asthma (update gina 2014)

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Asthma

Nin Prapongsena M.Ph

Faculty of Pharmacy

Huachiew Chalermprakiet University

Outline

• Pathophysiology of asthma• Clinical symptoms of asthma• Laboratory tests• How is asthma diagnosed or screened?• Precipitating factors• Goal and asthma therapy• Assessment of asthma• Assessment of current medication• How to exacerbation management ?

Pathophysiology

Keyword: Hyper-responsiveness caused inflammation at bronchial (reversible)

1.Susceptibility Genes or environments

2. T- helper (CD4+) Cooperated to

cytotoxic T-cell (CD8+)

3. Allergens

4. Inflammation

Acute:Symptoms

occured

Chronic:Tissue

remodeling

Asthma **Reversible**

Clinical symptoms

• ไอ

• หายสนๆ ถๆ หรอหายใจไมอม

• หายใจมเสยง wheeze

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ik9PqfJi884

• ท ากจกรรมไดจ ากด

Laboratory Tests

A. Spirometry (≥ 6 yr)

A. Spirometry

• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)คอปรมาตรลมทเปาออกมาในชวง 1 วนาทแรกของการหายใจออกหลงจากหายใจเขาเตมท

Normal ( FEV1 ≥ 80 %)

• Forced vital capacity (FVC) คอ ปรมาตรลมทงหมดทเปาออกมาอยางแรงเตมทหลงจากทสดหายใจเขาเตมท

• FEV1/FVC เปนอตราสวนของปรมาตรลมทเปาออกมาในชวง 1 วนาทแรกตอปรมาตรลมทเปาออกมาไดทงหมด

(Show air ways obstruction : normal FEV1/FVC > 0.7)

A. Spirometry

Prebronchodilator

+ Wait 15 min

Post bronchodilator

No obstructive:FEV1 increase ≥ 15 %

Mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of FVC (FEF25-75): ผลการค านวณ slope จากกราฟเสนตรงระหวาง FEF 25% ถง FEF 75%

มหนวย L/min

A. Spirometry

B: Peak flow meter

B. Peak flow meter

Normal : PEFR ≥ 80 % เมอเทยบกบ predicted PEFR

B. Peak flow meter

If Peak Flow Variability: (> 20% = asthma)

Peak flow variability:เปนการหาคาความผนผวนของ PEFR ทเกดขนในแตละชวงของวน เชน เชา เทยง เยนและกอนนอน โดยวดตอเนองเปนระยะเวลา 1-2 สปดาห

Prebronchodilator

+ Wait 15 min

Post bronchodilator

No obstructive:PEFR increase ≥ 15-20 %

B. Peak flow meter

Other Lab test

• Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness (PD20)

วดปรมาณของ Histamine/ methacholine/ manitol/ adenosine monophosphate (ADP)

ทท าใหเกด bronchospasm (FEV1 ลดลง 15% หรอ PEFR ลดลง 20%)

***Note: ถา ≥ 13 micromole ถงเกด bronchospasm

= ไมไวตอสงกระตน (Nonhyperresonsiveness)***

Lab test

• Allergy testing

Skin prick test: Check specific IgE

• Chest X-ray: Check air leak

• Other test : Found eosinophil in sputum > 4%

Check Total IgE

How is asthma diagnosed or screened ???

Flow Chart Diagnosis

S

O

Precipitating Factors

Precipitating Factors

1. Allergenไรฝ น ฝ น เกสรดอกไม หญา ตนไม

เชอรา รงแคและขนสตว

2. Pollutantควนไฟ น าหอม สทา

บาน สรองพน ผงซกฟอก

3. Smoking4. Excercise 5. Cold weather

6. Drugs(aspirin, beta-

blocker)

7. Chemicals

8. Stress

Goal and Asthma therapy

Goal of therapy

• ควบคมอาการของผ ปวยได

• Lung function (FEV1, PEFR > 80%)

• Prevented exacerbation

Note: Exacerbation มอาการก าเรบเนองจากยาเดมยบยงการอกเสบไมได และใชยาขยายหลอดลมแลวไมดขน จนตองไปพนยาท ER ของรพ. หรอเขารบการรกษาตวภายใน รพ.

Severity Classification

Currentดจากระดบยาทผปวยใชทสามารถควบคมอาการโรคหดได

Step 1-2: MildStep 3: ModerateStep 4-5: Severe

Concept of Asthma Treatment

1

2

3

Introduction of Asthma Treatment

Concept of Medication in Asthma

Reliever Controller

ขยายทางเดนหายใจไดอยางรวดเรว(onset เรว)

ลดอาการไอ หายใจไมอมและปองกน hypoxia

ควบคม inflammation และปองกน respiratory

remodeling

Concept of Medication in Asthma

RelieverController

• Short acting B2 agonist (SABA)- Salbutamol- Terbutaline Onset 1-5min- Fenoterol- Procaterol

• Short acting anticholinergic(SAMA)

- Ipatropium (มกใชใน COPD)

• Long acting B2 agonist (LABA)- Salmeterol- Formoterol** (rapid onset)

• ICS: Beclomethasone/ Budesonide/ Fluticasone

• Methylxanthine: Theophylline SR

• Leukotriene Modifier (Mast cell stabilizer): Montelukast• Anti IgE: Omalimumab

• Methylxanthine: Theophylline SR

Step of Asthma Treatment

Step 1

Step 1

Reliever Only

• Patients have risk of exacerbation

• Patients have low risk of exacerbation

Reliever + Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)

Reliever

A. Short acting B2 agonist (SABA)- Salbutamol- Terbutaline Onset 1-5min- Fenoterol- Procaterol*** Formeterol: rapid acting and long duration***

B. Short acting anticholinergic(SAMA)

- Ipatropium (มกใชใน COPD) C. Methylxanthine: High dose theophylline(11-20 mcg/L)

C. Methylxanthine: High dose theophylline(11-20 mcg/L)

Step 2

Step 2

Reliever + Controller

A. Low dose ICS

B. Low dose Theophylline

C. Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA)

A.

