australia with a drying climate - sustainable urban water management. by what means?

Australia with a Drying Climate - Sustainable urban water management.

By what means?

Martin Anda School of Engineering & Information Technology

Murdoch University Western Australia

11th March, 2015 @ Milan Polytechnic

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Part 1: Background Part 2: Research Projects

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The southwest region of Western Australia

The focus region of this presentation.

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/

I. Smith, S. Power / Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 2 (2014) 84–96

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Perth – the capital city of WA

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Rainfall and groundwater decline

•  Modelling the decline…

•  R. Ali, Don McFarlane, et al. / Journal of Hydrology 475 (2012) 456–472

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Rainfall decline - Reduced Inflows to Dams

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1911

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Tota

l Ann

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Inflo

w to

Per

th D

ams*

* (G

L)

Annual Total 1911-1974 av (338 GL)1975 - 2000 av (177 GL)2001-05 av (92.4 GL)2006-10 av (57.7 GL)

Notes: * year is taken as May to April and labelled year is start (winter) of year ** Inflow is simulated based on Perth dams in 2001 i.e. excluding Stirling, Samson & Wokalup

2011/12(26.7 GL)

16th August 2011

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Perth’s Water Sources (IWSS) •  300 Glpa total supply

•  30-50% Groundwater

•  10-40% Surface water (dams)

•  17% Seawater (2007)

•  34% Seawater (2011)

•  50% Seawater (2012)

•  The above mix will vary by year, across each year and across Perth.

IWSS = Integrated Water Supply Scheme

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Wastewater

Perth’s wastewater catchments, treatment plants and ocean outfalls.

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Perth IWSS water use •  600 litres/person.day by 1970s

•  400 litres/person.day by 2003 (50% used on gardens)

•  300 litres/person.day now (40% used on gardens) (USA LA = 350, Italy & Switzerland = 200, London & Singapore = 150, Germany = 120)

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IWSS Water Supply Demand Gap to 2060

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Recycling to industry since 2004

6 Glpa = 2% of total supply (300 Glpa)

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Seawater desalination since 2006

Now 50% (150Glpa) of total supply

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Coming 2016: Groundwater replenishment = Managed Aquifer Recharge (with wastewater)

Could be up to 20% of total supply.

http://www.watercorporation.com.au/water-supply-and-services/solutions-to-perths-water-supply/groundwater-replenishment

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Part 2 Outline

Alternative urban water management strategies: •  By 3 levels:

1.  Behavioural  change  (example:  H2omesmart)  

2.  Improved  efficiency  (example:  WELS)  

3.  New  technology  (examples:  satellite  SWRO  plant  &  third  pipe)  

 •  Future research project

•  Opportunity for EU Horizon 2020 funding?

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1.  Behavioural  change  (example:  H2omesmart)  

2.  Improved  efficiency  (example:  WELS)  

3.  New  technology  (examples:  satellite  SWRO  plant  &  third  pipe)  

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1. Behavioural Change Perth “H20meSmart” program

Aim: 12% water use reduction in 10,000 households Methods:

–! Target 18 high use suburbs –! Database 33,000 O/Os –! Apply CBSM techniques –! July 2011 – Aug 2012 –! Invitation to participate, media –! Meter reading, feedback letters, eco-coaching –! Waterwise fixtures retrofit for pensioners

Outcomes: Projected savings 9% by 10,949 households.

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1. Behavioural Change Methods: Community Based Social Marketing

(CBSM)

Typically, 4-6 rounds over 6-12 months

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1. Behavioural Change

CBSM 1: Research

1.! Focus groups, surveys, interviews, etc. 2.! Identify the barriers to change! 3.! Create the correct messages! 4.! Design the locally relevant strategies!

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1. Behavioural Change CBSM 2: Recruitment

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CBSM 3: Reading your meter

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CBSM 4: Data Analysis

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CBSM 5: Feedback Letter

How use compares to others

Agreed actions

Raw data & water use calculations

Total savings by H2ome Smart households

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CBSM 6: Eco-coaching

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Start again: Read meter

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In future: Smart Meters

•  Eliminate manual reading

•  Actions can be directly linked to consumption

•  Flexibility in level of engagement

•  Eco-coaching can be personalized and targeted

•  In-house display provides real-time data

•  Identify leaks

WATER SAVINGS! 26  

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Conclusions for NW H2omesmart

•  Low level of recruitment in Northwest program due to mining sector & FIFO population, water consumption charges paid by their employer.

