬tIµsØ Xd-hm-Smbpw

kzo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Cu \mS-IØnsØ G‰-hp-a-[nIw it≤-b-am-°p-∂Xv \mSIw ]pXnb kvXobpsS am\-

knI kwL¿j-ßƒ i‡-ambn NnXo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ kzm-X-¥-ysØ l\n-°p∂ IpSpw-_m-

¥-co-£sØ tNmZyw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. kvXoIƒ°m-bp-ff s]mXp CS-ßƒ,

kvXoIƒ ap≥I-sø-SpØp \S-Øp∂ ka-c-ßƒ F∂nh \mS-I-Øns‚ v mK-am-bn. tZh-tk-\sb

hnhm-l-Øns‚ v t]cn¬ hnev°m≥ ian-°p-tºmƒ ]Xn-I-cn-°m\pw Ahsf ho´n¬ \n∂v c£n®v

sXmgn¬ tIµ-ØnseØn°m\pw ap≥I-sø-Sp-°p-∂Xpw kvXoIƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. kz¥w PohnXw

\n¿Æ-bn-°m\pw Xs‚ ktl-Zm-Z-cn-amsc kwL¿j- -cn-X-amb kvXo hncp≤ Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂v

c£n-°m\pw X° Ign-hp-ff kvXoI-sf-bmWv ]m¿∆-Xn-bnepw tZh-In-bnepw ImWm-\m-hp-I.

A¥¿P\ kamPw ]km-[\w sNbvX Cu \mS-I-Øn\v Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xn-bXv Fw.-kn. \ºq-

Xncn∏mSm-Wv. ]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ v ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb kvXoIƒ XΩnepw ]g-b-Im-esØ kvXoIfpw

hnZ-ym-k-º-∂-cmb ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbpw XΩnepw Ht´sS N¿®-Iƒ cwKw H∂nepw c≠nepw \S-

°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-sb√mw \ºq-Xncn kvXobpsS Pnhn-X-Øns‚ ]pXnb kwL¿j-ßƒ shfn-hm-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv. kzm- m-hn-I-amb IYm-]mX hf¿® tZh-I-bn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

kn≤-∏q-cn-te°pw kn¿kn-bn-bn-te°pw s]¨Ip- n-Isf hnev°p-∂-Xns\ sNm√n Db¿∂

H®-∏m- p-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv Cu \mSIw cNn-°-s∏- -Xv. Cu \mS-I-Øns‚ vas‰mcp ]tX-

y-IX kmaq-ly ]cn-jvI-c-Wm-h-i-y-Øn¬ amXw HXpßn \nev°msX ,kvXo ]iv\-ß-fp-ambn

_‘s∏´ h¿K-]-chpw enwK-]-c-hp-amb hnj-b-Øn-te°pw CXv hf-cp-∂p≠v F∂-Xm-Wv.

ka-Xew (ap-√n-s\gn (1948˛ 2012)

Ihn Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hv, \S≥, \mI-I-yØv F∂o \ne-I-fn-se√mw ]i-kvX-\mb hy-‡nbmWv

ap√-t\gn \mcm-b-W≥ \ºq-X-cn. tIc-f-im-kvX-km-ln-Xy ]cn-j-Øns‚ imkvX-Iem PmY-bpsS

\nc-h[n thZn-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® \mS-I-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ ka-Xew (1993) F∂ eLp-\m-S-Iw.

ka-Xew Dƒs∏sS IÆ-S, kqc-ym-b\w, FS-b≥, ihw achpw a\p-j-y\pw F∂n-ßs\ Bdp

eLp \mS-I-ß-fp-sSb kam-lm-c-amWv ka-X-ew. kaq-l-Øn¬ Aßn-ßmbn Db¿∂p \n¬°p∂

Ip∂-pIƒ X´n-\-cn-∏m°n ka-X-eßƒ ky-jvSn-°m-\m-l-zm\w sNøp-∂-XmWv "ka-Xew" F∂ \mS-

Iw. ]¿∆-X-ßsf \o°w sNbvX hnUvVn-bmb hy-≤s\°pdn-®p-ff ssN\okv IY-bpsS kzm-

[o\w ChnsS ImWmw.

