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Assessing the impacts of underwater noise
Eeva Sairanen
SYKE Marine Research Centre
UH FEM Research Group
25.9.2017
PhD student 2017 –
MSc 2015
Underwater noise &
porpoises
MA 2007
Language technology
Work
Researcher, SYKE MRC
IT stuff (BI, Data analytics,
programming, databases..)
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First of all: Nice to meet You!
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Motivation: Why it matters?
1. Importance of sound in the sea
~340 m/s
~1500 m/s
2. Variety of sound in the sea
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Motivation: Why it matters?
3. Industrialization of the sea
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Motivation: Why it matters?
4. Characteristics of the Baltic Sea
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Motivation: Why it matters?
Robinson et al (2014)
Assessing the impact of underwater noise
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1. Acoustics basics: Sound and hearing
2. Noise as an environmental issue
1. Pressure waves moving through a medium
http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html
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What is sound?
1. Pressure waves moving through a medium
2. Particle motion that carries the pressure wave
http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html
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What is sound?
Spherical wave
http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/rad2/mdq.html
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Sound waves
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Wave equation
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/wavrel.html
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Reflection and refraction
http://byjus.com/physics/characteristics-of-sound-waves/
http://home.kpn.nl/msalomons/sound.html
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Channeling of sound in ocean
https://www.rom.on.ca/en/blog/singing-the-blues-the-mystery-of-b105
http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/expedition12/h
ottopics/sound.html
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Channeling of sound in shallow water
Free-field propagation
Waveguide
SPL (dB)
pref = the reference pressure (1 µPa)
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Sound Pressure Level
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Spectrum, Bands
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Spectrogram
● Human beings sense the pressure component of sound
waves
…just like other mammals, including marine mammals
● All fish sense the particle motion component of sound
waves, and some also the pressure component
● At least some invertebrates can detect the particle motion
component of sound waves
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Hearing
Terrestrial mammals
http://leavingbio.net/the%20senses_files/the%20senses.htm#top
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Hearing
Amphibious mammals
Fully aquatic mammals
Fish
http://leavingbio.net/the%20senses_files/the%20senses.htm#top
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Hearing
http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2011/03/marine-seismic-sources-part-viii-fish-hear-a-great-deal https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resour
ces/568-non-visual-sensory-systems-
of-fish
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Hearing
Popper, A., & Ketten, D. (2008). Underwater hearing. In The senses: a comprehensive reference (pp. 225-236). Elsevier.
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Hearing
Popper, A., & Ketten, D. (2008). Underwater hearing. In The senses: a comprehensive reference (pp. 225-236). Elsevier.
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Hearing
Popper, A., & Ketten, D. (2008). Underwater hearing. In The senses: a comprehensive reference (pp. 225-236). Elsevier.
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Underwater sounds
Continuous Impulsive
Natural Sea state
Animals(?)
Thunder
Earthquake
Animals(?)
Man-made Shipping
Seismic surveys
Sonars
Construction
Explosions
Soundscape
Physical properties of water body
Depth, Boundaries, Salinity, Bottom
type, …
Sound that is
…harmful?
…disturbing?
…unpleasant?
…produced unintentionally?
…sound that hampers signal detection?
…everything but the intended signal?
(received or transmitted)
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What is noise?
Assessing the impact of underwater noise
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1. Sound and hearing
2. Noise as an environmental issue
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Noise as an environmental issue
1. Risk identification
2. Risk assessment
3. Risk management
4. Risk governance
5. Risk communication
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Risk identification: Is there a problem?
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Risk identification: Is there a problem?
Slabbekoorn, H., Bouton, N., van Opzeeland, I., Coers, A., ten Cate, C., & Popper, A. N. (2010). A noisy spring: the
impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish. Trends in ecology & evolution, 25(7), 419-427.
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Risk identification: Is there a problem?
Williams, R., Wright, A. J., Ashe, E., Blight, L. K., Bruintjes, R., Canessa, R., ... & Hammond, P. S.
(2015). Impacts of anthropogenic noise on marine life: publication patterns, new discoveries, and future
directions in research and management. Ocean & Coastal Management, 115, 17-24.
1. Detection
2. Masking
3. Behavioral changes
4. Physiological stress
5. Hearing sensitivity threshold shift
6. Physical injury to non-auditory tissue
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Risk assessment: The impacts
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Risk assessment: The impacts
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Risk assessment: The impacts
Kunc, H. P., McLaughlin, K. E., & Schmidt, R. (2016, August). Aquatic noise pollution: implications for individuals, populations,
and ecosystems. In Proc. R. Soc. B (Vol. 283, No. 1836, p. 20160839). The Royal Society.
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Risk assessment: The impacts
The International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE): Science Plan
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Risk assessment: Monitoring
http://stateofthebalticsea.helcom.fi/pressures-and-their-status/underwater-sound/
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Risk assessment: Monitoring
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Risk assessment: Monitoring
http://underwaternoise.ices.dk/map.aspx
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Risk management: Mitigation
http://stateofthebalticsea.helcom.fi/pressures-and-their-status/underwater-sound/
Impact or pressure?
Pressure can be managed
…to mitigate impact
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Risk management: Mitigation
● Identification of noise sensitive species (HELCOM):
○ Hearing sensitivity
○ Impact of noise
○ Threat status
○ Commercial value
○ Data availability
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Risk management: Mitigation
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Risk management: Mitigation
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Risk management: Mitigation
http://stateofthebalticsea.helcom.fi/pressures-and-their-status/underwater-sound/
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Risk management: Mitigation
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Risk management: Mitigation
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Risk management: Mitigation
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Risk management: Mitigation
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Risk governance & communication
Discovery of sound in the sea
http://dosits.org/
HELCOM State of the Baltic Sea
http://stateofthebalticsea.helcom.fi/pressures-and-their-status/underwater-sound/
BIAS project - Baltic Sea Information on the Acoustic Soundscape
https://biasproject.wordpress.com/
Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas
https://www.ospar.org/documents?v=33031
Slabbekoorn, H., Bouton, N., van Opzeeland, I., Coers, A., ten Cate, C., & Popper, A. N. (2010). A noisy
spring: the impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish. Trends in ecology & evolution, 25(7),
419-427.
Wenz, G. M. (1962). Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: Spectra and sources. The Journal of the
Acoustical Society of America, 34(12), 1936-1956.
Au, W. W., & Hastings, M. C. (2008). Principles of marine bioacoustics (pp. 121-174). New York: Springer.
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Reading
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Thank you for listening
Don’t hesitate to contact!
Always happy to connect with nice people and
chat about research, studies, acoustics,
porpoises, seals, boating, making the world a
better place, …
eeva.sairanen@env.fi
050 351 8170
@EevaSairanen
@eevatoday
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