automobile antireverse drive assistance system
Post on 22-Jan-2017
601 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
AUTOMOBILE ANTI-REVERSE DRIVE ASSISTANCE SYSTEM
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
R. GOGUL
S. VENKATESH
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGIN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CAPE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LEVENGIPURAM
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2014
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “AUTOMOBILE ANTI-REVERSE
DRIVE ASSISTANCE SYSTEM” is a bonafide work of “R. GOGUL and S.
VENKATESH” who carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr. M. S. Ragavan M.E., (Ph.D.) Mr. G. Arun Raj M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering
Cape Institute of Technology Cape Institute ofTechnology
Levengipuram Levengipuram
Submitted for the B.E/B. Tech degree Anna University Practical Examination
held at Cape Institute of Technology on conducted by
Anna University, Chennai.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We team it a privilege to have been a student of
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING in CAPE INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, Levengipuram. We express heartfelt gratitude to
our beloved principal Dr.N.AZHAGESAN M.E., Ph.D. for the
encouragement and his kind permission to do this project work.
We wish to mention our special thanks for the valuable ideas
and plans given to us by Mr.M.S. RAGAVAN M.E., (Ph.D.) our
beloved Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and
Dr. J. T. WINOWLIN JAPPES M.E., Ph.D. for their timely advice
and suggestions. We also wish to mention our sincere thanks to Mr.
A. LAKSHMANAN PILLAI for the priceless support to figure out
our ideas in to a project.
We wish to mention our sincere and heartfelt thanks to our
project guide Mr. G. ARUN RAJ M.E., for his valuable guidance
and his good support, encouragement which helped us in
completing of the project work with in the stipulated period of
time and also thanks for the department staffs.
ABSTRACT
Automobiles are now becoming the most essential part of our day-to-day
life. This is the golden age for automobile companies, since they are attaining
their peak selling rates in this 21st century. However with the increased
production they are facing lots of problems like traffic, fuel efficiency, blends,
exhaust gas analysis, etc., Among them providing a proper reverse system in an
automobile is a major issue for them. With increased parking difficulties and
heavy traffic problems, equipping the reverse system with more facilities is their
major objective. In addition to that gliding of vehicles in gradients and
mountain roads occurs often due to driver’s aprosemia.
In this project, we made a simple and economical solution to the above
mentioned problem. We used Ratchet and Pawl mechanism as our major capital
and fabricated an equipment which can be attached to any automobile that it
prevents unwanted reverse motion when it is at rest or in motion. The
attachment is to be welded with the wheel rim and the pawl with a retraction
spring or a lever mechanism is fabricated with the frame. Due to cost factors a
small prototype of this project was done. Here we did a model with two metal
wheels connected with a shaft. A rectangular frame is welded with the shaft and
a lever attachment is provided in it to engage and disengage the pawl. The
ratchet is welded with one of the wheels.
Key words: Ratchet and pawl mechanism, Aprosemia, Levermechaism
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 6
1.1.OBJECTIVE 8
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 9
3. PROBLEM DEFINITION 12
4. DESIGN AND FABRICATION
4.1. MATERIALS REQUIRED 14
4.2. EQUIPMENTS USED 15
4.3. FABRICATION PROCESS 16
5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 18
6. WORKING 20
7. REFERENCES 22
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
4.1 MATERIALS REQUIRED 16
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
5 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 18
INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
The land transport sector encompasses the commercial use of many
different vehicles including lorries, light vans, taxis, buses, cars
construction and agricultural machinery, emergency service vehicles,
motorcycles, mopeds and bicycles. Road transport safety is an important
issue in the land transport sector.
Driving mistakes made by heavy goods vehicle drivers may be more
serious because of the weight, size, shape, manoeuvring abilities, braking
abilities, etc., of the vehicle.
The main types of transport accidents are:
Vehicle crashes
People being struck or run over by moving vehicles (e.g. during
REVERSING or coupling)
People falling from vehicles
People struck by objects falling from vehicles, or vehicles
overturning.
The analysis of European Statistics on Accidents at Work
(ESAW) data reveals that 29% of fatal accidents at work are due to loss of
control of means of transport or handling equipment.
