ascension meditation: an introduction

7/31/2019 Ascension Meditation: An Introduction

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M[KJO[AIO FJ@APMPAIO Mo Aopti`zkpaio

dqKbm` Fahhjfio

Kzttjop J`apaio Tjua{j` & Fmq 4>==

MHH TACBP[ TJ[JTUJ@ ¡

Pba{ tj~itp fmq dj tj~ti`zkj` it ptmo{fappj` ao moq eitf( jhjkptioak( it fjkbmoakmh( it dq moq aoeitfmpaiomh {pitmcj it tjptajumh {q{pjf sapbizp jr~tj{{j` stappjo( `mpj` mo`{acoj` ~jtfa{{aio etif pbj mzpbit( dzp fmq OIP dj kbmocj` it mhpjtj` ~mtphq it m{ msbihj/

@A[KHMAFJT

Pbj aoeitfmpaio ~tj{jopj` bjtjao tj~tj{jop{ pbj uajs{ ie pbj mzpbit m{ ie pbj `mpj ie

~zdhakmpaio/ Pba{ tj~itp a{ eit aoeitfmpaiomh ~zt~i{j{ iohq mo` pbj mzpbit `ij{ oipmkkj~p moq tj{~io{adahapaj{ eit moq hamdahapaj{ tj{zhpaoc etif pbj z{j ie pba{ aoeitfmpaio/ Moq {hacbp{ ie ~ji~hj it itcmoawmpaio{ mtj zoaopjopaiomh/

Pbj aoeitfmpaio kiopmaoj` ao pba{ diil a{ oip aopjo`j` pi dj z{j` ao àmcoi{a{(~tj{kta~paio it ptjmpfjop ie à{jm{j it moq bjmhpb à{it`jt sbmp{ijujt/ Oit a{ pba{aoeitfmpaio aopjo`j` pi tj~hmkj kif~jpjop fjàkmh kmtj/ Pba{ diil a{ m kif~joàzf ie aoeitfmpaio sbakb fmq dj z{j` m{ mo m`gzokp pi m tmpaiomh mo` tj{~io{adhj bjmhpb kmtj~hmo/

M[KJO[AIO FJ@APMPAIO ¡ 4>=4

MDIZP PBJ MZPBIT

Kbm` Fahhjfio sm{ dito ao Bidd{( Ojs Fjraki ao =13:/ Bj bm{ ~tmkpakj`fjàpmpaio eit iujt =: qjmt{ mo` bm{ pmzcbp M{kjo{aio Fjàpmpaio sith`sa`j{aokj =112/ Ao m`àpaio pi ao{ptzkpaoc djcaoojt{ kizt{j{( bj bm{ mh{i cza`j`jrpjo`j` tjptjmp{ pi mùmokj` {pz`jop{ tmocaoc etif m sa`j umtajpq ie kzhpztmhdmklctizo`{ mo` smhl{ ie haej/

Mepjt a{kiujtaoc pbmp fj`apmpaio mo` {~atapzmhapq sjtj oip mp mhh kif~hakmpj`( dzp

mfmwaochq {af~hj( Kbm` bm{ kbi{jo pi {bmtj ba{ ao{acbp{ sapb ipbjt{ sbi {jjlkhmtapq sapbao pbjat iso ~tmkpakj/ Ba{ aopjopaio a{ pi ~tiua`j mo j`zkmpaiomh {jtuakjpbmp ao{~atj{ ipbjt{ mhioc pbjat ~mpb{ ie ~jt{iomh mo` {~atapzmh jo`jmuit/

kbm`fahhjfioNcfmah/kif

‒Fmq qiz mhsmq{ smhl ao djmzpq‑

Ompauj Mfjtakmo ^tmqjt

Pba{ pjrp a{ `aua`j` aopi psi {jkpaio{ & Pbj Djcaoojt {jkpaio a{ mo aopti`zkpaio pi

M{kjo{aio mo` pbj M`umokj` {jkpaio {jtuj{ m{ m kio`jo{j` bmo`diil ie pbj dm{ak

fjkbmoak{ ie ~tmkpakj eit pbi{j sbi bmuj mhtjm`q hjmtoj` pi M{kjo`/ Iujtmhh( pbj

aopjopaio ie pbj pjrp a{ pi ~tiua`j ao{~atmpaio mo` khmtapq aopi pba{ happhj loiso fj`apmpaio

~tmkpakj/

AOPTI@ZKPAIO

Pjkboa}zj{ mo` pjmkbaoc{ eit {~atapzmh mo` ~jt{iomh `jujhi~fjop mtj mdizp m{ ih` m{

bzfmolao` ap{jhe/ Pbj{j `mq{ pbj {fitcm{dit` ie i~paio{ mumahmdhj pi pbj {pz`jop ie

{~atapzmh jo`jmuit a{ mtczmdhq ctjmpjt pbmo jujt djeitj/ Pba{ kmo iepjo hjm` pi kioez{aio

sapbao fmoq sbi {jjl m ptz{psitpbq ~tmkpakj/ M khjmt izphaoj ie M{kjo{aio Fj`apmpaio a{

ie `zj af~itpmokj caujo pbj emkp pbmp pbjtj bm{ djjo m kio{a`jtmdhj hmkl ie uamdhj

fmpjtamh mumahmdhj pi kzttjop it ~ipjopamh {pz`jop{ sapb tj{~jkp pi pba{ pjmkbaoc/

Sbahj ~ji~hj hjmto M{kjo{aio Fj`apmpaio eit m fqtam` ie tjm{io{( pbj um{p fmgitapq ie

~mtpaka~mop{ hjmto ao it`jt pi `a{kiujt ~jmkj( kiopjopfjop( giq( bm~~aoj{{( hiuj mo` pi

`jujhi~ ctjmpjt kioojkpaio sapb m Bacbjt ^isjt/ Tjmhhq( moq tjm{io sizh` dj m cii`

tjm{io pi hjmto pi M{kjo`/ Pbj pjkboa}zj{ ie M{kjo{aio Fj`apmpaio "M{kjo{aio

Mppapz`j{! mtj mp pafj{ tjejttj` pi m{ ‒fjkbmoakmh pjkboa}zj{‑ m{ pbjq qajh` ~i{apauj

tj{zhp{ eit moqioj sbi z{j{ pbjf tjcmt`hj{{ ie ioj‑{ djhaje{ mdizp pbjf/

Mfioc ipbjt pbaoc{( tjczhmt ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio kmo tj{zhp ao7 m fitj ~i{apauj

tjhmpaio{ba~ sapb izt{jhuj{( ipbjt{ mo` pbj sith`( `a{{ihzpaio ie mkkzfzhmpj` {ptj{{ mo`

{jhe&`j{ptzkpauj djbmuait ~mppjto{< jobmokj` {~atapzmh mo` tjhacaiz{ ~tmkpakj/ Pbj fi{p

oipmdhj tj{zhp ie pba{ ~tmkpakj a{ pbmp ap ~tiua`j{ pbj ~ipjopamh pi jr~jtajokj pbj ~tj{jokj

ie pbj @auaoj sapbao/ Pba{ a{ jr~jtajokj` m{ m `jj~ mda`aoc aoojt ~jmkj mo` {pahhoj{{ pbmp

ptmo{kjo`{ mhh pbizcbp( ejjhaoc mo` jfipaio/ Ap a{ m {pahhoj{{ pbmp ~tjumah{ jujo ao pbj

fa`{p ie jrpjtomh oia{j mo` mkpauapq/

Pbj djojeap{ ie M{kjo{aio mtj fm`j ~i{{adhj `zj pi pbj emkp pbmp ~jmkj mo` ~i{apauapq

mtj mumahmdhj pi mhh mp mhh pafj{ mo` djkmz{j pbj pjkboa}zj{ mtj dm{j` io ~tma{j(

ctmpapz`j( hiuj mo` kif~m{{aio ‛ jfipaio{ pbmp mtj sapbizp m `izdp pbj fi{p ~isjtezh ao

pbj zoaujt{j mo` sbakb bmuj mhsmq{ hjm` pi pbj fi{p ezheahhaoc jr~jtajokj{ pbmp moq ie z{

bmuj jujt bm`/

Pbj Pjkboa}zj{ kmo dj ~tmkpakj` dq ~ji~hj ie moq emapb it smhl ie haej sapbao moq

{apzmpaio/ ^tma{j( ctmpapz`j( hiuj mo` kif~m{{aio eitf pbj ktzr ie moq ie pbj sith`{

ctjmp tjhacaio{ mo` {~atapzmh ~mpbsmq{/ Pbjtjeitj( fmoq bmuj ejhp pbmp M{kjo{aio

kif~hafjop{ pbjat kiffapfjop pi pbjat ~tjejttj` tjhacaiz{ it {~atapzmh jo`jmuit/ Fmoq

bmuj oipj` ap{ ptjfjo`iz{ jeejkpaujoj{{ m{ mo ma` sapb =4&{pj~ tjkiujtq ~tictmf{/

Jujo pbizcb M{kjo{aio a{ {af~hj mo` ~isjtezh( ap a{ kiffio eit ~tmkpapaiojt{ pi

zoojkj{{mtahq kif~hakmpj pbj ~tmkpakj izp ie `izdp it fa{zo`jt{pmo`aoc/ Pbjtjeitj pbj

~zt~i{j ie pba{ pjrp a{ pi ~tiua`j joizcb dm{ak ao{ptzkpaio pi bjh~ dtaoc mdizp pbj

{af~hakapq pbmp sahh tj{zhp ao pbj mfmwaoc djojeap{ ie pba{ ctjmp eitf ie fj`apmpaio/

Tjczhmt ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio sahh tj{zhp ao ~i{apauj kbmocj{ eit moqioj pbmp m~~haj{ ap

kittjkphq/ Sapb ~jt{jujtmokj( kio{kaiz{oj{{ sahh ompztmhhq jr~mo` djqio` ap{ kzttjop

dizo`mtaj{ mo` juihuj aopi ctjmpjt mo` fitj tjsmt`aoc {pmpj{ ie djaoc/ Jmkb {pj~ ie

ctispb j}zmh{ m ctmo`jt jr~jtajokj ie haej eahhj` sapb jujt fitj ~tieizo` `j~pb{ ie

kiopjopfjop mo` ~i{apauapq/

Pbj ctjmp {pzfdhaoc dhikl pi pbj `a{kiujtq ie pbj {ahjokj ie @auaoapq eit jujo pbj fi{p

{aokjtj a{ `jj~hq afdj``j` fjopmh ~tictmffaoc/ Qiz fmq gz{p m{ sjhh tjejt pi pba{