]t_m-[-\m-fl-I-amb Hcp \mS-I-am-Wn-Xv. A, C, D bphmhv F∂o hgn-t]m-°cpw Hcp

hr≤\pw Hcp Ip´n-bp-amWv CXnse IYm-]m-X-ßƒ, Db¿®-Xm-gvN-I-fp-ff `q`m-K-Z-y-iyw

kpµcamsW¶nepw AØcsamcp kaqlZriyw H´pw kpµ-c-a-√. kaq-lsØ ka-X-z-kp-µ-c-am°n

Xo¿°pI F∂ ]InbbmWv ]XoImflIambn ChnsS \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ CS-

s]-S-tem-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv \mSIw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂-Xv. hy-≤≥ ae-I-sf√mw sImØn \nc-∏m-°p-∂p.

A, C, D, bphmhv F∂o hgn-t]m-°-cn¬ Nne¿ hy-≤s‚ ]h-y-Øn-Iƒ i≤n®pw Nne¿ i≤n-°m-

sXbpw B ]h-y-Øn-bn¬ CS-s]-SmsX t]mIp-∂p. kmaq-l-y-am-‰-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-hm-Ø,

\njvInbcmbncn°p∂ Hcp henb hn`m-KsØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂hcm-W-h¿, F∂m¬ Hcp

Ip´n hy-≤s‚ ]h-y-Øn-I-fn¬ Xmev]-cyw tXm∂n At±-lsØ klm-bn-°m-s\-Øp-∂p. ka-X-z-

kp-µ-c-amb kz-]v\-ßƒ°v mhn-bp≠v F∂mWv Cu IYm-]m-X-Øn-eqsS \mS-I-I-yØv hy-‡m-°p-

∂-Xv. ae-bmb ae-sbms° amdp-∂Xpw ka-\n-c-∏mb qan-bn¬ shf-f-∏q-°ƒ hncn-bp-∂Xpw kz]v\w

ImWp∂ hy-≤≥ am\-h-cm-in-bpsS acn-°mØ ip`m-]vXn-hn-i-zm-kØns‚bpw kwL-t_m-[-

Øns‚bpw ]Xo-I-am-Wv.

a\p-j-y\v am‰m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xmbn H∂p-an√ F∂v Cu \mSIw kwi-b-c-ln-X-ambn ka¿∞n-

°p-∂p.

A[n-I-hm-b-\-bv°p-ff ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

Kma-]-Imiv tUm. F≥. B¿ : tIc-fØnse t_m[\ \mS-I-thZn

\mSIw ]mThpw ]tbm-K-hpw.

]X-y-b-im-kvXhpw \mS-I-hpw.

Nµ-ti-J-c≥ \mb¿, ssh°w. : ]mNo\ \mS-I-Øn-eqs-S Hcp ]c-y-S\w

cwK ]th-iw.

tXma-kv. kn.sP. : Db-cp∂ bh-\n-I.

\mcm-b-W≥ Im´pamSw : ae-bmf \mSI ]ÿm-\w.

skmt^m-Ivfo- n-s\mcp apJ-hp-c.

]n.sI. ]c-ta-i-z-c≥

kvamcI KŸm-hen : \mS-I-]T\-ßƒ.

