assignment #1 answer the 12 questions posted on our webpage. due next week in lab. worth (12 points)

Assignment #1

Answer the 12 questions posted on our webpage.

Due next week in lab.

Worth (12 points)

Minerals

Earth’s Materials -Atoms, Elements, and

Compounds

•

Gas Liquid Solid

Three States of Matter

Three States of Matter

Solid – substance that keeps its shape

Liquid – a substance that flows freely but is not a gas

Gas - a substance that flows freely and will distribute itself evenly in a container

Three States of Water

Triple Point-all three statesexist at once

Two statesexist at once

Latent heat - amount of heat

released or adsorbed during

a change in state.

Latent heat redistributes solar energyfrom near the Equator towards the poles.

Review of the Atom

P

P

Helium

Protons in nucleus

N

3 (3He)

Neutron in nucleus

e

e

Orbitingelectrons

Atomic Number - # of protons

Atomic Weight = # of protons + Neutrons

Review of the Atom

Isotopes - elements with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.

e

NP

N

e

Helium 3 (3He)

P

ee

P

NP

Helium 4 (4He)

Ions - atoms with excess positive or negative charge (gain or loss of electrons from the

outermost shell).

Cations (positive charge, lose electrons)

P

e

Hydrogen atom

P e

ElectronHydrogen ion ( H+) +

+

Anions (negative charge, gain electrons)

Compounds - combination of atoms of one or more elements in a specific ratio.

• Examples: N2 - nitrogen gas

• H2O - water

• CaCO3 – calcite (a mineral)

Ions dissolved in water will combine to form compounds

Chlorine GasSodium Solid

Sodium Chloride

SodiumChloride

HydrationOf Ions

Types of Bonds

• Ionic - transfer of electrons between cations and anions.

Moderate strength, Moderate hardness

• Covalent - electrons are shared between atoms

Types of Bonds

Strong bond/Hard mineral

• Metallic - electrons are shared but move about freely between ions

good conductors of electricity (copper, gold)

Types of Bonds

Types of Bonds

•Van der Waals - weak attraction

Graphite

Bond Strength and Mineral Hardness

**The stronger the bond, the harder the mineral

2. Ionic bond– intermediate strength, moderately hard minerals

1. Covalent bond – strongest bond, hardest minerals

3. Van der Waals bond– weakest bond, softest minerals

Most Common Elements

OxygenSiliconAluminumIronCalciumMagnesiumSodiumPotassium

Percentage by Weight

CrystalGrowth

Five Requirements to be a mineral

Naturally formed

Solid

Formed by inorganic processes

Specific chemical composition

Characteristic crystal structure

Properties of Minerals

Crystal form

Habit and Cleavage

Hardness

Luster, Color, Streak

Density

Crystal form

Quartz

Isometric(cubic)

Tetragonal

Orthorhombic

Hexagonal

TrigonalMonoclinic

Crystal Form

Habit

Geode Stalactitic Botryoidal

FibrousMammillary Radiating

Cleavage

Cleavage

Red Arrows show where cleaveage will occur.

Mohs Hardness Scale

1 2

45

3

109

876

Mohs Hardness Scale

1 - Talc

2 - Gypsum

3 - Calcite

4 - Fluorite

5 - Apatite

6 - Potassium Feldspar

7 - Quartz

8 - Topaz

9 - Corundum

10 -Diamond

softest

hardest

fingernailCopper penny

glass

Streak plate

Vitreous - glass like

Resinous - resin like

Pearly - pearl like

Greasy - slippery

Luster

Non Metallic

Metallic - metal like

LusterMetallic Nonmetallic

Color

Color of Streak

box of feathers

box of hammers

Density

Common Mineral Families

Silicates (SiO4)4-

Oxides O2-

Carbonates (CO3)2-

Sulfates (SO4)2-

Phosphates (PO4)3-

Silicates

Neosilicate Sorosilicate

Silicates

Inosilicate Inosilicate Phylosilicate