~tictmffaoc m{ ‒fao`‑ it ‒jci‑/ Jci)fao` a{ pbj {iztkj ie mhh kif~hjrapq mo` kioehakp

mo` a{ {zdphj ao pbj jrptjfj/ Eit pba{ tjm{io jr~jtajokj` pjmkbjt{ ie {~atapzmh mo`

fj`apmpauj ~mpbsmq{ bmuj fjopaioj` pbmp ap a{ sa{j pi {jjl cza`mokj ie pbi{j sapb

ctjmpjt zo`jt{pmo`aoc sbjo ~i{{adhj/ Cza`mokj kmo }zaklhq khjmt z~ `izdp{ mo`

fa{zo`jt{pmo`aoc{ pbmp kizh` ipbjtsa{j tjfmao ao ~hmkj eit mo jopatj haejpafj/

Pba{ diil a{ `j`akmpj` pi pbj dtahhamop ~tj{jokj ie Haej pbmp mhtjm`q jra{p{ sapbao z{ mhh/

[JKPAIO A

DJCAOOJT[

Pba{ {jkpaio ~tj{jop{ mo iujtuajs ie pbj dm{ak{ ie M{kjo{aio Fj`apmpaio/ Oioj ie pbj

eihhisaoc aoeitfmpaio ~tiua`j{ pbj mkpzmh pjkboa}zj{ it ao{ptzkpaio io bis pi fj`apmpj/

Sj bmuj eizo` hauj ao{ptzkpaio pi dj emt mo` msmq pbj fi{p jeejkpauj mp ~tiua`aoc khmtapq

sbjo ap kifj{ pi pjmkbaoc fj`apmpaio/

Fzkb halj pbi{j sbi ~tmkpakj fj`apmpaio mtj pjtfj` ‒fj`apmpit{‑( pbi{j sbi ~tmkpakj

M{kjo{aio mtj iepjo tjejttj` pi m{ ‒M{kjo`jt{‑/ Mo` halj pbi{j sbi jocmcj ao fj`apmpaio

sizh` dj ‒fj`apmpaoc ‑( mo M{kjo`jt sizh` dj ‒ M{kjo`aoc ‑/ Pbjtjeitj ‒M{kjo`‑ it

‒ M{kjo`aoc ‑ sbjo z{j` ao pba{ kiopjrp `ij{o‑p tjejt pi moq {itp ie hjuapmpaoc( it izp&ie&di`q jr~jtajokj( dzp tjejt{ {af~hq pi pbj mkp ie m~~hqaoc pbj Pjkboa}zj{ ie M{kjo{aio/

Mp pafj{ pbj pjkboa}zj{ ie M{kjo{aio sahh dj tjejttj` pi m{ ‒M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{‑ mo` mp

ipbjt pafj{ m{ ‒Pjkboa}zj{‑/ Pbj{j pjtf{ mtj mhh aopjtkbmocjmdhj mo` tjejt pi pbj {mfj

pbaoc/

Pbtizcbizp pba{ {bitp pjrp pbjtj a{ mh{i tjejtjokj pi pbj zhpafmpj cimh ie fj`apmpauj

~tmkpakj/ Eit pba{ pbjtj mtj {jujtmh sit`{ fmq dj z{j` sbakb mhh ~iaop pi pbj [iztkj ie

mhh pbmp a{ & [ahjokj( ^jmkj( pbj Aoeaoapj( pbj ptzj [jhe( Aoojt ^jmkj( Kio{kaiz{oj{{ &

pbj{j mhh mtj aopjtkbmocjmdhj mo` tjejt pi pbj jrmkp {mfj ~tj{jokj/ Pbj {zo bm{

~tidmdhq bm` bzo`tj`{ ie omfj{ pbtizcbizp mjio{ ie pafj/ Sbahj pbj omfj{ bmuj

kbmocj` pbj mkpzmh jr~jtajokj ie pbj {zo bm{ djjo pbj {mfj eit moqioj sbi bm{ jujt

jr~jtajokj` ap pbtizcbizp mhh ie pafj/ Pbj {mfj kmo dj {ma` ie pbj `atjkp jr~jtajokj ie

~jtfmojop aoojt ~jmkj( sbakb a{ pbj jrmkp {mfj sapbao z{ mhh/

Sbmp a{ M{kjo{aio Fj`apmpaio9

M{kjo{aio a{ m zoa}zj fj`apmpaio ~tmkpakj pbmp kio{a{p{ ie m {jtaj{ ie kioka{j

fjkbmoakmh pjkboa}zj{ loiso m{ M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{/ Pbj{j Pjkboa}zj{ mtj dm{j` io

pbj sbihhq ~i{apauj jfipaio{ ie tma{j( Ctmpapz`j( Hiuj mo` Kif~m{{aio ‛ sa`jhq

loiso pi dj pbj fi{p ~isjtezh ie mhh jfipaio{/ Sj z{j pbj sit` ‒fjkbmoakmh‑ djkmz{j

pba{ fjmo{ pbmp pbjq sitl sbjpbjt sj djhajuj pbjq sahh it oip/

Pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ bmuj pbj ~ipjopamh jeejkp ie emkahapmpaoc ~i{apauj jf~isjtfjop

mo` ptmo{eitfmpaio eit moqioj sbi z{j{ pbjf/ Pba{ a{ {i djkmz{j pbj pjkboa}zj{ mtj

{ptzkpztj` ao {zkb m smq pi bjh~ `a{{ihuj pbj aopjtomh kitj it tiip ie kioehakp ap{jhe/ Pbj{j

tiip{ mtj fitj kiffio pbmo kiffiohq pbizcbp/ M{kjo{aio fjmo{ ‘pi ta{j djqio`‖/ Ap

a{ m fjmo{ dq sbakb sj kmo ta{j djqio` mhh pbj hafapaoc mo` zotjsmt`aoc fjopmh

~tictmf{ pbmp sj bmuj djjo jo{hmuj` dq eit fi{p ie izt hauj{/

M{kjo{aio a{ oip m djhaje {q{pjf( tjhacaio( ojs mcj em` it ~bahi{i~bq/ Ap a{ m pjmkbaocdm{j` jopatjhq io ~jt{iomh jr~jtajokj/ Pbj Pjkboa}zj{ mtj {af~hj djkmz{j pbjq `io‑p

cauj moqioj moqpbaoc pbjq `io‑p mhtjm`q bmuj( dzp iohq bjh~ pi zokiujt pbj mhtjm`q

jra{paoc ~tj{jokj ie ~jmkj sapbao/

Eit fi{p( pbj um{p fmgitapq ie pbj `mq a{ {~jop md{itdj` ao pbj kbmipak kbmppjt ie pbj

fao`/ M{ sj pbaol mo` djhajuj( {i sj mkp/ Pbj pbizcbp{ pbmp sj a`jopaeq sapb mo` cauj

izt mppjopaio pi bmuj pbj ~isjt pi meejkp izt hauj{ & eit japbjt djppjt it sit{j/ Mhh pii

iepjo pbj kiopjop ie pbj fao` a{ eahhj` sapb ojcmpauapq mo` hafapmpaio/ Pba{ a{ m tj{zhp ie

~m{p jr~jtajokj mo` pbj kio`apaioaoc ie {ikajpq/

Tjcmt`hj{{ ie bis {zkb ~mppjto{ sjtj eitfj` pi djcao sapb( ap a{ af~itpmop pi dj msmtj

ie pbj emkp pbmp pbjtj mtj kio{j}zjokj{ pi ao`zhcaoc ao m {pjm`q `ajp ie ojcmpauj pbaolaoc/

Pq~akmhhq pba{ mfizop{ pi m haej pbmp a{ zoojkj{{mtahq ~hmczj` sapb aoojt pztfiah sbjtj

kioehakp ~tjumah{ iujt ~jmkj/ Pba{( ao pzto( pmlj{ ap{ pihh io pbj di`q/ Sbmp a{ bjh` ao fao`

bm{ m `atjkp jeejkp io izt ~bq{akmh sjhh&djaoc/

Pbj cii` ojs{ a{ pbmp sj kmo zpahawj pbj ~isjt ie izt kio{kaiz{ mppjopaio dq ~hmopaoc

pbj {jj`{ ie ~isjtezh ~i{apauj pbizcbp{/ Pbizcbp{ sbakb mhhis pbj etzap{ ie m fitj ezhh

mo` kif~hjpj haej pi dhi{{if/ Sbjtjm{ djeitj ap fmq bmuj djjo `aeeakzhp pi lois jrmkphq

bis ioj kizh` hauj `aeejtjophq it kbmocj pbj smq sj hiil mp izt{jhuj{ mo` pbj sith`( M{kjo{aio bjh~{ fmlj pba{ khjmt mo` {af~hj/

Bis a{ ap `aeejtjop etif ipbjt fj`apmpaio ~tmkpakj{9

Pbj oipaio ie fj`apmpaio kiffiohq juilj{ afmcj{ ie taca` zokifeitpmdhj ~i{pztj{ mo`

{ptjoziz{ aosmt` eikz{/ Ap a{ kiffiohq m{{zfj` pbmp sj ojj` pi eitkadhq {pi~ it jrjtp

{ifj {itp ie kioptih iujt pbj {ptjmf ie pbizcbp{ ao it`jt pi mkbajuj m {pmpj ie aoojt

~jmkj/ Dzp ae fj`apmpaio a{ fjmop pi dtaoc mdizp ~jmkj mo` tjhmrmpaio pbjo ap fz{p dj

{af~hj( oip mo jrjtka{j ao {ptmao mo` kif~hjrapq/

Ae pbjtj a{ m djhaje pbmp qizt fao` fz{p dj `aeejtjop pbmo sbmp ap a{ ao moq caujo fifjop(

pbjo pbj kbmokj{ mtj ta~j pbmp qiz sahh emhh aopi pbj aojeejkpauj ptm~ ie m~~hqaoc eitkj pi

kioptih ap/ M ljq àeejtjokj djpsjjo ptmàpaiomh eitf{ ie fjàpmpaio mo` M{kjo{aio

fj`apmpaio a{ pbmp pbj ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio `ij{ oip aouihuj fao` kioptih/ Ap a{o‑p pbj

fao` pbmp kbmocj{ {i fzkb sapb tjczhmt ~tmkpakj m{ ap a{ qizt tjhmpaio{ba~ sapb pbj fao`/

[i pbizcbp{ `io‑p mkpzmhhq ojj` pi kbmocj tjcmt`hj{{ ie pbjat }zmopapq it }zmhapq/

Moipbjt ljq à{paokpaio djpsjjo M{kjo{aio mo` ptmàpaiomh eitf{ ie fj apmpaio a{ pbmp M{kjo{aio kmo dj ~tmkpakj` sapb jqj{&i~jo it khi{j / Ao m`àpaio( pbjtj mtj oi {~jkaeak

`ajp{( ~i{pztj{( fz{ak( kbmop{ it djhaje {q{pjf{ tj}zatj`/ Pbjtj a{ oi ojj` pi mhpjt qizt

kzttjop djhaje{ pi ~tmkpakj M{kjo{aio/ Ap a{o‑p jujo ojkj{{mtq pi djhajuj pbmp pbj ~tmkpakj

sahh sitl ao it`jt pi djojeap etif ap/

A{ pba{ m tjhacaio( ojs&mcj ~tmkpakj it djhaje {q{pjf9

Oi/ M{kjo{aio a{ m pjmkbaoc ie atjkp( ~jt{iomh jr~jtajokj/ Pbjtj mtj oi {~jkaeak djhaje{

tj}zatj`( oit moq afmcj{ pi sit{ba~/ Pbjtj mtj oi cztz{ pi dis djeitj mo` oipbaoc qiz

ojj` pi giao/ Mhh pbmp a{ ~tj{jopj` ao moq kizt{j io M{kjo{aio a{ eit pbj {mlj ie bjh~aoc~mtpaka~mop{ pi dj khjmt ao pbjat iso ~tmkpakj/