Thus, improper handling and loss of control over vehicles may
cause a severe threat to both the driver and the pedestrians. Unexpected reverse
motion of vehicles in gradients and mountain roads is one of that problems
which may cause disastrous accidents. Eventhough a modern vehicle has
modern equipments like parking assistance system, hand brake, etc., driver’s
aprosemia will cause serious damages.
The major objective of our project is to prevent these type of accidents with
some simple and economical means. It has Ratchet and pawl as its major
component.
A ratchet is nothing but a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or
rotary motion in only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite
direction. Ratchets are widely used in machinery and tools. With this equipment
we can prevent the unwanted reverse motion of a vehicle during all situations.
A ratchet wheel is to be welded with the wheel rim of the
automobile and the pawl arrangement is connected to the chassis. The driver has
no control over this arrangement that it automatically got engaged with the
ratchet while the vehicle is driving below certain speeds. When the reverse gear
is actuated, the pawl get released from the ratchet thus allowing the reverse
motion. This is our project description and due to cost considerations a small
prototype describing this principle was done for this purpose.
1.1. OBJECTIVES
To prevent the unexpected reverse motion of an
automobile under gradients and mountain roads.
To protect the heavyload vehicle drivers and fellow
pedestrians from disastrous accidents occurring due to
loss of control and improper handling of equipment.
LITERATURE
SURVEY
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Roh J, Woojin Chung (2010)
Reversing control of a car with a trailer using a Driver AssistanceSystem :
A passive trailer system can be used efficiently for transportation tasks.
However, backward motion control of a trailer system is difficult because it is
an open loop unstable system. In our previous researches, we have shown that n
passive trailers can be successfully controlled by an ommni-directional or a
two-wheel-differential mobile robot. However, a passive trailer system pulled
by a car is widely used in practical environments. Unlike mobile robots, a car-
like mobile robot has nonholonomic constraints and limitation of the steering
angle. In this paper, we tried to solve the backward motion control problem of
the trailer system with a car by proposing two strategies.
First, we proposed Driver Assistance System (DAS). By using the DAS, a
driver can control the trailer system as a forward motion control instead of a
backward motion control directly. A driver only secure the rearviewof the last
passive trailer, and select the control input to drive the last passive trailer. The
DAS converts the control input of a driver into the velocity and a steering angle
of a car by inverse kinematics. The DAS can be achieved combining
several electronic devices which are recently embedded in a can in general.
Second, we proposed a kinematic configuration which is connecting a passive
trailer to the front bumper of a car for increasing the feasible region of
backward motion control.
Performances of the proposed control strategy and the kinematic configuration
are verified by theoretical verifications and experimental results.
[2] Sears Williard T (1925)
1. A ratchet and pawl mechanism comprising in combination, a ratchet wheel,
an oscillating arm having a pawl thereon adapted to engage and rotate
the ratchet wheel, an intermediate pawl member on the arm, an extension on the
intermediate pawl member, and adjustable means engaging said
extension and causing said intermediate pawl to be oscillated and oscillating
the pawl out of driving engagement with the ratchet wheel at any predetermined
point in the stroke of the oscillating arm.
2. A ratchet and pawl mechanism comprising in combination, a ratchet wheel,
an oscillating arm having a pawl thereon adapted to engage and rotate
the ratchet wheel, said pawl comprising two pivotally connected members
having spring means to hold them in operative relative position, an extension on
oneof said members, and adjustable means engaging said extension adapted to
oscillate the othermember out of driving engagement with the ratchet wheel at
any predetermined point in the stroke of the oscillating arm.
3. A. ratchet and pawl mechanism comprising in combination, a ratchet wheel,
an oscillating arm having a pawl thereon adapted to engage and rotate
the ratchet wheel, said pawl comprising two pivotally connected members
having spring means to hold them in operative relative position, an extension on
one of said members, adjustable means engaging said extension adapted to
oscillate the other member out of driving engagement with the ratchet wheel at
any predetermined point in the stroke of the oscillating arm, and means to clamp
the adjustable means in any desired position.
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
3. PROBLEM DEFINITION
The problem which we taken under consideration in this project was
unexpected reverse motion an automobile in gradients and mountain
roads.
This problem may occurdue to driver’s carelessness or improper
handling of the equipment.
‘Employees who drive more than 25,000 miles a year have at least a one
in 8,000 chance of dying behind the wheel of their company vehicle’
(RoSPA, taken from UK Transport Research Laboratory 2008).