]nf-f. F≥. F≥. : \mSI Z¿∏-Ww

I¿´≥

`mkn, aS-hq¿ : ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS IY

cmP≥ Xncp-thm-Øv. : \mSIw Ncn-Øns‚ IÆn¬

hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]nff tUm. hbem : Ac-ßns‚ A¿∞ Xe-ßƒ

cwK`mj

kqX-[mcm FXn-te..............-F-Xnte ?

i¶-c-]n-≈. Pn. : \mSI Z¿i\w

ae-bmf \mSI kmln-X-y-N-cnXw

Pn. i¶-c-]n-f-f-bpsS teJ-\-ßƒ.

i¶pÆn \mb¿ Fw.-]n. : \mS-y-a-WvU-]w.

ioI-WvT≥ \mb¿ : \mSpw \mS-I-hpw.

kPnX aT-Øn¬ : ae-bmf \mSI kvXoN-cnXw

kn.sP. kvamcI ]kw-K-k-anXn : \mSIw Hcp ]T-\w.

]T-\-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv.

tUm. kPnX Ingn-\n-∏p-d-Øv.

Akn. s]m -k¿

ae-bmf hn`mKw

Kh. B¿Svkv kb≥kv tImtfPv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

amXrIm tNmZ-y-ßƒ I

I F√m tNmZ-y-ßƒ°pw DØcw Fgp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n\pw shb-t‰Pv 1/4:

A . H‰-hm-°n¬ DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.

1. t]mb-‰n-Inkv cNn-®Xv BcmWv ?

2. I¿j-I-kw-L-Øn-\p-th≠n sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ Fgp-Xnb \mS-I-taXv?

3. \mS-y-imkvXw BcmWv cNn-®Xv ?

4. \mS-I-]-th-InI F∂ KŸ-Øns‚ I¿Ømhv Bcm-Wv.?

B. _m°-‰n¬ \n∂pw icn-bp-Øcw FSp-sØ-gp-XpI

5. sXøw GXp hn`m-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ Ie-bmWv ?

(A\p-jvTm-\w, Ivfmkn-Iv, bYm-X-Yw)

6. kwKo-X-ss\-j[w cNn-®Xv BcmWv ?

( sI.-kn. tIi-h-]n-f-f, Sn.-kn. AN-yq-ta-t\m≥, sIc-f-h¿Ω)

7. ]l-k-\-sa-gpXn ]ikvXn t\Snb hy‡n

(C.-hn. Iy-jvW-]n-f-f, F≥. Iy-jvW-]n-f-f, F≥.-F≥. ]nf-f)

8. X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \mSIw

(A-h-\-h≥I-S-º, 1128 ¬ ssIw 27, Nhn- p-\m-S-Iw)

C. ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.

9. adn-bmΩm \mSIw cNn-®-Xv.............................-BWv

10. ap≥jn cma-Ip-dp∏v Fgp-Xnb Bt£-]-lm-k-y-\m-S-I-am-Wv...................

11. ....................-F∂ \mS-I-\n-cq-]W KŸw cNn-®Xv kn.-sP. tXma-km-Wv.

12. tXm∏n¬ mkn-bpsS ia- -e-am-bp-≠mb \mS-I-kw-L-am-Wv....................

II F√m tNmZ-y-ßƒ°pw eLp-hmb DØcw Fgp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n\pw shb-t‰Pv 1

13. NXp¿hn-[m- n-\bw F∂m-se¥v ?

15. IYm¿kn- ns‚ s]mcp-sf¥v ?

16. A_vtk¿Uv Xnb-‰¿ Fs¥∂v hnh-cn-°pI ?

17. " Cu \K-csØ Kkn-®n-cp∂ alm-am-cn°v ImcWw Hcp sIme-]m-X-I-amWv BcpsS ?

18. "Fs‚ apºn¬ h®v Aßsb NXn-®p-ht√m F∂-XmWv F\n°v tZjyw'

BcmWv Cßs\ ]d-™Xv ?

19. "\in-®-ap-X-em-fn-Øns‚ v Xpdp∏v No´mWv ssZhw' BcpsS hm°p-I-fm-WnXv ?

20. Ip´n-I-fpsS cwK-thZn F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-sX¥v ?

21. sXcphv \mSIw F∂m-se¥v ?