M{kjo{aio a{ m pjmkbaoc ie kio{kaiz{ msmtjoj{{/ M{ sj djkifj jujt fitj msmtj ie

izt{jhuj{ mp `jj~jt hjujh{( sj fmq ujtq sjhh {jj pbmp pbjtj fmq dj {ifj djbmuaitmh

~mppjto{ sbakb mtj ~ti`zkpauj mo` jogiqmdhj dzp mh{i bmdap{ pbmp kio{a{pjophq dao` z{

aopi m haej pbmp a{ hj{{ pbmo tjsmt`aoc/ Mhh pii iepjo sj ejjh bjh~hj{{hq kioptihhj` dq pbj{j

~tictmf{ jujo ae sj `io‑p smop moqpbaoc pi `i sapb pbjf/ Eitpzompjhq sj kmo kbii{j

`aeejtjophq ao moq fifjop {i hioc m{ sj lois jrmkphq bis /

M{kjo{aio a{ m piih pbmp jra{p{ pi bjh~ z{ iujtkifj pbi{j bmdap{ pbmp kta~~hj izt ~ipjopamh pi hauj m fitj kif~hjpj mo` aopjctmpj` haej/ Ap a{ mh{i m fjmo{ pi {ptjocpbjo

{~atapzmh `juipaio tjcmt`hj{{ ie sbmp qizt kzttjop djhaje it kzhpztmh z~dtaocaoc/

Zo`jtojmpb mhh ie izt pbizcbp{ mo` djhaje{ pbjtj a{ mo aoeaoapj sjhh{~taoc ie ~jmkj pbmp

ptmo{kjo`{ mhh ie izt kizophj{{ kioehakpaoc pbizcbp {ptjmf{ mo` {z~~i{j` `aeejtjokj{/

Pba{ ~tj{jokj a{ mumahmdhj pi mhh/ Ap a{ iohq ojkj{{mtq pi lois bis pi m~~timkb ap

jeejkpaujhq/

Pbjtj a{ oi ojj` jujo pi djhajuj pbmp pba{ a{ ptzj ao it`jt pi tjm~ pbj djojeap{ ie pba{

~tmkpakj/ Izt iohq tjkiffjo`mpaio eit moq ojskifjt pi pba{ pjmkbaoc a{ pi dj aooikjop

mo` kio{a{pjop sapb pbj pjkboa}zj{ pi {jj bis pbjq sitl eit qiz/

@i A bmuj pi cauj z~ fq kzttjop tjhacaiz{ meeahampaio it {~atapzmh

~tmkpakj pi hjmto9

Oi/ Pbj iohq pbaoc tj}zatj` a{ pbj sahhaocoj{{ pi m~~hq pba{ ~tmkpakj m{ ao{ptzkpj` sapb mo

mppapz`j ie aooikjokj mo` i~jooj{{/ Pba{ a{ m pjmkbaoc pbmp kioeitf{ pi qizt haej{pqhj

mo` ~tjejtjokj{ tmpbjt pbmo qiz ojj`aoc pi kioeitf pi ap/ Ae qiz mtj m Dz``ba{p ap sahh

bjh~ qiz dj m djppjt Dz``ba{p/ Ae qiz mtj m Kbta{pamo ap sahh bjh~ qiz dj m djppjt Kbta{pamo/

Jujo ae qiz bmuj oi {~atapzmh it tjhacaiz{ meeahampaio pi {~jml ie( ap sahh {pahh jobmokj qizt

}zmhapq ie haej tjcmt`hj{{/

A bmuj ptaj` pi {pi~ fq fao`( dzp oipbaoc {jjf{ pi sitl/ Sahh pba{ bjh~

fj cjp ta` ie fq pbizcbp{9

Pba{ a{ mtczmdhq pbj fi{p sa`j{~tjm` fa{zo`jt{pmo`aoc sapb tj{~jkp pi fj`apmpaio

~tmkpakj{/ M{ m djcaooaoc fj`apmpit( A pii ptaj` ao umao pi {ahjokj fq fao`/

Pbj mppjf~p pi kioptih pbj fao` {jjf{ pi fmlj ~jtejkp {jo{j ‛ ‘Fq pbizcbp{ mtj

ktjmpaoc jo`hj{{ morajpq( {i ae A kizh` iohq cjp ta` ie pbjf A sizh` eaomhhq bmuj ~jmkj‖/

Pbj jttit a{ ao ptqaoc pi {ahjokj pbj fao`( sbakb iepjo iohq mfizop{ pi m bzcj mfizop ie

sm{pj` pafj mo` jojtcq/ Etz{ptmpaio a{ fitj pbj tj{zhp pbmo ~jmkj/

Pbj ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio ieejt{ moipbjt ~jt{~jkpauj/ ^jtbm~{ pbj {mfj pbizcbp{ kmo

mta{j( dzp qiz `io‑p cauj pbjf moq mppjopaio/ Ao{pjm` qiz cjophq tj`atjkp qizt mppjopaio pi

m àeejtjop {itp ie pbizcbp( ioj pbmp fiuj{ ao }zapj pbj i~~i{apj àtjkpaio ie ìzdp( ejmt

mo` gz`cfjop/ Sapb pbj bjh~ ie jujo m {aochj M{kjo{aio Pjkboa}zj ap a{ jm{q pi `a{kiujt

pbj eaoj mtp pi djaoc mdhj pi kio{kaiz{hq {baep qizt eikz{ etif sittq pi ~jmkj mp pbj {om~

ie m eaocjt/

Ao pbj fiuaj ‒M Djmzpaezh Fao`‑ pbj fmao kbmtmkpjt ~hmqj` dq Tz{{jhh Ktisj hauj{ fzkbie ba{ m`zhpbii` m{ m ~mtmoia` {kbawi~btjoak/ @ztaoc ba{ haej pbjtj sjtj kjtpmao emfahamt

mk}zmaopmokj{ pbmp bj fmaopmaoj` khi{j kiopmkp sapb etif kbah`bii` mhh pbj smq aopi

m`zhpbii`/ M{ tjmh m{ pbjq m~~jmtj` pi dj( pbjq iohq jra{pj` ao ba{ afmcaompaio/ Dq pbj

pafj bj eaomhhq tjmhawj` pba{( ba{ ~tifa{aoc haej mo` kmtjjt sjtj ojmthq tzaoj`/

Ba{ tjkiujtq a{ aoptaczaoc( djkmz{j pbj afmcaomtq mk}zmaopmokj{ ojujt mkpzmhhq sjop

msmq/ Sapb pbj bjh~ ie ptmaoj` ~tiej{{aiomh{( bj sm{ mdhj pi {jj pbjf eit sbmp pbjq

sjtj/ Sbahj pbj afmcaoj` mk}zmaopmokj{ fmq oip bmuj cioj msmq( ba{ tjhmpaio{ba~ sapb

pbjf kbmocj`/ M{ m tj{zhp( pbjq oi hiocjt bm` mo m`ujt{j jeejkp io ba{ haej/ Sj mhh bmuj

m {afahmt mdahapq pi {baep izt tjhmpaio{ba~ sapb pbj uiakj{ ao izt iso bjm`/

Sbmp mtj pbj djojeap{ ie M{kjo`aoc9 Bis `ij{ haej kbmocj9

Pba{ umtaj{ {ifjsbmp etif ioj ~jt{io pi pbj ojrp/ Jujtqioj sahh bmuj pbjat iso zoa}zj

jr~jtajokj ie pba{ ~tmkpakj/ [ifj ie pbj fi{p kiffio djojeap{ mtj m{ eihhis{7

& Af~tiuj` {hjj~ mo` tj{p/

Jujo ae {hjj~ a{ bmt` pi kifj dq( M{kjo{aio bjh~{ dtaoc ioj pi m {pmpj ie smlaoc

tj{pezhoj{{ pbmp kmo hjmuj ioj ejjhaoc tjgzujompj`/ Ioj ie pbj fi{p kiffiopj{pafioamh{ A bmuj {jjo( jujo sapbao pbj eat{p ejs `mq{ ie M{kjo{aio ~tmkpakj( a{ pbmp ap

sitlj` dtahhamophq pi bjh~ ~ji~hj iujtkifj {hjj~aoc ~tidhjf{/

& @jktjm{j` sitl mo` emfahq tjhmpj` {ptj{{/

[ptj{{ `ij{o‑p kifj etif moq jrpjtomh katkzf{pmokj{ dzp ao bis sj tjhmpj pi pbjf/ Pbj

tjmh {~atapzmh tjptjmp a{ oip msmq ao pbj ptmo}zah( eitj{pj` fizopmao{( dzp tacbp bjtj mo`

ois ao pbj fa`{p ie pbj ‒`mahq ctao`‑ ie haej/ Mtfj` sapb m ~isjtezh pjkboa}zj( ~tmqjtezh

fj`apmpaio kmo dj m smq ie haej mo` ieejt{ mo juihuj` fjmo{ pi tj{~io` pi jujtq

{apzmpaio( oi fmppjt bis fzo`moj it pbtahhaoc/

& Aoktjm{j` kmhf mo` tjhmrmpaio djcao{ pi tj~hmkj morajpq pbtizcbizp pbj `mq/

Morajpq kifj{ etif izt ~tictmffaoc/ Sapb tjczhmt ~tmkpakj fmoq eao` pbmp {ptj{{ hjujh{

`jktjm{j ompztmhhq mo` mzpifmpakmhhq/ Ap pmlj{ ~mpajokj mo` ~jt{a{pjokj/ Sj mhh ~tictj{{

`aeejtjophq/ Dzp mhh ~tictmffaoc pbmp tj{zhp{ ao `a{ptj{{ kmo dj iujtkifj- Ap a{ }zapj

kiffio eit pbi{j sbi bmuj djjo M{kjo`aoc eit msbahj pi eao` oipmdhj `jktjm{j ao

{ptj{{ hjujh{ sbahj `tauaoc ao bjmuq ptmeeak it ao pbj sitl~hmkj jouatiofjop/

A iokj jr~jtajokj` m kio{pmop( `jj~ jfipaiomh bjmuaoj{{( eit hmkl ie m djppjt smq ie

`j{ktadaoc ap/ Ap sm{ halj m dzt`jo A bm` kmttaj` fq sbihj haej/ M{ fzkb m{ A smopj` pi djetjj ie ap A kizh`o‑p tjkmhh sbmp ap sm{ halj pi hauj sapbizp ap/ A kmo mkpzmhhq tjfjfdjt pbj

fifjop ap `a{m~~jmtj`/ Ap sm{ {z``jo( kif~hjpj mo` sapbizp moq ~tjhz`j/ ^iie- Cioj/