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Conclusions for NW H2omesmart

•  CBSM costs include costs of recruitment and survey for the retrofit participants.

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1.  Behavioural  change  (example:  H2omesmart)  

2.  Improved  efficiency  (example:  WELS)  

3.  New  technology  (examples:  satellite  SWRO  plant  &  third  pipe)  

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2. Improve Appliance Efficiency

•! Indoor house appliances =&*:%,#,*>%>?#;'4#'%,';*,>?#:'>&)/0#3'.&)/%>?#;*)-%;#.)>;%,/>#1234)1$/".)2<=5"8=>)3$?"''58@)4=:"%")

•! Outdoor house appliances @',5%/#),,)0'A*/#,%A.+-'A*/#@',5%/#),,)0'A*/#.*/;,*--%,>#B')/:';%,#;'/C>##@,%7:';%,#,%+>%#

•! Rebates (financial incentives)

•! Offer in parallel with CBSM behaviour change program

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2. Improve Appliance Efficiency Greywater Reuse •! Can reduce garden water irrigation by >30% •! Can reduce total home water use by >10%

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2. Improve Appliance Efficiency House water efficiency rating •! Not implemented yet in Australia

•! Only NABERS water efficiency rating for offices, commercial buildings

•! UK Code for Sustainable Homes has Water Efficiency Rating

•! Level 6 will require greywater reuse or alternate water source

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1.  Behavioural  change  (example:  H2omesmart)  

2.  Improved  efficiency  (example:  WELS)  

3.  New  technology  (examples:  satellite  SWRO  plant  &  third  pipe)  

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3. New Technology

Decentralised Seawater Desalination

•! Add • Add

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3. New Technology Decentralised Seawater Desalination

Method •  Life cycle inventory: conceptual design, literature, Simapro software.

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3. New Technology Decentralised Seawater Desalination

Spatial-temporal case study data (hypothetical case study of Perth

•  Existing local government boundaries were used for defining the demand zones.

•  Desalinated water demand maps were generated for the case study for 20 years (2015-2035) based on the suburbs’ current population (ABS), projected population growth (ABS), and Perth’s annual water use per capita of 145 m3 water (Water Corporation WA, Water Forever: Towards Climate Resilience, 2009).

•  Perth land use maps (Western Australia Planning Commission) were employed for selecting plants sites.

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3. New Technology

Decentralised Seawater Desalination Summary of initial results

•  Our findings showed the importance of chemical use and infrastructure production in desalination plants powered even by renewable sources.

Shahabi, Maedeh P., Adam McHugh, Martin Anda, and Goen Ho. "Environmental life cycle assessment of seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant powered by renewable energy." Renewable Energy 67 (2014): 53-58.

•  Plant with beach well intake results in: up to 30% less environmental impact, 13% lower total costs.

Shahabi, Maedeh P., Adam McHugh, and Goen Ho. "Environmental and economic assessment of beach well intake versus open intake for seawater reverse osmosis desalination." Desalination 357 (2015): 259-266.

•  Site-specific parameters of plant location and size could significantly affect the environmental impact of SWRO desalination plants.

Shahabi, Maedeh P., Martin Anda, and Goen Ho. "Influence of site-specific parameters on environmental impacts of desalination." Desalination and Water Treatment ahead-of-print (2014): 1-7.

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3. New Technology Decentralised Seawater Desalination

Future possibilities for Western Australia •! Small satellite SWRO desalination plants in Perth •! Micro SWRO plants are proposed in the small

coastal towns south of Perth.

•! Could be driven by wave energy.

