aspice caudam

ASPICE CAUDAM

Look at the tail!

BASIC ENDINGS• - t (he/she/it) + verb• - nt (they) + verb• - am object (or `I’ on verb)

• - em object (or `I’ on verb)

• - um object (or `of’ + plural noun, or neuter subj.)

• - ās plr. obj. (or `thou’ on verb or (with short vowel) singular subject)

• - ōs plr. obj.• - ēs plr. subj. or plr. obj. (or `thou’ on verb)

• - us subject (or (with long vowel) of + noun, plr. sbj. or plr. obj.)

• - is long vowel:(to/for/by/with) plr noun or thou + verb or (short vowel) of + noun (or sing. subject) (or thou + verb)

• - ibus (to/for/by/with) + plr noun• - tis you (plr) + verb

BASIC ENDINGS (contd.)• - a sg. sbj.(a, ae nouns), pl. sbj./obj (neuters) or, with long

vowel, (by/with) noun or order to one person

• - ae of + noun, to/for + noun, pl. sbj• - ō (to/for/by/with) + noun or `I’ on verb

• - ī (to/for/by/with) + noun, of + noun, or pl sbj. or `I‘ on verb (perfect tense) or order to one person

• - e (by/with) + noun or (long vowel) adverb (or neuter subject/object or (-āre/-īre/-ēre) infinitive or address or order to one person (-te for plural)

• - mus `we’ on verb• - tur (he/she/it) + passive verb• - ntur (they) + passive verb• - or sbj. or `I’ + passive verb• - mur we + passive verb• - e/i/aris thou + passive verb

DICTIONARY ENTRIES FOR NOUNS

• The dictionary gives the subject (nominative) and possessive (genitive) forms plus the gender

• In word lists, however, sometimes only the subject form of first and second declension nouns is given because the possessive form, and also the gender, can be predicted from the nominative ending:– a > possessive in –ae, feminine (except occupational

nouns, e.g. agricola )– us > possessive in –ī, masculine– um > possessive in –ī, neuter

DICTIONARY ENTRIES FOR VERBS

• The dictionary entry for a verb will give you the following information:

• - I-form of Present tense• - Infinitive (from which the other forms of the Present

and also the Imperfect and Future are formed)

• - I-form of Perfect (from which the other forms of the Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect are formed)

• - Past Participle (from which the Passive Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect are formed)

EXAMPLES OF DICTIONARY ENTRIES

amō -āre -āvi -ātum lovemoneō -ēre -uī -itum warnvideō -ēre vīdī vīsum seevincō -ere vīcī victum conqueraudiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear, listencapiō -ere cēpi captum capture

Notice that to save space, the dictionary does not repeat the letters before the ending if they do not change in the other parts of the verb.

VERB SIGNATURE VOWELS

(long vowels are shortened before nt and final t and final m and before other vowels)

• ā– present tense for –āre verbs (1st group)– subjunctive for other types of verb– imperfect for all verbs (-bam, -bās, -bat etc.)– past perfect tense (-eram, -erās, -erat etc.)

• ē– present tense for – eō verbs (2nd. Group)– future tense for – ere and – iō verbs– subjunctive for –āre verbs– imperfect subjunctive for all verbs (-rem, -rēs, -ret etc.)

• ī/i/(i)u– present tense for 3rd, 4th and mixed groups – future tense for –āre and – eō verbs (-bō, -bis, -bit etc.) – perfect tense ((ī-, -istī, -it, -imus, -istīs, etc.)

VERB GROUPS (CONJUGATIONS)• 1st (amō, amāre)

– Signature vowel is ā but this is dropped before ō– Perfect and past participle add vī and tum to the stem

• 2nd (habeō, habēre)– Signature vowel is ē– Perfect and past participle often drop the ē and add uī and tum

• 3rd (regō, -ere)– Stem ends in a consonant but i is added before most endings beginning

with a consonant (but u before `nt, e before re and ris and the b of imperfect endings)

– Stem often changes before perfect endings and tum of past participle• 4th (audiō, audīre)

– Stem ends in ī but u is added between this and nt– Perfect and past participle add vī and tum to the stem

• Mixed (capiō, capere)– Endings in present, imperfect and future are like the fourth group except

that i is always short– Infinitive, perfect and past participle formed in similar way to 3rd group

-t

• 3rd. Person singular (he/she/it ______)

• amat

• videt

• agricola labōrat• rex amīcōs dūcit

-t

• 3rd. Person singular (he/she/it ______)

• amat he/she/it loves

• videt he/she/it sees

• agricola labōrat the farmer works• rex amīcōs dūcit the king leads his friend

s

-nt

• 3rd. Person plural (they______)

• cōgitant

• laudant

• poētae portam vident• puellae rosās amant

-nt

• 3rd. Person plural (they______)

• cōgitant they think

• laudant they praise

• poētae portam vident poets see the door

• puellae rosās amant girls love roses

-am

• accusative singular (usually on feminine nouns and adjectives)