Pbmp sm{ iujt m `jkm`j mci mo` A bmuj eizo` oi ptmkj ie ap {aokj/

& Jobmokj` {~atapzmh ~tmkpakj

Sbjo A djcmo ejjhaoc j{~jkamhhq `tmso pi {~atapzmh pjmkbaoc{ A sm{ ezhh ie mfdapaio( dzp

ta``hj` sapb `izdp{ tjcmt`aoc bis dj{p pi kbmoojh fq ~m{{aio fi{p jeejkpaujhq/ Pbj

pjmkbaoc{ ie pbj ctjmp {maop{( {mcj{ mo` Kbta{pamo Fq{pak{ sjtj ie ctjmpj{p aopjtj{p/ Ao

{~apj ie mhh pbmp mfdapaio A ejhp halj A sm{ hi{p mp {jm sapbizp m kif~m{{ mo` fm~/ Gz{phjmtoaoc pi M{kjo` sa~j` msmq m fzhpapz`j ie zokjtpmaopq tacbp msmq/ Pba{ sm{ `zj pi

pbj zppjt {af~hakapq mo` `atjkpoj{{ ie pbj Pjkboa}zj{ ie M{kjo{aio/ M``apaiomh {zdphj

`izdp{ zotmujhhj` sapb eztpbjt ~tmkpakj/

Ae fj`apmpaio( kiopjf~hmpaio it ~tmqjt a{ pi dj ~tmkpakj` jeejkpaujhq pbjo ap fz{p dj

~tmkpakj` sapb kjtpmaopq/ Fj`apmpaio , kioea`jokj mo` tjczhmtapq ao pbj ~tmkpakj 6

aojuapmdhj ~tictj{{/ Pbjtjeitj ap a{ uapmh pbmp ~ti~jt piih{ eit ptmo{eitfmpaio fz{p dj

pmzcbp dq m kif~jpjop cza`j pi jo{ztj pbmp {zkb kioea`jokj ~tjumah{ ao pbj {pz`jop/

& Oipmdhj aoktjm{j ao aoojt ~jmkj( {jhe&mkkj~pmokj( {pahhoj{{ mo` kiopjopfjop

Sj mhh bmuj pbizcbp{ sbjpbjt sj halj ap it oip/ Gz{p m{ sjhh ~jmkj mo` {pahhoj{{ a{

~tj{jop sapbao z{ mhh mo` ao mhh fifjop{/ Pba{ cij{ zotjkicoawj` {i hioc m{ sj mtj

jopmochj` ao izt kiopaoziz{ pbizcbp {ptjmf{/ M{kjo`aoc emkahapmpj{ ompztmh ctispb mo`

mpptmkpaio pismt` pbj eajh` ie {pahhoj{{ djojmpb pbj ehis ie pbizcbp{/

Sj bmuj pi m{l izt{jhuj{( sbmp a{ ap pbmp sj kbii{j pi ~taitapawj9 A{ ap pbj ehis ie

pbaolaocoj{{ & pbj uiakj{ ao izt bjm`9 It a{ ap pbj eajh` ie {ahjokj ao sbakb pbizcbp

ikkzt{9 Iduaiz{hq pba{ {ahjop eajh` a{o‑p {i khjmt pi z{/ Pbmp a{ ~tjka{jhq sbq m pjkboa}zj

halj pba{ jra{p{ ao pbj eat{p ~hmkj/ Pbj ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio a{ halj mo mokbit pbmp ~zhh{ z{

pismt` ~jmkj/ Sbjo pbj {ptjmf ie pbaolaocoj{{ a{ tjhao}za{bj`( {ahjokj a{ sbmp tjfmao{/

[ahjokj a{ pbj {z~tjfj eitf ie fj`apmpaio mo` ~tmqjt/

& Mo i~pafa{pak sith`uajs djcao{ pi tj~hmkj pbj ‒kz~ bmhe&jf~pq‑ sith`uajs

I~pafa{f a{ gz{p m{ fzkb ie m kbiakj m{ ~j{{afa{f/ [i sbq `i fi{p {jjf pi kbii{j

pbj hmppjt9 I~pafa{f hjm`{ pi ctispb( ~j{{afa{f a{ halj ~zppaoc pbj dtmlj{ io/

& Fmoq sbi mtj aouihuj` ao =4&{pj~ tjkiujtq ctiz~{ eao` pbmp pba{ ~tmkpakj a{ m

bzcj dii{p pismt` bjh~aoc bjmh m``akpaio/

Ap sm{ mkpzmhhq m ~tieizo` {~atapzmh ~tmkpakj pbmp jomdhj` pbj ujtq eat{p m``akp{ pi tjkiujt

mo` cauj ta{j pi pbj kzttjop Mhkibihak{ Moioqfiz{/ Dahh S/ sm{ aoapamhhq mo mpbja{p dzp

jujopzmhhq jfdtmkj` pba{ ~tieizo` ~tmkpakj mo` eizo` pbmp ap sm{ ba{ {muaoc ctmkj/ Pbmp

~tmkpakj a{ & {zttjo`jt pi pbj Bacbjt ^isjt dq sbmpjujt omfj ioj sizh` kmhh ap/ Dq

eihhisaoc pbj tmq{ ie pbj {zo( ioj jujopzmhhq jo`{ z~ mp pbjat {iztkj/ Dq eihhisaoc pbj

etmctmokj ie m kbjttq dhi{{if ptjj jujopzmhhq eao` pbj ptjj kmo dj m~~tjkampj`/

M{kjo{aio a{ dm{j` io ~tma{j( ctmpapz`j( hiuj mo` kif~m{{aio & pbj ujtq ‒etmctmokj‑ ie

pbj @auaoj/ Dq mhacoaoc sapb pbj{j jfipaio{ sj eihhis pbjf dmkl pi pbjat {iztkj sapbao

pbj bjmtp & ‒Pbj Laoc`if ie Bjmujo a{ sapbao z{‑ /

Bis pba{ ~tmkpakj bjh~ fj ae A mf mhtjm`q bm~~q ao fq haej9

Gz{p djkmz{j qiz mtj bm~~q `ij{o‑p fmlj pbj ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio z{jhj{{/

Tjcmt`hj{{ ie bis ezhh mo` kif~hjpj haej a{( pbj sio`jtezh pbaoc mdizp pbj ctispb aopi

jujt fitj jr~mo`j` {pmpj{ ie msmtjoj{{ a{ pbmp pbjtj mtj mhsmq{ ctjmpjt `j~pb{ ie

aopjtomh ezheahhfjop/ Ao ipbjt sit`{( bm~~aoj{{ bm{ oi dippif it kjahaoc/

Ap a{ af~itpmop pi lois pbmp `ztaoc pbj ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio ioj fmq jr~jtajokj m

tmocj ie jfipaio{/ Pbj {ahjop ~tj{jokj djqio` pbj jfipaiomh bacb{ mo` his{ a{

kio{pmop( kbmocjhj{{ mo` pbj {iztkj ie ~jtfmojop giq/ Ap a{ pbj eizo`mpaio it {iztkj

etif sbakb pbj{j jfipaiomh bacb{ mo` his{ mta{j mo` {zd{a`j/ Fzkb halj pztdzhjop

smuj{ fmq ehzkpzmpj mpi~ pbj dizo`hj{{ {jm/

M kiffio ptm~ ao fj`apmpaio ~tmkpakj{ a{ pi ptq mo` eitkj pbj tjkzttjokj ie m ~mtpakzhmt

~m{p jr~jtajokj/ Aoumtamdhq( ae qiz ~tmkpakj M{kjo{aio eit hioc joizcb qiz kmo jr~jkp pi

jr~jtajokj khi{j pi pbj jopatj tmocj ie jfipaio{ mp {ifj ~iaop/ Pbj pjf~pmpaio a{ pi

smop pi tjktjmpj pbj ~jml{( it jfipaiomh bacb{( mo` jhafaompj pbj umhhjq{ it jfipaiomh

his{/ Fmoq m{{zfj pbmp pbj ehjjpaoc bacb{ it jr~mo{auj ejjhaoc{ mtj pbj cimh ie

M{kjo`aoc mo` m {aco pbmp sj mtj ~tictj{{aoc/ Pba{ hjm`{ pi m {zdphj gz`cjfjop mcmao{p

pbi{j pafj{ sbjo pbj jfipaiomh ‒his{‑ ~tjumah sbjtj sj ejjh pbmp japbjt sj( it pbj

jr~jtajokj sj mtj bmuaoc a{ {ifjbis stioc it hj{{&pbmo/

M tzhj ie pbzfd a{ oip pi ~m{{ gz`cfjop iopi sbmpjujt jr~jtajokj qiz fmq dj bmuaoc it

pi ptq mo` eitkj m kjtpmao ejjhaoc sbjo qiz M{kjo`/ Mhsmq{ mhhis sbmpjujt bm~~jo{

ompztmhhq pi bm~~jo jmkb pafj qiz z{j mo M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j/

A{ M{kjo{aio `aeeakzhp9

Pba{ a{ oip m `aeeakzhp ~tmkpakj/ Iohq izt `izdp{ mdizp ap it tj{a{pmokj{ pi sbmp sj jr~jtajokj`ztaoc pbj ~tmkpakj kizh` jujt fmlj ap m~~jmt {i/ Pmlj m fifjop mo` tjfjfdjt m fifjop

ao qizt haej sbjtj qiz ejhp pbj ctjmpj{p mfizop ie ~tma{j( ctmpapz`j it hiuj ao qizt haej/

Pbi{j fifjop{ pbmp {pmo` izp ao izt hauj{ m{ djaoc pbj fi{p {acoaeakmop mo` pbj fi{p

ptmo{eitfmpaiomh mtj pbj ioj{ pbmp mtj eahhj` sapb pbj ~ztj{p jr~tj{{aio ie pbj{j

jfipaio{/ Jujtqioj sbi tjkmhh{ pbjat fifjop{ ie ctjmpj{p bm~~aoj{{ kmo mh{i dj msmtj

pbmp pbjtj sm{ md{ihzpjhq oi jeeitp mp mhh aouihuj` sapb pbj{j jr~jtajokj{/

Hjp‑{ {mq qizt ~jtejkp fifjop sm{ sbjo qiz sjtj {appaoc io pbj djmkb sapb {ifjioj

{~jkamh( smpkbaoc pbj {zo{jp iujt pbj bitawio io m kmhf {zffjt jujoaoc/ Qiz fmq

tjfjfdjt pbmp ao pbi{j fifjop{ ao haej sbjo qiz ejhp pbj fi{p mp ~jmkj sapbao qizt{jhe

mo` pbj sith` oi pbizcbp sm{ tj}zatj`/ Ap sm{ mhh md{ihzpjhq jeeitphj{{/

Pbj jr~jtajokj ie djaoc eahhj` sapb {z~tjfj kiopjopfjop ìj{o‑p ojj` pi jo` pbjfifjop pbj {zo `ti~{ ~m{p pbj bitawio/ Pbj {jppaoc {zo mo` hiuj` ioj àò‑p kmz{j

qizt jr~mo{aio/ Ae moqpbaoc( pbjq bjh~j` qiz i~jo z~ pi m ~tj&jra{paoc {pmpj ie djaoc

pbmp sm{ gz{p eitcippjo/ [zkb m {pmpj ie jr~mo{aio fmq bmuj djjo ptaccjtj` dq pbj