We are eager to provide a simple and economical solution for the above
mentioned problem and we had done it as a small prototype for our mini
project.
Ratchet and pawl mechanism is one of the most interesting inventions in
the field of mechanical engineering found applications in various sectors.
Here we make use of this mechanism to arrest the unexpected reverse
motion of a vehicle by fabricating it with the wheel rim and attaching the
pawl to the frame. The engagement and disengagement of the pawl can
be done with the help of an electromagnetic switch or a lever mechanism.
DESIGN
AND
FABRICATION
4. DESIGN AND FABRICATION
4.1. MATERIALS REQUIRED
4.2. EQUIPMENTS USED
Arc welding equipment
Portable Grinding Machine
Drilling machine
SL.NO. MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY
1. Hollow Mild Steel shafts Dia10mm
Dia 12mm
1
1
2. Steel bars 5mm X 5mm 6
3. Ratchet Wheel - 1
4. Pawl - 1
5. Permanent Magnet - 1
6. Nuts and bolts - Required
Hacksaw Blade
Ball peen hammer, etc.,
4.3. FABRICATION PROCESS
Materials required to do the project are purchased.
Then a reconnaissance was carried out about the
methods through which the project was to be done.
Finally a most efficient and economical method was
selected for the experimentation.
As Ratchet and pawl mechanism is the major
equipment used in our project. It is essential to have a
study over the mechanism. It is explained below:
RATCHET AND PAWL MECHANISM
Source : Internet (www.technologystudent.com)
A ratchet is nothing but a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or
rotary motion in only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite
direction. Ratchets are widely used in machinery and tools. We utilised this
mechanism in arresting the unexpected reverse motion of an automobile in
mountain roads and sloppy areas.
The ratchet wheel was first welded with one of the metal wheels at
its centre.
The 10mm shaft was inserted into the 12mm shaft. The inner shaft
acts as the interconnector between two wheels while the outer shaft
acts as a support to the rectangular frame.
The wheels are welded together to the both the ends of the inner
shaft form anaxle like structure.
The steel bars of above mentioned specifications are cut into equal
lengths to design a frame which supports the pawl and the lever
mechanism.
Then the steel bars are welded with the outer shaft forms a
rectangular frame.
A stand to place the entire equipment was fabricated using four
iron bars which are welded with the frame.
Then the lever mechanism to engage and disengage the pawl from
ratchet wheel was to be designed.
Here we used a permanent magnet to attach and detach the pawl.
A lever mechanism in the form of an L was welded with the
rectangular frame and a permanent magnet was attached to it.
When the lever was pushed the pawl gets engaged with the ratchet
and arrest the further movement of it and when it is pulled away
from the wheel it allows the free motion without any interruption.
So, a driver can use this attachment whenever required and it has
no impact on vehicle design and overall weight.
The finishing works are carried out like grinding the extra
projections, painting, etc.,
The design and fabrication of our project was thus completed.
EXPERIMENTAL
SETUP
5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
WORKING
6. WORKING:
When the vehicle is stationary in an inclined surface, it is impossible to
operate 3 foot pedals by 2 foot to start the vehicle from rest to forward
motion with ease.
This error in the conventional working system is neglected by adding a
ratchet and pawl mechanism along the wheel rim.
The ratchet is mounted on the rim whereas the pawl is fabricated on the
chassis of the vehicle.
The pawl is pivoted in such a way that when the first gear of the vehicle
is implied it engages with the ratchet.
Thus a driver can leave the brake pedal free while resting at a gradient or
at a mountain road.
So the driver could just place the foot on the clutch and accelerator pedals
and could move the vehicle with ease.
Thus accidental uncontrolled reversal of vehicle is also avoided.
This is the overall working principle of our project.
REFERENCES
7. REFERENCES
1. Roh, J. and Woojin Chung (2010) ‘Reversing control of a car with a
trailer using a Driver AssistanceSystem’ – IEEE Journal pp.99-104.
2. Sears Williard, T. (1925) ‘Ratchet and pawl mechanism’ – United states
patent office company/ US 1547528 A.
3. GaoWenhua, Yan Xiaomei (2012) ‘The design of Car Reversing Anti-
Collision Warning System’ – IEEE Journal pp.866-869.
4. Sarah Copsey (2010) ‘A review of accidents and injuries to Road
Transport Drivers’- Published at European agency for safety and health
at work.
top related