B. Low dose theophylline (plasma level 5-10 mcg/L)

Slow release Rapid release

B. Low dose theophylline (plasma level 5-10 mcg/L)

5) Maintenance dose (MD) calculation

R0 = K0 = Rate for infusion

Toxicities of theophylline

Plasma theophylline

concentration

(mg/L)

ADR Severity

> 10 orIV infusion rate > 20

mg/min

- Nausea

- Insomnia

- Nervousness

- Headache

Minor

Plasma theophylline

concentration (mg/L)

ADR Severity

> 20

- Nausea/vomiting

- Insomnia

- Diarrhea

- Irritability

- Headache

- Tremor

- Tachycardia

Serious

> 35

- Hyper K+ - Hyperglycemia

- Hypotension - Hyperthermia

- Arrythmia

- Respiratory arrest

- Cerebral hypoxia

- Brain injury

- Seizure

Life threatening

C. Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA)

Blocked Leukotriene D4 Receptor

• Reduced smooth muscle constriction• Reduced eosinophil counts

• Reduced edema

C. Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA)

C. Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA)

Step 3

Step 3Reliever + Controller

A. Medium/ High dose ICSB. Low dose ICS + LABAC. Low dose ICS + LTRAD. Low dose ICS + Low dose Theophylline

A.

A. Flat dose response of ICS

Medium to high dose• Same efficacy• Increased S/E

B. Low dose ICS + LABA

B. Low dose ICS + LABA

1. Better control asthma/ COPD2. Reducing exacerbation

B. Low dose ICS + LABA

Seretide inhalerBudesonide + Salmeterol

Symbicort turbuhalerFluticasone + Formeterol

Step 4

Step 4Reliever + Controller

A. Medium/ High dose ICS + LABAB. High dose ICS + LTRAC. High dose ICS + Low dose Theophylline

Step 5

Reliever + Controller

A. Medium/ High dose ICS + LABAB. High dose ICS + LTRAC. High dose ICS + Low dose Theophylline

Step 5

+Anti-IgE (omalizumab)

Or systemic corticosteroids

Omalizumab

Not released histamine, leukotriene

Omalizumab

Drug stored at 2-8 C

Ship at room temp.

Dissolved by SWI 1.4 mL

Swirled gently 5-10 seconds q 5 min ≥ 20 min

Slow Subcutaneous

Repeat q 2-4 wk

Time to peak 1 wkHalf life 26 d

Its S/E: headache,Injection site pain,Increased infection

Systemic corticosteroid

Systemic corticosteroid

• Systemic corticosteroids could resolve exacerbation and prevent relapse rapidly

• Oral is as effective as IV• Dose:

- Adult: prednisolone 1 mg/kg max 50 mg/dor hydrocortisone 200 mg divided dose

- Children: prednisolone 1-2 mg/kg max 40 mg/d

• Duration: 5-7 d be as effective as 10-14 d

Note: - Oral dexamethasone for 2 d (concern metabolic S/E)- Short term use several weeks (no benefit of tapering dose)

AdultChildren Comments

Systemic corticosteroid

Assessmentof asthma

1. Asthma control test (ACT)

1. Asthma control test (ACT)

1. Asthma control test (ACT)

25-21 = Well Controlled asthma

20-16 = Partly Controlled asthma

<16 = Uncontrolled asthma

2. GINA assessment of asthma control

2. GINA assessment of asthma control

2. GINA assessment of asthma control

Day symptom

Night symptom

Bronchodilator use

Limitation of activity

PEFR or FEV1

Exacerbation(Admit or AE visit)

Risk factors for poor asthma

Assessment (medication)

Step down(Controlled ≥ 3 mth± PD20 ≥ 13 umole )

Step up(Partly controlled Or uncontrolled without DRP)

How to management when exacerbation

occurred ???

Management in primary care

When transfer to hospital

Use reliever 4-10 puff every 20 minutes

(For prevention hypoxia)

Management in hospital

Assessment Severity of exacerbation

A: AirwaysB: BreathingC: Circulation

Assessment Severity of exacerbation

When is the right time to discharge ???

After severity assessment and management

Management of exacerbation

1. Oxygen therapy (Keep O2 SAT ≥ 95 %) 2. SABA (nebulizer) for bronchodilator3. Epinephrine for anaphylaxis4. Systemic corticosteroids5. ICS (when discharge)

Other treatment:- Ipratopium bromide (more efficacy than SABA)- Aminophylline (poor efficacy and safety)- Magnesium sulfate 2 g infusion over 20 min

(may be improved when FEV1<50%)- Helium oxygen therapy (used when not respond

standard therapy)

Reference

• GINA 2014 guideline

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