• 1st person singular (imperfect of all verbs, future and subjunctive of 3rd, 4th conjugations)

• puellam amat• puerī agricolam cōnservant• ancillam amābam• puellae nautām vident

-am

• accusative singular (usually on feminine nouns and adjectives)

• 1st person singular (imperfect of all verbs, future and subjunctive of 3rd, 4th conjugations)

• puellam amat he/she loves the girl• puerī agricolam the boys save the farmer cōnservant• ancillam amābam I used to love the maid• puellae nautām the girls see the farmer vident

-um

• accusative singular (on 2nd. Decl.masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives)• nominative singular (on 2nd. Decl. neuter nouns and adjectives) genitive plural (1st decl. ārum, 2nd. decl. ōrum)

• templum deōrum vidēmus• puerī deum laudant• servum bonum amābō• ōtium animum cōnservat

-um

• accusative singular (on 2nd. Decl.masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives)• nominative singular (on 2nd. Decl. neuter nouns and adjectives) genitive plural – (1st decl. ārum, 2nd. decl. ōrum)

• templum deōrum vidēmuswe see the temple of the gods

• puerī deum laudant the boys praise the god• servum bonum amābō I will love the good sla

ve• ōtium animum cōnservat leisure preserves the

soul

-ās

• accusative plural (on 1st declension nouns and feminine adjective)

• you (sing.) on a verb (on 1st. conj. present tense, imperfect of all verbs, subjunctive of conj. 2, 3 & 4)

• ancillās poētae vocat• saepe errās• fēminās avarās monēmus• dominō rosās dabant

-ās

• accusative plural (on 1st declension nouns and feminine adjective)

• you (sing.) on a verb (on 1st. conj. present tense, imperfect of all verbs, subjunctive of conj. 2, 3 & 4)

• ancillās poētae vocat he calls the poet’s slaves• saepe errās you are often wrong• fēminās avarās monēmus we warn greedy women• dominō rosās dabant they were giving roses

to the master

-ōs

• accusative plural (on 2nd declension nouns)

• Rōmānōs vidēbis• animōs amīcī semper laudō • puerōs avārōs nōn amāmus • amīcīs servōs datis

-ōs

• accusative plural (on 2nd declension nouns)

• Rōmānōs vidēbis you will see the Romans• animōs amīcī semper laudō I always praise my

friends high spirits• puerōs avārōs nōn amāmus we not like greedy boys• amīcīs servōs datis you give the slaves to

your friends

-ēs• Nominative and accusative plural (on 3rd & 4th declension nou

ns)

• You (sg.) on a verb (on 2nd conj. present tense, 1st conj. present subjunctive, 3rd/4th conj. future)

• Nominative singular (4th declension) • fīlium servāre debēs you should praise your son• multōs populōs monēs you advise many peoples• quid habēs what do you have?• si valēs, valeō If you’re well, I’m well

-ēs• Nominative and accusative plural (on 3rd & 4th declension nou

ns)

• You (sg.) on a verb (on 2nd conj. present tense, 1st conj. present subjunctive, 3rd/4th conj. future)

• Nominative singular (4th declension) • fīlium servāre debēs you should save your son• multōs populōs monēs you advise many peoples• quid habēs what do you have?• si valēs, valeō If you’re well, I’m well

-us/-ūs• [SHORT] Nominative singular (2nd & 4th declension nouns

and adjectives)

• [LONG] Nominative & accusative plural (4th declension nouns)

• [LONG] Genitive singular (4th declension nouns) • dominus servōs terret• stultus poenās saepe dat

• Marcus est puer Rōmānus• amīcus meus amīcam habet

-us/-ūs• [SHORT] Nominative singular (2nd & 4th declension nouns a

nd adjectives)

• [LONG] Nominative & accusative plural (4th declension nouns)

• [LONG] Genitive singular (4th declension nouns) • dominus servōs terret the master frightens the

servants• stultus poenās saepe dat a fool often pays the

penalty• Marcus est puer RōmānusMarcus is a Roman boy• amīcus meus amīcam habet My friend has a girl-friend

-is/-īs• [SHORT] Genitive singular (all 3rd declension nouns and adjective

s) • [SHORT] Nominative singular (some 3rd declension nouns and adj

ectives)• [LONG] Dative and ablative plural (1st & 2nd decl. nouns and a

djectives)• You (sing.) on verbs (SHORT: 3rd conj. Present, 1st. & 2nd. Conj.