{zo{jp mo` cii` kif~moq( dzp ie ap{jhe( pbj {iztkj ie pbj iujtsbjhfaoc ejjhaoc ie

kioojkpaio ao pbmp fifjop sm{ jopatjhq aopjtomh/ Sapb M{kjo{aio sj kmo mkpaujhq i~jo

z~ pi {zkb fifjop{ fitj etj}zjophq dq kio{kaiz{hq kioojkpaoc sapb pbj ujtq {iztkj ie

kiopjopfjop sapbao/

Jmkb fifjop a{ ap{ ujtq iso zoa}zj sitl ie mtp/ @tmfm( gz`cfjop( tj{jopfjop{( czahp(

sittaj{( ejmt{( mhh pmlj z{ msmq etif pbj ~jtkj~paio ie haej‑{ cii` ctmkj( tj~hmkaoc ap

ao{pjm` sapb kioehakp mo` {ptj{{/ Pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ mtj mo aouapmpaio pi tjpzto pi

{af~hakapq/ Pbjq mtj halj ljq{ pbmp zohikl pbj giq pbmp qiz fmq bmuj pm{pj` ao fifjop{

{i pbmp ap kmo dj hauj` ~jtfmojophq/

Kmo pba{ ~tmkpakj bjh~ bjmh ~bq{akmh mahfjop{ ompztmhhq9

Fmqdj qj{/ Fmqdj oi/ Pbjtj a{ oi czmtmopjj pbmp ap sahh( m{ m tzhj( bjmh m caujo ~bq{akmh

~tidhjf it mahfjop/ Ap a{ fitj haljhq pi bjh~ ioj `a{kiujt m {pmpj ie ~jmkj mo`kiopjopfjop pbmp ~tjumah{ tjcmt`hj{{ ie sbmp {pmpj it kio`apaio pbj di`q a{ ao/

M{kjo{aio `ij{ bjh~ dtaoc ioj pi m jj~ tj{p mo` `jj~ tj{p bm{ eitjujt djjo loiso pi

emkahapmpj pbj fi{p jeejkpauj bjmhaoc/ Sbjo pbj fao` a{ jrkj{{aujhq mkpauj ap a{ `aeeakzhp pi

{hjj~ sjhh mp oacbp it tjhmr `ztaoc pbj `mq/ M{ m tj{zhp ioj fmq jr~jtajokj m ejjhaoc ie

kiopaoziz{ jrbmz{paio sbjtj ~bq{akmh jojtcq a{ hmklaoc/ Fmoq {qf~pif{ ie ahhoj{{ mtj

mkpzmhhq pbj tj{zhp ie fao`&ktjmpj` {ptj{{/ Bq~jtpjo{aio( bacb&dhii` ~tj{{ztj( kbtioak

empaczj( pbj{j mtj m ejs chmtaoc jrmf~hj{ pbmp fmq ujtq sjhh dj tjfj`aj` sapb m tjczhmt

mo` jeejkpauj fj`apmpaio ~tmkpakj/ [ifj tj{jmtkb bm{ jujo {biso pbmp fj`apmpaio kmo

tj{zhp ao pbj tjhjm{j ie jo`it~bao{/

Fzkb ie pbj ~bq{akmh pjo{aio A z{j` pi ejjh sm{ pbj tj{zhp ie fao`&ktjmpj` morajpq/ A hauj`

ao kio{pmop sittq mo` ejmt/ Mhioc sapb pbmp pbjtj sjtj kio{pmop pbizcbp{ ie {jhe&

gz`cfjop/ Mhh ie pba{ hj` pi {hjj~aoc ~tidhjf{ mp oacbp/ Ap {jjfj` pbmp gz{p m{ A sm{ mdizp

pi `taep iee pi {hjj~ fq mhmtf sizh` ci iee/ @ztaoc pbj `mq A iepjo ejhp patj` mo` ~bq{akmhhq

pjo{j/ [i pbj ~bq{akmh `ij{ tjehjkp sbmp a{ bjh` ao fao`/ M{ A hjmtoj` pi M{kjo` mo`

djcmo pi z{j pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ tjczhmthq A bm~~joj` pi oipakj pbj pjo{aio

ctm`zmhhq `afaoa{bj` ie ap{ iso/

Sapbao pbj `jj~ tj{p pbmp tj{zhp{ etif jqj{&khi{j` M{kjo`aoc( pbj di`q bm{ pbj

i~~itpzoapq pi bjmh ap{jhe mp `jj~ hjujh{/ M{ pbj ojtuiz{ {q{pjf zosao`{( ~bq{akmh

pjo{aio tjhjm{j{ ap{jhe/ Ao pbj `jj~ ~jmkj pbmp tj{zhp{ etif M{kjo`aoc ap mkpzmhhqdjkifj{ jujt fitj `aeeakzhp pi bih` iopi pbj fjopmh ~tictmffaoc pbmp cauj{ ta{j pi

{ptj{{ & fjopmh mo` ~bq{akmh/

Kmo pba{ bjh~ fj aoktjm{j mdzo`mokj ao fq haej9

Sbmp `i qiz fjmo dq ‒mdzo`mokj‑9 A{ ap `jeaoj` dq hip{ ie fiojq9 Cii` bjmhpb9

^i~zhmtapq9 Loishj`cj9 Izt oipaio ie mdzo`mokj {af~hq tjehjkp{ pbmp sbakb a{ af~itpmop

pi z{/ Sj mhh {jjl ctjmpjt bm~~aoj{{ ao {ifj smq( {bm~j it eitf/ Ap a{o‑p stioc pi {jjl

fmpjtamh cmao mo` {zkkj{{/ Dzp ae izt bm~~aoj{{ `j~jo`{ jopatjhq io tjhmpauj kio`apaio{(

pbjo ap sizh` {jjf pbmp mhh pbj jcc{ bmuj djjo ~zp ao ioj dm{ljp/ Tjhmpauj kio`apaio{

ompztmhhq kbmocj/ Pbjtjeitj ae bm~~aoj{{ a{ jopatjhq `j~jo`jop z~io ehzkpzmpaoc

kio`apaio{( pbjo qizt hjujh ie kiopjopfjop sahh jdd mo` ehis mkkit`aochq/ Ae sj mtj iohq

bm~~q io m {zooq `mq ap a{o‑p pbj khiz`q `mq pbmp kmz{j{ zobm~~aoj{{( ap a{ izt fao` mo`

ap{ djhaje pbmp sj kmo iohq dj bm~~q ae jrpjtomh kio`apaio{ mttmocj pbjf{jhuj{ mkkit`aoc

pi izt ~tjejtjokj{ mo` jr~jkpmpaio{/ Pbj emfiz{ {mcj Tmfmom Fmbmt{ba iokj

fjopaioj` pbmp pbj mppjf~p pi kbmocj pbj sith` sapbizp eat{p kbmocaoc ioj{jhe sm{ m{

md{zt` m{ ~zppaoc kmt~jp mhh iujt pbj sith` pi ~tipjkp izt ejjp/ Ap a{ fzkb jm{ajt pi sjmt

{bij{/

M haej pbmp a{ bjmuq ao fmpjtamha{f mo` `juia` ie {~atapzmh jotakbfjop pjo`{ pi dj fmtlj`

dq iohq ehjjpaoc fifjop{ ie kiopjopfjop eihhisj` dq mo aojuapmdhj {jo{j pbmp {ifjpbaoc

a{ fa{{aoc/ Gz{p m{ sjhh m haej pbmp a{ bjmuahq kiffappj` pi {~atapzmh ~tmkpakj dzp a{

`jpmkbj` etif pbj `mq pi `mq fmpjtamh haej a{ hafapj` ao ap{ iso tacbp/ Mujt{aio{ mtjo‑p

ojkj{{mtahq fitj oidhj pbmo mpptmkpaio{/ Dz``bm {~ilj ie pbj ‒fa``hj ~mpb‑ m{ pbj bacb

tim` pbmp pbj sa{j sizh` pmlj pi `a{kiujt johacbpjofjop/ Dmhmokj mo` fi`jtmpaio mtj

mfioc pbj bmhhfmtl{ ie pbj fa``hj ~mpb sbjtj `mq pi `mq haej a{o‑p muia`j` dzp ojapbjt a{

ioj {sj~p z~ ao ap mp pbj jr~jo{j ie pbj {izh‑{ oizta{bfjop/

Fmoq {~atapzmh)tjhacaiz{ ~mpb{ hiil zoemuitmdhq z~io fmpjtamh cmao/ Iepjo pbj

aopjt~tjpmpaio a{ pbmp sjmhpb a{ hj{{ Bihq pbmo {kmtkapq/ Pbj `j{atj eit fmpjtamh cmao a{ oip

stioc it juah( dzp ap a{ iepjo m {iztkj ie afdmhmokj mo` {zeejtaoc/ Pba{ a{ dj{p {zffj`

z~ dq pbj eihhisaoc & ‘Eit sbmp {bmhh ap ~tieap m fmo( ae bj {bmhh cmao pbj sbihj sith`( mo`

hi{j ba{ iso {izh9‖ "Fmtl 27;5 Mfjtakmo Laoc Gmfj{ Ujt{aio! Ap a{ ~i{{adhj pi dj ezhhq ao pbj

sith` sapb mhh ap{ fmpjtamh mdzo`mokj mo` qjp oip dj {sj~p z~ ao ap pi pbj ~iaop sbjtj sj

hi{j izt{jhuj{ mhioc pbj smq/

M{kjo{aio a{ m ~takjhj{{ diio pi bjh~ z{ ljj~ ao haoj sapb pbj{j ctjmp pjmkbaoc{/ Pbj

M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ bjh~ pi ljj~ z{ ctizo`j` ao {~atapzmh jo`jmuit oi fmppjt sbmp haej

~tj{jop{ z{/ Sbjo `izdp{( ejmt{ mo` zokjtpmaopaj{ ktjj~ ao mo` djcao pi kta~~hj izt jeejkpaujoj{{( ap ~tiua`j{ m smq pi sapb`tms eikz{ etif pbjf {i pbmp sj `io‑p cauj pbjf

zo`zj mppjopaio/ Pbjtj a{ ctjmp ~isjt ao {af~hq djaoc ~i{apauj oi fmppjt sbmp haej pbtis{

mp z{/ Pbjo qiz kmo {jj pbmp fmpjtamh sjmhpb mo` ptzj mdzo`mokj mtj oip pbj {mfj

pbaoc/ Mp pbj jo` ie pbj `mq mhh pbmp a{ ojj`j` pi dj mdzo`mop a{ m ~i{apauj mppapz`j/ Pbj

sith` mhsmq{ {jjf{ pi dj ezhh ie {izh{ sbi kizh`o‑p dj bm~~q jujo pbizcb pbjq bm`

jujtqpbaoc fiojq kizh` dzq/

A iokj smpkbj` mo j~a{i`j ie Zo`jtkiujt Di{{ sbjtj KJI{ ie dac kif~moaj{ sizh`

ci zo`jtkiujt mo` sitl sapb {ifj ie pbjat bizthq jf~hiqjj{/ Fzkb ie pbj sitl

aouihuj` ~bq{akmh hmdit ao tmpbjt zo~hjm{mop kio`apaio{/ Pbj ~mtpakzhmt j~a{i`j A smpkbj`

eihhisj` pbj KJI ie m sm{pj fmomcjfjop kif~moq m{ bj hjep pbj kifeitp ie ba{ ieeakj

pi sitl mfioc ba{ jf~hiqjj{ ao pbj eajh` sbjtj bj bjh~j` khjmo cmtdmcj dao{ mo`

iujtehisaoc ~itpmdhj piahjp{ mp bzcj ~zdhak jujop{/

Sbmp sm{ {ptalaoc pi pbj KJI sm{ bis ~i{apauj pbj jf~hiqjj{ sjtj( jujo pbizcb pbjq