22. ]iv\-\m-SIw F∂m-se¥v ?

23. \mS-I-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ kqX-[m-cs‚ v ]s¶-¥mWv ?

24. tbmK-t£-a-k- -bpsS \mS-Im-h-X-cW ]cn-i-a-ßƒ hnh-cn-°pI

25. X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-sb-Ip-dn®v eLp-hn-h-cWw \evIp-I.

26. ka-X-z-hm-Zn-bpsS Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]m[m-\yw hy-‡-am-°pI

27. CuUn-∏- n\v ]nXm-hns\ h[n-t°-≠n-h∂ kml-N-cyw hy-‡-am-°p-I.

28. "Cui-z-cm-CXp kX-y-am-sW-¶n¬ FX-\m-fsØ ]cn-iaw FX-sIm√w Im≠pt\Snb

tIm´ \o Rßsf sIm∂p If ˛ Cu ]cn- -h-Øns‚ v ImcWw hy-‡-am-°p-I.

( 5 x 2 =10)

IV GsX-¶nepw c≠p tNmZ-y-ßƒ°v D]-\-ymkw Xbm-dm-°p-I. Hmtcm-∂n\pwshbn-t‰Pv ˛4

29. kwkvIyX \mSI k¶ev]w Ducp- wKw F∂ \mS-‡n¬ FX-tØmfw ]Xn- -en

- °p-∂p-sh∂pw ]cntim[n-°p-I.

30. sImta¿j-y≥ \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Ai-z-ta[w CXp qan-bmWv F∂o

\mS-I-ßsf hne-bn-cp-cp-Øp-I.

31. Xo£-W-amb ]ta-b-Øns‚ i‡-amb Bhn-jvI-c-W-amWv cmhp-Æn-bnepw ka-X-

e-Ønepw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ka¿∞n-°p-I.

( 2 x 4 =8)

amXrIm tNmZ-y-ßƒ II

I F√m tNmZ-y-ßƒ°pw DØcw Fgp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n\pw shb-t‰Pv 1/4

(A) H‰-hm-°n¬ DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.

1. ae-bmf \mS-I-km-ln-Xy NcnXØns‚ I¿Øm-hmcv ?

2. s]mb-‰nIvkv F∂ KŸw cNn-®-Xmcv ?

3. cma-\m- -Øns‚ v D]⁄mXmhv ?

4. \mSI Z¿∏Ww BcpsS KŸ-amWv ?

(B) _m°-‰n¬ \n∂pw icn-bp-Øcw FSp-sØ-gp-XpI :

5. kwkvI-yX\mS-I-ß-fpsS tIc-fo-bm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv :

( IqSn-bm´w, IY-I-fn, ]S-b-Wn)

6. X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \mS-Iw:

7. "\nß-s\s∂ IΩ-yq-Wn-Ãm°n' cNn-®-Xmcv

(kn. F≥. ioI-WvT≥\m-b¿, tXm∏n¬ `mkn. Fkv.-F¬.-]p-cw)

8. B[p-\nI \mS-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hy‡n

(hbem hmkp-tZ-h≥]n-f-f, kn.-F¬.-tPm-kv, sN√-∏≥ ]nf-f)

(C) ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.

9. \mS-y-im-kvXw cNn-®Xv ........................-BWv

10. Ipdp-∏n-√m-°-fcn F∂ ]l-k\w ................-BWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.

11. ap≥jn cma-Ip-dp∏v Fgp-Xnb Bt£-]-lm-ky \mS-I-am-Wv................

12. .......................-BWv Bƒam-dm´w Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.

(12 x 1/4 = 3 weightage)

II F√m tNmZ-y-ßƒ°pw eLp-hmbn DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n\pw shbn-t‰Pv 1

13. A\p-jvTm-\-Ie F∂m-se¥v ?

14. ]i-kvX-\m-S-I-ßsf Ipdn®p hnh-cn-°p-I.