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1.  Behavioural  change  (example:  H2omesmart)  

2.  Improved  efficiency  (example:  WELS)  

3.  New  technology  (examples:  satellite  SWRO  plant  &  third  pipe)  

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3. New Technology Dual Reticulation (Third Pipe)

Stormwater recharge option

Sewer mining option

Design target of over 75% reduction in drinking water use per household.

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1.  Behavioural  change  (example:  H2omesmart)  

2.  Improved  efficiency  (example:  WELS)  

3.  New  technology  (examples:  urban  village)  

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3. New Technology The next research project

New urban villages in Perth: “Activity Centres” Transit-oriented urban development

•! 17.1. Demonstrated energy-efficient building orientation and design.

•! 17.2. Provision for water saving and re-use of water in landscaping and buildings.

•! Strategic metropolitan centres.

•! Include Cannington.

Transit-oriented urban development Transit-oriented urban development Transit-oriented urban development Transit-oriented urban development

saving and re-use of water

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Canning Strategic Metropolitan Centre

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Canning City Centre by 2031

Compared to BAU, desired strategies seek:

•  45% reduction in greenhouse gases.

•  49% reduction peak electricity demand.

•  35% reduction in total water consumption.

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Infrastructure Opportunity Areas

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BAU Infrastructure Planning

•  Sites A B C are a small area within CCC Structure Plan = IOAs 2 & 2a.

•  Lots B & C owned by CoC & A by DoH = 8.9 Ha.

•  Redevelop as Mixed Use medium density precinct.

•  Infrastructure development costs = $18M est.

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Infrastructure Modelling Tools Graphic visualisation tools:

•  UMI (precinct & cities environmental performance)

•  WEAP (integrated water resources planning)

Energy modelling tools:

•  HOMER (standalone and grid connected power)

•  TRNSYS (simulates performance of energy system)

•  H2RES (water, electricity, heat, hydrogen hourly balancing)

•  Bentley sisHYD (district heating and cooling systems)

•  Ecotect (buildings thermal performance)

Water modelling tools:

•  SIMBA (sewer, WWTP, sludge treatment and rivers)

•  Aquacycle (water balance, total urban water cycle)

Performance assessment tool:

•  CCAP Tool (KPIs for infrastructure in urban precinct design)

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Early Results: Built Form

4 built form models:

1.  Low density development (250 persons)

2. BAU (6 blocks x 7-storey, 750 persons) 3.  High density (1500 persons)

4.  Solar city (density, built form and services optimised for the site)

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BAU model

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High Density model

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Solar City model

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3. New Technology Activity Centres Future Work

1.  Complete development of numerical modelling tool.

2.  Complete development of 3D visualisation tool (augmented reality immersion).

3.  Undertake integration of both.

4.  Apply to selected IOAs.

5.  Apply to entire CCC case study area 332 Ha.

6.  CoC to complete BAU infrastructure upgrade engineering study across entire area.

7.  Compare outcomes of 5 and 6.

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European study tour – water sensitive urban developments •  GERMANY: The Jenfelder Au neighborhood in HAMBURG WATER

Cycle http://www.hamburgwatercycle.de/index.php/the-jenfelder-au-quarter.html

•  GERMANY: Roof Water Farm http://www.roofwaterfarm.com/

•  GERMANY: Passive house with greywater recycling and energy recovery http://www.bmbf.nawam-inis.de/en/inis-projects/networks-3

•  SWEDEN: Malmo Augustenborg http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/green-city/augustenborg-green-roofs-and-storm-water-channels/

•  ITALY? Can you please advise me about your innovative urban water projects?

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Research collaboration with Australia

•  European Union/EC 2014-2020 Horizon 2020 - research and innovation framework program funding

•  Water Innovation: Boosting its value for Europe

•  http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/2582-water-1b-2015.html

•  “Demonstration/pilot activities of new or improved innovative water solutions”

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In conclusion

•  Perth, Western Australia (south west region) •  Declining rainfall, increasing temperatures due to

Climate Change.

•  Water Corporation is developing major new sources for urban water supply.

•  These are large infrastructure projects with high capital cost, high financing costs.

•  Defer high costs by alternative strategies: Behaviour  change  programs  Improved  appliance  efficiency  New  technologies  

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Thank you

•  Any questions?