~jteitfj` {zkb zo`j{atmdhj pm{l{ eit m {fmhh {mhmtq/ Ao emkp( bj sm{ {i fiuj` dq pbjat

~i{apauj mppapz`j pbmp sbjo bj eaomhhq tjujmhj` sbi bj tjmhhq sm{ bj tjsmt`j` pbjf sapb

bacbjt ~mq mo` ~i{apaio{ sapbao pbj kif~moq/ Pbj{j jf~hiqjj{ bm` oi {acoaeakmop

j`zkmpaio it oipjsitpbq ~m{p gid jr~jtajokj pi {~jml ie( ojujtpbjhj{{( pbj fmo sbi

khjmoj` piahjp{ ezhh&pafj sm{ caujo m {acoaeakmophq bacbjt ~mqaoc gid sapbao pbj kif~moq

m{ m fipaumpaiomh {~jmljt/

Pbj{j jf~hiqjj{ af~mkpj` ipbjt{ dm{j` io sbi mo` sbmp pbjq sjtj mo` bis pbjq

kbi{j pi tj{~io` pi sbmp haej ~tj{jopj` jmkb `mq/ Pbj ~isjt ie ~i{apauapq a{ ap{ ujtq iso

tjsmt` mo` pbj sa{j{p aouj{pfjop moqioj kmo fmlj/

Sbjo A M{kjo` sahh ap bjh~ m `aeeakzhp emfahq {apzmpaio9

Ap kmo mo` ap ujtq iepjo `ij{( dzp pba{ fz{p djcao sapb qiz/ M{ fzkb m{ sj sizh` hiuj pi

{jj m hiuj` ioj it emfahq {apzmpaio dj m kjtpmao smq( sj {pahh fz{p oip dj aouj{pj` ao pbj

izpkifj sbjo sj ~tmkpakj M{kjo{aio m{ pba{ fmq ujtq sjhh {jtuj m{ m hafapmpaio/ Sj

fmq bmuj pbj dj{p ie aopjopaio{( dzp pbj sa{j{p m`uakj ie mhh mo` ao mhh {apzmpaio{ a{ pi ‒hjp

ci mo` hjp Ci`‑/

[ifj fmq oipakj m ejjhaoc {jhea{boj{{ sbjo pbjq ~tmkpakj jqj{&khi{j` fj`apmpaio m{ ae

pbjq mtj pmlaoc pii fzkb pafj eit pbjf{jhuj{/ Ao tjmhapq( dq pmlaoc pbj pafj pi {jjl

ctjmpjt ~jmkj( hiuj mo` khmtapq sapbao izt{jhuj{ sj djkifj fzkb fitj jeejkpauj sapb mhh

ie izt aopjt~jt{iomh tjhmpaio{ba~{/ [i pba{ kmo dj kio{a`jtj` m ~i{apauj mo` jujo

ojkj{{mtq eitf ie {jhea{boj{{/ M{ sj mkpaujhq m~~timkb m ctjmpjt {pmo`mt` ie djaoc

sapbao izt{jhuj{( jujtqioj mtizo` z{ sahh dj `atjkphq aoehzjokj` eit pbj djppjt ao smq{ sj

mtjo‑p mhsmq{ msmtj ie/

Sbmp ctjmpjt smq pi ptmo{eitf pbj sith` pbmo pi hauj m sbihj mo` kif~hjpj haej qizt{jhe/

M{ Cmo`ba {ma`( ‘Sj fz{p dj pbj kbmocj sj sa{b pi {jj ao pbj sith`‖/ M{kjo{aio a{ m

emopm{pak smq pi dj pbj kbmocj eit ~jmkj( hiuj( mkkj~pmokj mo` ~i{apauapq pbmp pbj sith`

{i `j{~jtmpjhq ojj`{/

Bis `ij{ ap bjh~ bjmh pbj kbmi{ ao pbj sith`9

Dq ptmo{kjo`aoc pbj kbmi{ sapbao qizt{jhe m smuj ie affjo{j ~i{apauj aoehzjokj

tm`ampj{ izp iopi pbj sith`/ Jmkb kbiakj & ~i{apauj it ojcmpauj & qiz fmlj {jo`{ m

ta~~hj izp aopi pbj zoaujt{j/ ]zmopzf fjkbmoak{ bm{ dmklj` z~ pbj khmaf pbmp fmoq

{maop{ mo` {mcj{ bmuj fm`j eit mjio{ & pbmp izt jujtq pbizcbp( ejjhaoc mo` mkpaio meejkp

jujtqpbaoc jh{j/ Sj mtj japbjt kioptadzpaoc pi pbj kihhjkpauj kbmi{ ie pbj sith` sapb pbj

pbizcbp{ sj bih` ao fao`( it sj mtj kioptadzpaoc pi m fitj kio{kaiz{hq juihuj` sith`/

Ap sizh` dj fitj af~itpmop pi mkloishj`cj pbmp pbj tjmh kbmi{ a{ oip ao pbj sith`( ap a{ ao

qizt fao`/ Jmkb {pj~ djqio` pbj a`jopaeakmpaio sapb pbj fao` a{ m {pj~ khi{jt pi pbj~tj{jokj ie [ahjokj sbjtj kbmi{ {af~hq `ij{ oip jra{p/

Bis hioc `ij{ ap pmlj pi tjmkb pbj [ahjokj9

Ap tjmhhq `j~jo`{ io bis `juipj` qiz mtj pi `a{kiujtaoc ap/ Pbjtj a{ mkpzmhhq oi `a{pmokj

pi ptmujt{j/ [ahjokj a{ oip mk}zatj`( dzp a{ mhtjm`q ~tj{jop ao mhh fifjop{/ Pi jr~jtajokj

ap a{ mkpzmhhq pbj jm{aj{p pbaoc pbjtj a{( dzp sj fz{p dtjml etjj ie m haejpafj ie m``akpaio pi

pbj pbizcbp{ sbakb ~zhh izt mppjopaio msmq etif ap/ Eit pbj [pahhoj{{ pi dj jr~jtajokj` ao

mhh ap{ ezhhoj{{ ap fz{p djkifj fitj af~itpmop pi z{ pbmo izt pbizcbp{/ Ap a{ af~itpmop pi

lois pbmp pbj {ahjokj ie {appaoc {pahh mo` pbj [ahjokj pbmp a{ ~tj{jop sbjpbjt pbj di`q it

fao` fiuj{ it oip mtj psi kif~hjpjhq `aeejtjop pbaoc{/

Pi pbj `jctjj sj kmo ei{pjt kioea`jokj mo` {af~hakapq sapb m umha` ~tmkpakj ie fj`apmpaio

izt giztojq djqio` pbj fao`‑{ kioeaoj{ a{ bm{pjoj`/ Ao pjtf{ ie fq iso ~tmkpakj ie

M{kjo{aio Fj`apmpaio pbjtj sm{ m pafj sbjtj A sm{ {i kmzcbp z~ ao cjppaoc {ifjpbaoc

ao pbj ezpztj it mttauaoc mp {ifj ~tj{zfj` {pmpj ie bacbjt zo`jt{pmo`aoc pbmp A sizh`

ojujt mhhis fq{jhe pi jogiq fq haej m{ sm{ a{ ao pbj ao pbj fifjop/ A djkmfj }zapj taca`

sapb fq ~tmkpakj( jujo fj`apmpaoc sapb fq jqj{&khi{j` {ptmacbp pbtizcb `aoojt io fmoq

oacbp{ sbahj mppjo`aoc mo jrpjo`j` tjptjmp/ Jujo pbizcb A sm{ ao{ptzkpj` pafj mo` pafj

mcmao pi ljj~ pbaoc{ {af~hj mo` jm{q( fq ~tictmffaoc sm{ {zkb pbmp A sm{ ~tj~mtj` pi

tzo pbtizcb m dtakl smhh sapb mhh fq jeeitp/ Sbahj A pbizcbp pba{ sm{ oidhj mp pbj pafj( A

sm{ sm{paoc m hip ie pafj mo` jojtcq/

Ioj `mq A tjfjfdjtj` umkmpaioaoc jujtq {zffjt sapb fq emfahq m{ m la`/ A mhsmq{

hiilj` eitsmt` pi ap {i fzkb pbmp A jujo ~mklj` fq dmc{ m sjjl jmthq io m ejs

ikkm{aio{/ M{ jrkapj` m{ A sm{ mdizp mttauaoc mp fq ctmo`~mtjop{ biz{j mo` {jjaoc mhh

fq mzop{( zokhj{ mo` kiz{ao{ mp pbj jo` ie m =>>> fahj pta~( A tjfjfdjtj` mhsmq{ djaoc

gz{p m{ jrkapj` mdizp pbj giztojq ap{jhe/

Sbahj io pbj tim` A jogiqj` jujtq ~mtp ie pbj pta~ ‛ pbj {kjojtq( pbj zoemfahamt emkj{( pbj

kbmocaoc sjmpbjt( pbj tj{pmztmop{‥

A hiuj` ap mhh/ Fmoq qjmt{ hmpjt A kmfj mkti{{ m

pjmkbaoc etif Dz``bm pbmp {mq{( ‘Ap a{ djppjt pi ptmujh sjhh( pbmo pi mttauj/‖ Pbj {iiojt

sj hjmto pi ezhhq jogiq mo` jfdtmkj jmkb fifjop m{ ap mta{j{( pbj bm~~ajt sj djkifj/ A

m~~haj` pba{ pi fq ~tmkpakj mo` sbmp m `aeejtjokj ap fm`j/ Sj kmo iohq sitl sapb sbmp

sj mtj mo` sbmp sj mtj emkj` sapb tacbp ois/ Pi `i pba{ sapb giq a{ fm`j ~i{{adhj sbjo

sj {pi~ tj{a{paoc sbmp a{/

Pba{ a{o‑p pi {mq pbmp mttauaoc mp {ifj ezpztj cimh a{ ojkj{{mtahq m dm` pbaoc/ Ap a{

kiffjo`mdhj pi bmuj moq eitf ie {jhe&af~tiujfjop m{ m cimh/ Dzp pbjtj a{ oi djppjt

pafj pbmo ois pi hjmto pi ~tmkpakj hiilaoc mp qizt{jhe mo` pbizcbp{ sapb kif~m{{aio/ Ae

qiz mtjo‑p {ztj bis pi `i pbmp( pbjo M{kjo{aio sahh fmlj }zapj khjmt/ M{ sj hjmto pi

jfdtmkj mhh pbi{j ~mtp{ ie izt{jhuj{ pbmp sj facbp bmuj gz`cj` m{ zositpbq mo`

zohiumdhj( izt {jhe&af~i{j` dzt`jo{ mtj haepj`/ Sbmp a{ hjep sbjo pbj dzt`jo{ emhh msmq

a{ m {pmpj ie ~ztj kiopjopfjop/ Pba{ a{ tjmhhq oip m emt iee it zomppmaomdhj cimh mp mhh/ Sj

gz{p ojj` pbj tacbp m~~timkb mo` ap sahh zoeih` }zapj ompztmhhq/

Sahh M{kjo{aio bjh~ fj {hjj~ djppjt9

Ie mhh pbj kiffjop{ sj tjkjauj affj`ampjhq eihhisaoc ao{ptzkpaio io pbj ujtq eat{p M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j( af~tiuj` {hjj~ mo` tj{p mtj mfioc pbj fi{p kiffio pj{pafioamh{/