15. \mS-y-[¿Ωn Fs¥∂p hy-‡-am-°p-I.

16. kvIn‰p-Iƒ F∂m-se¥v ?

17. At∏mtfm tZhs‚ v ]h-N\w F¥m-bn-cp∂p

18. Rm\n-t∏mƒ P\n-®-Xm-bn-tØm-∂p-∂p. A—m C\n hy-k-\n-®n´p e-sa-¥mWv

˛ BcmWv Cßs\ ]d-™-Xv. ?

19. "" mcXn Fs‚ v Kpcp-hm-Wv. Ah-sfs∂ ]Tn-∏n®p Hcp kvXobpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬

G-‰-hpw D∂X ]Zhn F¥msW∂p ''

20. ""Fs¥mcp shdp∏v, Rm≥ ]dbp∂Xpw Rm≥ sNøp∂Xpw Fs‚kvt\lwt]mepw

Abmƒ°p Ibv]mWv ˛ Bsc Dt±in®mWv Cßs\ ]dbp∂Xv ?

21. "" ChnsS kaXeambn´n√ Ip∂pIfpw IpgnIfpw Ct∏mgpw \ne \nev°p∂p ''˛

kqNnXw hy‡am°pI. (9 x 1 = 9)

Hmtcm∂n\pw shbnt‰Pv 2.

22. I\yI F∂ \mSIØn¬ F∂ \mSIØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂ kmaqly]iv\sa¥mWv ?

23. "" Aizta[Ønse Zpc¥IYm]mXamWv ktcmPw'' icntbm ?

24. "" CXmSm Fs‚ v samfv. sIm≠pt]mbvt°m AhfpsS icnambncp∂nt√

\n‚ßp∂n\p Pmayw \n∂Xv. AXXm sIm≠pt]mbvt°m'' kµ¿`w FgpXpI.

25. "" HcpZnhkw aebmbm aesbms° am‰s∏Spw. A∂p ka\nc∏mb `qanbn¬

kam[m\Øns‚ sh≈∏q°ƒ hncnbpw '' ˛ B]Xo£bpsS km≤yX

Fs¥∂p ]cymtemNn°pI.

26. ""C\n \nßsS Xmt¥m∂nØßfv kln°m≥ Rm≥ hnNncn°nWvey. F‚njvSw

t]mse \S°m≥ F\n°[nImtcmw AhImtim≠v ˛ CXneqsS hy‡am°p∂

Bibsa¥v. ?

27. "" Zptcym[\s‚ [ocamb A¥yamWv Ducp`wKØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv

ka¿∞n°pI.

28. \nehnep≠mbncp∂ \mSIk¶ev]sØ s]mfns®gpXpIbmbncp∂p kaXzhmZn

˛icntbm ?

(5 x 2 = 10 weightage)

IV GsX¶nepw c≠p tNmZyßƒ°v c≠p ]pdØn¬ IhnbmsX DØcsagpXpI. Hmtcm∂n\pw shbt‰Pv 4

29. kwKoX\mSIßfpw kwkvIrX \mSI X¿÷aIfpw aebmf \mSIØns‚

hf¿®bv°v FXtØmfw klmbIamsb∂p BtemNn°pI.

30. io¿jIw apX¬ `aIev]\bptSXmb ssien kzoIcn®psIm≠v cmjvSob

kmaqly bmYm¿∞yßsf \ninXambn hna¿kn°p∂ \mSIamWv Cuizc≥

AdÃn¬ ˛ ka¿∞n°pI.

31. A‘hnizmkßƒ°pw A\mNmcßƒ°pw FXntc bp‡nt_m[tØmsS

]XnIcn°pIbpw ]Xntj[n°pIbpw sNøpIbmWv "" CXp qanbmWv '' F∂

\mSIØn¬ ˛ \ncp]n°pI.

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