autoimmune disorders

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

By: Safana Sadiq

What is autoimmunity Causes of autoimmune disorders Classification of autoimmune disorders Examples of autoimmune disorders:

Graves’ disease Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Addison’s disease Myasthenia gravis Diabetes mellitus type 1

Outline:

Auto or self antigens

Are antigens that presents in ones own cells Are altered by the action of bacteria, viruses,

chemicals or other drugs

Auto antibodies Altered cell (Auto Ag) - elicits the productions of

Antibody

Autoimmunity is defined as the presence of

immune response of auto Ab against self Ag.

It can be a humoral or cell mediated immune response against the constitutents of the body’s own tissues.

What is autoimmunity?

Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism in

recognizing its own constituent parts as non self, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease.

Autoimmune disease

1. Sequestered or Hidden antigens Ag in the secluded places - are not accessible

to the immune system. E.g. Lens Ag, Sperm Ag, etc.2. Neo antigens Altered or Modified Antigens – by physical

(irradiation), chemical (drugs) or microbial agents ( intracellular viruses)

3. Cessation of Tolerance It may result when tolerance to the self-Ag is

abrogated.

Causes of autoimmune diseases

4. Cross reacting Antigens A foreign Ag which resembles self a 2nd Ag Many species share organ specific Ags. E.g. Ag of Human brain & Ag of sheep brain,

Streptococcal M protein & Heart muscles, Nephritogenic strains of Streptococci Ags & Renal glomeruli shares similar epiotes.

5. Loss of Immunoregulation Loss of Self tolerance - caused by over activity

or lowered activity of T and B- cells

Causes of autoimmune diseases..

Broadly classified into 3 groups

1. Haemolytic autoimmune diseases

2. Localised autoimmune diseases

3. Systemic autoimmune diseases

Classification of autoimmune

disorders

Clinical disorder due to destructions of blood

components. Auto Ab are formed against one’s own RBCs, Platelets or Leucocytes.

E.g. Haemolytic anaemia Thrombocytopenia Leucopenia

1. Haemolytic autoimmune diseases

A particular organ is affected due to auto Abs. For example:

Thyroiditis Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Type I Diabetes Mellitus Graves’ Disease

2. Localised autoimmune diseases or

Organ specific autoimmune diseases

Immune complexes accumulate in many

tissues and cause inflammation and damage Affects many organs or the whole body E.g.

Systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatic fever

3. Systemic autoimmune disease or non-specific autoimmune disease

GRAVES’ DISEASE

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease

where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (a serious metabolic imbalance known as hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis).

This is caused by thyroid autoantibodies that activate the TSH-receptor, thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, and thyroid growth (causing a diffusely enlarged goiter).

Graves’ Disease

The body produces antibodies to the TSH-Rs

(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptors). *(Antibodies to thyroglobulin and to the thyroid

hormones T3 and T4 may also be produced.)

These antibodies (TSHR-Ab) bind to the TSH-Rs, which are located on the cells that produce thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland (follicular cells), and chronically stimulate them, resulting in an abnormally high production of T3 and T4.

Graves’ Disease…

This causes the

stimulation of Thyroid gland to secrete more TH (Hyperthyroidism) resulting in Exophthalmus , bulging eyes & Goitre.

Graves’ Disease…

Davidson’s book

HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a condition caused

by inflammation of the thyroid gland. It is the most common thyroid disease in the

U.S. Is characterized by the destruction of thyroid

cells by various cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes.

Caused by auto Ab of IgG & IgM type against the constituents of thyroid gland

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Abs are specifically formed for thyroid perioxidase &

thyroglobulin.

Abs interact with the enzyme

Development of inflammation in the thyroid gland

Thyroid gland is destroyed

Patient ultimately rendered hypothyroid (too little thyroid hormone)

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis pathogenesis

Comparison of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis & Graves Disease

Nature Reviews Immunology 2

Characterised by

Goitre, enlarged thyroid gland, deficiency of TH (Thyroxin)

flipper.diff.org/hashimoto’s thryoiditis

ADDISON’S DISEASE

Addison's disease, or primary adrenocortical

insufficiency, is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies directed predominantly against 21-hydroxylase, a key regulator of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid synthesis.

Addison’s Disease

The myriad clinical manifestations of Addison's

disease, including muscle weakness and fatigue, hypotension and hyponatremia, and loss of axillary and pubic hair in women, are the result of cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormone deficiencies, respectively.

Addison’s Disease

MYASTHENIA

GRAVIS

MG is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular

disease that affects the myoneural junction that is characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body.

Classified as a “B cell” Disease Autoantibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine

receptors

Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis is caused by a defect in the

transmission of nerve impulses to muscles.

It occurs when normal communication between the nerve and muscle is interrupted at the neuromuscular junction - the place where nerve cells connect with the muscles they control.

Normally when impulses travel down the nerve, the nerve endings release a neurotransmitter substance, acetylcholine.

Myasthenia Gravis

Acetylcholine travels through the

neuromuscular junction and binds to acetylcholine receptors which are activated and generate a muscle contraction.

In myasthenia gravis, auto Abs block, alter, or destroy the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction which prevents the muscle contraction from occurring.

Myasthenia Gravis

Diplopia (double vision)

Ptosis (drooping of eyelids)

Current Mdeical Diagnosis & Treatment 2007, 46th Ed.

DIABETES

MELLITUS TYPE 1

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1) is an inflammatory

autoimmune disease of the pancreas, resulting in a lack of insulin.

Insulin is produced in the pancreas by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Insulin is necessary for glucose to get into cells and be used for energy production. After eating, the glucose level in blood rises, which leads to insulin being released from the pancreas.

In a person with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the beta cells of Langerhans are damaged by autoimmune inflammation, leading to an insufficiency of insulin. The glucose level in blood rises and cells do not have enough energy for metabolism.

Diabete Mellitus Type 1

Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent

diabetes mellitus) Insulin concentrations are mostly increased but peripheral tissues are resistant to insulin (insulin resistance). Beta cells are not able increase secretion of insulin to overcome this resistance. Type 2 diabetes usually develops after 40 years of age in overweight people, lately in obese adolescents.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Immunobiology 6th Ed.

Nature Reviews Immunology 2, p.195-204

(March 2002) Dr.T.V.Rao’s lecture note on Autoimmunity Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Edition www.wikipedia.org/addison’s disease www.wikipedia.org/myasthenia gravis Burmester GR, Pezzuto A. Colour Atlas of

Immunology . 2003. www.diseases_john_hopkins_medical_institute/t

ype1_diabetes_mellitus

www.slideshare.net/autoimmunedisorders

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