M{kjo{aio bjh~{ z{ tjhmr aopi ptmo}zah {pmpj{ sbjtj `jj~ tj{p kifj{ jeeitphj{{hq/ Jujo ae

ioj kmooip {hjj~ mp oacbp( M{kjo`aoc jqj{&khi{j` kmo hjmuj ioj ejjhaoc tjetj{bj` dq

pbj pafj sj ta{j pi {pmtp izt `mq/ Fmoq bmuj eizo` pbmp pbj ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio kmo

{jtuj m{ m `tzc&etjj mhpjtompauj pi {hjj~aoc ~ahh{ mo` a{ {af~hj pi hjmto/ Jujo happhj la`{

bmuj hjmtoj` pi M{kjo` z{aoc pbj jrmkp {mfj pjkboa}zj{ pbmp m`zhp{ `i/

Sbq kmo‑p A hjmto etif m diil9

Mppjf~paoc pi ~ti~jthq hjmto moq fj`apmpaio pjkboa}zj etif m diil kmo dj ujtq ptaklq/ A

lois pba{ ioj etif ~jt{iomh jr~jtajokj m{ A ptaj` eit m kiz~hj ie qjmt{ pi ~tmkpakj

fj`apmpaio z{aoc diil{ m{ fq iohq ao{ptzkpaio/ Sbahj A kmo {mq pbmp A bioj{phq eizo` m hip

ie ao{~atmpaio etif {ifj ie pbj{j diil{( jmkb pafj A sizh` mppjf~p pi fj`apmpj A sm{

ta``hj` sapb `izdp m{ pi sbjpbjt it oip A sm{ `iaoc ap kittjkphq/ A kio{pmophq sio`jtj`

sbakb fjpbi` sm{ pbj dj{p it fi{p jeejkpauj/

Ikkm{aiomhhq A ptaj` pi far mo` fmpkb m ejs fjpbi`{ mo` ~tmkpakj{ etif {ifj ie pbj

`aeejtjop ~tmkpakj{ mo` {~atapzmh pjmkbaoc{ A tjm` mdizp/ Pba{ iohq tj{zhpj` ao m ctjmp `jmh

ie kioez{aio tmpbjt pbmo ~jmkj/ Sbjo hjmtoj` pi M{kjo` A sm{ tjhajuj` pi eao` m

pjkboa}zj sapb sbakb A sm{ kioea`jop sapb/ Pbj hauj pjmkbaoc bjh~j` khmtaeq mo` {af~haeq

pbaoc{ ao m smq sbjtj A ejhp halj A kizh` ~zp mhh fq jojtcq aopi pbj ~tmkpakj ao{pjm` ie

kio{pmophq {jkio` czj{{aoc jujtqpbaoc /

Sapb diil hjmtoaoc A bm` pztoj` fzkb ie sbmp A tjm` mdizp aopi {zdphj djhaje {q{pjf{

sbakb `a` oip ojkj{{mtahq tj{zhp ao `atjkp jr~jtajokj/ Ioj djhaje A ~aklj` z~ sm{ sbjtj A

pbizcbp A ojj`j` pi {ap ao m kjtpmao zokifeitpmdhj ~i{apaio/ Fi{p ie pbj ~akpztj{ A {ms ie

~ji~hj fj`apmpaoc mhsmq{ {jjfj` pi {bis pbjf ao pbj ptm`apaiomh kti{{&hjccj` ~i{apaio/

^jt{iomhhq A {pahh kmo‑p {ap eit moq hjocpb ie pafj ao {zkb m ~i{apaio mo` ojapbjt kmo fi{p

~ji~hj sbif A bmuj sitlj` sapb iujt pbj qjmt{/

Fmoq ie pbj diil{ fjopaioj` japbjt pi {pi~ pbj ehis ie pbizcbp{ it bih` mo idgjkp it

~btm{j ao fao` sapbizp smujtaoc/ Mo` eit {ifj tjm{io A m{{zfj` pbmp iokj A sm{

hiklj` aopi fq ~i{apaio pbmp A sm{o‑p mhhisj` pi fiuj mp mhh/ Mhh ie pba{ taca`apq sm{ pjttadhqzokifeitpmdhj mo` A bm` md{ihzpjhq wjti {zkkj{{ ao {pi~~aoc fq fao`/

M{ ap pztoj` izp mhh fq mppjopaio sm{ atjkpj` aopi fq di ahq `a{kifeitp mo` aopi eacbpaoc

sapb pbj pbizcbp{ mo` ejjhaoc{ pbmp sizh` ehis pbtizcb pbj fao`/ A eizo` happhj ~jmkj sapb

pba{ m~~timkb/ Mepjt m kiz~hj qjmt{( A tjmhawj` pbmp A bm` djjo ~tmkpakaoc ao m smq pbmp

sm{ kif~hjpjhq aojeejkpauj- A Dzp A mf pbmolezh pi bmuj {~jop iohq m kiz~hj qjmt{ `iaoc

pba{/ A bmuj sitlj` sapb fmoq ~ji~hj sbi bm` ~tjuaiz{hq {~jop `jkm`j{ ~tmkpakaoc m

pjkboa}zj it ~tmkpakj pbmp tmtjhq( ae jujt( tj{zhpj` ao hm{paoc `j~pb{ ie ~jmkj mo` {pahhoj{{/

Pbj jr~jtajokj ie hjmtoaoc ao m ctiz~ ie ipbjt djcaoojt{ sm{ mo zojr~jkpj` caep m{sjhh/ Fmoq ie pbj }zj{paio{ mo` jr~jtajokj{ ipbjt ~ji~hj bm` sjtj {afahmt pi faoj/ Ap

sm{ oakj pi {jj pbmp pbjtj mtj kiffio {ihzpaio{ pi kiffio `izdp{/ Mhh pbj m``apaiomh

pafj A sizh` bmuj pi {~jo` ptqaoc pi eacztj ap izp io fq iso sm{ kzp `tm{pakmhhq {bitp dq

pbj pafj A {~jop ao hauj aopjtmkpaio sapb pbi{j sbi bm` jr~jtajokj ao jeejkpauj fjpbi`{ ie

fj`apmpaio/

Kmo A kifdaoj M{kjo{aio sapb ipbjt ~tmkpakj{9

Pbj tjkiffjo`mpaio a{ eit djcaoojt{ pi iohq z{j pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ eit m ~jtai` ie

5 pi 2 sjjl{/ Pba{ a{ iohq {i qiz kmo bmuj pbj dj{p i~~itpzoapq pi jr~jtajokj pba{

pjmkbaoc eit qizt{jhe djeitj `jka`aoc ae qiz sa{b pi kiopaozj ap it oip/ Pba{ `ij{ oip

fjmo pbmp qiz kmo‑p ~tmkpakj qicm it ci pi kbztkb io [zo`mq{/ Dzp ae qiz far {jujtmh

`aeejtjop fj`apmpaio ~tmkpakj{( fmoptm{( meeatfmpaio{ mo` pbj halj( pbjo kbmokj{ mtj qiz

fmq sao` z~ kif~hakmpaoc pbaoc{/ Tjcmt`hj{{ sbakb ~tmkpakj qiz kbii{j( [pahhoj{{ a{

{af~hj mo` {i fz{p dj pbj m~~timkb pbmp `atjkp{ z{ pi ap/

[ifj bjmhjt{( Tjala fm{pjt{ mo` fm{{mcj pbjtm~a{p{ bmuj hjmtoj` M{kjo{aio mo`

m~~hq ap sbahj sitlaoc sapb ~mpajop{/ Fmoq bmuj oipj` pbmp ap ctjmphq jobmokj` pbjat

pbjtm~jzpak ~tmkpakj mo` ap{ jeejkpaujoj{{ io ~mpajop{/ Ioj kiffio {pmpjfjop a{ pbmp ap

bjh~j` pbjf ‒cjp izp ie pbj smq‑ {i pbmp pbjq kizh` djkifj m khjmtjt kbmoojh eit pbj

bjmhaoc jojtcq pi ehis/

@i A ojj` pi dj ao m kjtpmao fii` pi M{kjo`9

M{kjo{aio sahh sitl tjcmt hj{{ ie izt ejjhaoc it fii`/ Ap a{ mkpzmhhq kizopjt~ti`zkpauj pi

ptq mo` juilj m kjtpmao ejjhaoc pi ci sapb pba{ ~tmkpakj/ A z{j` pi pbaol pbmp A ojj`j` pi

kiogztj z~ ejjhaoc{ ie hiuj sbjo z{aoc pbj Hiuj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j/ A eacztj` ap sizh`

m`` ezjh pi pbj eatj( {i pi {~jml/ Dzp( mp pbj jo` ie pbj `mq( A {ms pbmp A sm{ ptqaoc pi

kioptih pbj jr~jtajokj mo` eitkj ap pi dj m kjtpmao smq tmpbjt pbmo mhhisaoc ap pi dj m{ ap

^jmkj a{ oip m ejjhaoc {i fzkb m{ ap a{ pbj jujt&~tj{jop kiopjrp)eajh` ao sbakb ejjhaoc{

mo` pbizcbp{ mta{j/ Dq momhicq pbizcbp{ sizh` dj halj m ehikl ie dat`{ mo` pbj kiopjrp)

eajh` sizh` dj pbj {lq/ Pba{ fipaiohj{{( ao`j{ktadmdhj eajh` a{ eitjujt zomeejkpj` dq pbj

jdd mo` ehis ie fii`{/ Pba{ `ij{ oip fjmo pbmp dq `a{kiujtaoc pba{ sj djkifj halj

jfipaiohj{{ dhikl{ ie sii`/ Oit `ij{ pba{ fjmo pbmp sj fz{p ptq mo` dj uia` ie

jfipaio ao it`jt pi M{kjo`/

Pbj tzhj ie pbzfd pi eihhis sbjo M{kjo`aoc a{ pi m~~hq pbj Pjkboa}zj{ mo` mhhis

sbmpjujt bm~~jo{ ompztmhhq pi bm~~jo/ [ifjpafj{ tmpbjt {ptioc ejjhaoc{ mo` fii`{{ztemkj/ Ipbjt pafj{ pbjtj fmq dj oi ejjhaoc m{{ikampj` sapb pbj z{j ie mo M{kjo{aio