Future; LONG: 4th conj. Present)

• puellās in agrīs vidēbis

• poētīs pecūniam semper dat

• dē fēminīs cōgitant • in meō agrō manēbis

-is/-īs• [SHORT] Genitive singular (all 3rd declension nouns and adjectives) • [SHORT] Nominative singular (some 3rd declension nouns and adjec

tives)• [LONG] Dative and ablative plural (1st & 2nd decl. nouns and adj

ectives)• You (sing.) on verbs (SHORT: 3rd conj. Present, 1st. & 2nd. Conj. F

uture; LONG: 4th conj. Present)

• puellās in agrīs vidēbis you’ll see the girls in the fields

• poētīs pecūniam semper dat he always gives money to poets

• dē fēminīs cōgitantthey are thinking about women

• in meō agrō manēbis my friend has a girl-friend

-bus• Dative and ablative plural:

– ibus (all 3rd and 4th declension nouns and adjectives)

– ābus (with 2nd. declension nouns fīlia and dea to distinguish them from fīlius and deus)

– ēbus (5th declension nouns)

• deīs et deābus dōna dant

• Anna cum filiābus manet

• deī filiābus fortūnam dabant

• cum deābus sumus

-bus• Dative and ablative plural:

– ibus (all 3rd and 4th declension nouns and adjectives) – ābus (with 2nd. declension nouns fīlia and dea to disting

uish them from fīlius and deus)– ēbus (5th declension nouns)

• deīs et deābus dōna dant they give gifts to the gods and goddesses

• Anna cum filiābus manet Anna stays with her daughters

• deī filiābus fortūnam dabant the gods will give luck to the daughters

• cum deābus sumus we are with the goddesses

-a/-ā• [SHORT] Nominative and accusative plural (on ALL NEUTER

nouns)

• [SHORT] Nominative singular, first declension

• [LONG] Ablative singular, first declension • bella timeō• agricola in agrīs labōrat• in īnsulā sumus • in aquā sunt multa perīcula

-a/-ā• [SHORT] Nominative and accusative plural (on ALL NEUTER

nouns)

• [SHORT] Nominative singular, first declension

• [LONG] Ablative singular, first declension • bella timeō I fear wars• agricola in agrīs labōrat the farmer works in the field

s• in īnsulā sumus we’re on the island• in aquā sunt multa perīcula there are many dangers in

the water

-ae• Nominative plural (1st declension nouns and adjectives)

• Genitive and dative singular (1st declension)

• puellae puerō dōna dant• nōmen fīliae meae est Ianeta • Ovidiī sunt multae amīcae• sapientiam magistrae laudāmus

-ae• Nominative plural (1st declension nouns and adjectives)

• Genitive and dative singular (1st declension)

• puellae puerō dōna dant the girls give gifts to the b

oy• nōmen fīliae meae est Ianeta my daughter’s name is Ja

net• Ovidiī sunt multae amīcae Ovid has many girlfriends• sapientiam magistrae laudāmus we praise the teacher’s

wisdom

-ō• 1st person singular (present of all verbs, future of 1st,

2nd conjugations)

• dative and ablative singular (2nd declension) • puella cum puerō manet• ancilla dominō vīnum dat

• amīcam Marcī laudō • rosās deō dabō

-ō• 1st person singular (present of all verbs, future of 1st,

2nd conjugations)

• dative and ablative singular (2nd declension)

• puella cum puerō manet the girl stays with the boy• ancilla dominō vīnum dat the maid gives the master

wine• amīcam Marcī laudō I praise Marcus’s girlfrie

nd• rosās deō dabō I’ll give roses to the god

-ī• nominative plural (2nd declension masc. nouns and a

djectives)• genitive singular (2nd declension nouns and masc. a

nd neuter adjectives – remember genitives normally follow the noun they qualify!)

• Ist person singular (perfect of all verbs)• passive infinitives • agricolae sunt bonī• amīcī fīliī meī sapientiam amant

• servī dōna dominī laudant

• puerī oculōs bonōs habent

-ī• nominative plural (2nd declension masc. nouns and a

djectives)• genitive singular (2nd declension nouns and masc. an

d neuter adjectives – remember genitives normally follow the noun they qualify!)

• Ist person singular (perfect of all verbs)• passive infinitives • agricolae sunt bonī the farmers are good• amīcī fīliī meī sapientiam amant the friends of my son love

wisdom• servī dōna dominī laudant the slaves praise the

master’s gifts

• puerī oculōs bonōs habent the boys have good eyes

-ā/-ē + b + ō/i-/u-

• future tense (1st and 2nd conjugation)

• templum cōnservābimus• Marcus dōnum amābit • puellae poenās dabunt • cum dominō nōn manēbō

-ā/-ē + b + ō/i-/u-

• future tense (1st and 2nd conjugation)

• templum cōnservābimus we will save the temple• Marcus dōnum amābit Marcus will love the gift • puellae poenās dabunt the girls will pay the penalt

y • cum dominō nōn manēbō I will not stay with the mas

ter

-ā/-ē + b + a-

• imperfect tense (all verbs)

• cum magistrō errābātis• puellae sapientiam laudābant• in Britanniā labōrābam • servus dē ancillā cōgitābat

-ā/-ē + b + a-

• imperfect tense (all verbs)

• cum magistrō errābātis you were wandering with t

he teacher• puellae sapientiam laudābant the girls were praising wisdo

m • in Britanniā labōrābam I was working in Britain• servus dē ancillā cōgitābat the slave was thinking abo

ut the maid