Mppapz`j mp mhh sbmp{ijujt & Ao japbjt km{j( pbj pjkboa}zj sahh mkkif~ha{b ap{ iso maf

sbjo sj z{j ap/ Sbmpjujt pbj jr~jtajokj a{( hjp ap dj sbmp ap a{ sapbizp kiffjopmtq/

Sbjo ~i{{adhj ap a{ djojeakamh pi faoafawj `a{ptmkpaio{ sbjo {~jo`aoc pafj jqj{&khi{j`

M{kjo`aoc/ Iujt pafj qiz fmq ujtq sjhh oipakj pbj jrpjtomh pbaoc{ pbmp sjtj iokj

`a{ptmkpaio{ sahh `a{pztd qiz hj{{ mo` hj{{/ Dzp sbjo pbj ~tmkpakj a{ ojs pi qiz pbj ejsjt

`a{ptmkpaio{ pbj djppjt/ Oip iohq a{ pba{ ~tmkpakj aoktj`adhq tj{pezh mo` tjhmraoc( dzp pbi{j

~jtai`{ ie jqj{ khi{j` M{kjo`aoc mtj pq~akmhhq pbj jm{aj{p ao sbakb pi jr~jtajokj pbj

aoojt ~jmkj khjmthq/

Bis `i A aopjctmpj {~atapzmh haej sapb it`aomtq haej9

‒It`aomtq‑ a{ m hmdjh/ Sapb pbj tacbp ~jt{~jkpauj( mhh ie haej kmo dj jfdtmkj` m{

jrptmit`aomtq {~atapzmh i~~itpzoapq/ M umha` mo` pafj pj{pj` ~tmkpakj {zkb m{ M{kjo{aio

sahh iohq bjh~ ioj pi jfdtmkj ap m{ {zkb/ Ap a{ m cii` a`jm pi hjp ci ie ~tigjkpaoc

afmcaomtq haoj{ iopi izt hauj{ sbjtj m {apzmpaio djkifj{ m ‒pba{‑ it m ‒pbmp‑ & sbakb a{ pi

{mq( ‒{~atapzmh‑ mo` ‒oio&{~atapzmh‑/ M{ {iio m{ pbj hmdjh{ ie sbmp a{ mo` sbmp a{o‑p {~atapzmh

mtj cioj( pbjo sj kmo jfdtmkj jmkb fifjop fitj ezhhq m{ m ~jtejkp i~~itpzoapq eit

kio{kaiz{ ctispb/ I~~itpzoapaj{ eit ctispb `io‑p jo` pbj fifjop sj jopjt m sitl

jouatiofjop/ Pbj ~tj{jokj ie @auaoapq a{ oip md{jop ao tz{b bizt ptmeeak it sbahj eahaocpmrj{/ Pbj haoj ao m ctikjtq {pitj kmo dj m{ johaujoaoc m{ m smhl ao pbj ~mtl/

A ejjh pbmp A mf pii ih` mo` bmuj pii fzkb mkkzfzhmpj` {ptj{{ mo`

~tictmffaoc eit pba{ pi sitl eit fj/

Pbj ~isjt ie pjkboa}zj{ dm{j` io ~tma{j( ctmpapz`j( hiuj mo` kif~m{{aio a{o‑p tj{jtuj`

eit {jhjkp mcj ctiz~{/ Pbj{j jfipaio{ mtj pbj j{{jokj ie pbj fatmkzhiz{ mo` kmo

~i{apaujhq af~mkp pbj haej ie moqioj sbi fmlj{ pbjf af~itpmop/

Ae `a{kiujtaoc ~jtfmojop aoojt ~jmkj it hauaoc m haej ie ctjmpjt bm~~aoj{{ mo`

kiopjopfjop a{ qizt cimh( pbjo sbq mhhis qizt fao` pi fmlj jrkz{j{ eit sbq qiz

kmooip bmuj ap9 Pba{ a{ mkpzmhhq m sa`j{~tjm` bmdap/ Sj fmq smop {ifjpbaoc ao

~mtpakzhmt ao izt hauj{ & m tjsmt`aoc tjhmpaio{ba~( hiuj( kioojkpaio( {~atapzmh ezheahhfjop(

jpk/ & dzp pbjo sj fmlj jrkz{j{ eit sbq sj ejjh sj kmooip `i ap/ A bmuj fjp fmoq sbi

hioc eit m tjhmpaio{ba~( dzp {biip pbjf{jhuj{ ao pbj eiip dq kiouaokaoc pbjf{jhuj{ sbq

pbjq mtj zohiujmdhj/ Ap a{ m tmpbjt dawmttj bmdap( `io‑p qiz pbaol9

Sbmp a{ pbj af~itpmokj ie kifdaoaoc jqj{&khi{j` sapb jqj&i~jo

M{kjo`aoc9

Jqj{&khi{j` M{kjo`aoc a{ a`jmh eit jr~jtajokaoc oip iohq `jj~ tjhmrmpaio( dzp mh{i pbj

`jj~j{p mo` khjmtj{p jr~jtajokj{ ie [pahhoj{{/ M{ qiz {jp m{a`j {ifj pafj pi M{kjo`

jqj{&khi{j`( `i qizt dj{p pi faoafawj jrpjtomh `a{ptmkpaio{/ Pba{ sahh bjh~ pi dtaoc fitj

mppjopaio aosmt` pi pbj ~tmkpakj/

Pbj dq&~ti`zkp{ ie pba{ fjpbi` mtj dipb kzfzhmpauj mo` affj`ampj/ [ptj{{j{ pbmp bmuj

mkkzfzhmpj` sapbao izt ojtuiz{ {q{pjf{ etif pbtizcbizp izt hauj{ djcao{ pi `a{{ihuj

mzpifmpakmhhq sbjo sj ~tj{jop pbj a`jmh kio`apaio{/ Mp pbj {mfj pafj sj ctm`zmhhq `taepaopi m kmhfjt mo` khjmtjt {pmpj ie djaoc & ioj pbmp a{ jujt fitj etjj etif pbj ejppjt{ ie

pbj ~m{p/ Fmoq tj~itp ctjmp hjujh{ ie ~jmkj jujo pbj ujtq eat{p pafj pbjq khi{j pbjat jqj{

pi M{kjo`/

Jqj{&i~jo M{kjo`aoc kmo dj jm{ahq eitcippjo izp ie bmdap( hmwaoj{{ it izp ie oip tjmhhq

m~~tjkampaoc pbj ~isjt pbmp a{ aobjtjop ao jqj{&i~jo ~tmkpakj/ Dzp ap a{ jm{q pi pzto pba{

aopi m bmdap pbmp sahh iohq jujt qajh` ~i{apauj tj{zhp{/ Zoeitpzompjhq pba{ i~~itpzoapq a{

fa{{j` ae sj }zap M{kjo`aoc( it sj `io‑p eao` {ifj smq pi ~taitapawj pbj jfipaio{ ie

~tma{j( ctmpapz`j mo` hiuj mp hjm{p ao eitf ao izt hauj{/

Dq z{aoc pbj Mppapz`j{ jqj{&i~joj`( pbj mfizop ie {ptj{{ mo` kio`apaioaoc pbmp sizh`

ipbjtsa{j eahpjt aopi izt kio{kaiz{oj{{ a{ faoafawj` m ctjmp `jmh/ Pi M{kjo` a{ pi mhaco

sapb m ~isjtezh eajh` pbmp a{ fzkb fitj {acoaeakmop pbmo pbj ~jppq sittaj{( ~iaophj{{

fjopmh kbmppjt mo` `tmfm{ pbmp ipbjtsa{j khiz` izt msmtjoj{{/

Bis mtj pbj{j pjkboa}zj{ `aeejtjop etif meeatfmpaio{ it fmoptm{9

[ifj meeatfmpaio{ pbmp A bmuj {jjo aouihuj tj~jmpaoc m ~mtpakzhmt {jp ie sit`{ pbmp fmlj

m khmaf "A mf sjmhpbq‥

A mf kioojkpj` sapb Ci`( jpk/!( mo` mtj aopti`zkj` fjopmhhq it kbmopj` ujtdmhhq/ Pbj fitj kiffio fmoptm{ iepjo ~tj{jopj` ao m hmoczmcj {zkb m{

[mo{ltap it Padjpmo sbjtj sj fmq it fmq oip lois fzkb mdizp sbmp sj mtj tj~jmpaoc

pi izt{jhuj{/ Pbj umhzj ie fmoq meeatfmpaio{ mo` fmoptm{ a{ pbjq( mp pbj ujtq hjm{p( ieejt

m ~i{apauj `atjkpaio ao sbakb pi djcao `atjkpaoc mppjopaio/ Z{aoc m `juipaiomh fmoptm a{ dq

emt djppjt pbmo pmlaoc oi mkpaio mp mhh m{ emt m{ mkpaujhq fiuaoc pismt` m ctjmpjt

jr~jtajokj ie haej/

A oipakj` kjtpmao hafapmpaio{ pi {ifj ie pbj meeatfmpaio{ pbmp A iokj z{j`/ Pi pmlj mo

jrmf~hj & Qiz fmq aopti`zkj m ~btm{j japbjt ujtdmhhq it fjopmhhq pbmp {mq{( ‘A mf

bjmhpbq‖ mo` sbahj pba{ {izo`{ ctjmp io pbj {ztemkj ie pbj fao`( m `jj~jt ~mtp ie pbjfao` facbp {mq( ‘Qjmb tacbp- Sbi mtj qiz eiihaoc moqsmq9‖/

Pbj haljhabii` ie pba{ `jj~jt uiakj pi ta{j z~ mo` kizopjtmkp izt khmaf{ a{ uatpzmhhq

czmtmopjj` ae sj pjhh izt{jhuj{ {ifjpbaoc pbmp a{o‑p ojkj{{mtahq izt `atjkp jr~jtajokj/

Pbj fitj jrptmit`aomtq pbj khmaf( pbj fitj {ptiochq ap {jjf{ pbj `jj~jt uiakj ie `izdp

ta{j{ ao i~~i{apaio/ Io pbj {ztemkj sj fmq ejjh cii` mdizp ap/ Ojujtpbjhj{{ ap {jjf{

pbjtj mtj oi {bitpmcj ie `jj~hq joptjokbj` ~tictmf{ pbmp mhh&pii&iepjo zo`jtfaoj izt

^jt{iomhhq A halj pi `j{ktadj pbj jr~jtajokj ie sapoj{{aoc pbizcbp{ mo` ejjhaoc{ `ztaoc

pbj ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio m{ ‒mppjopaio sapbizp pjo{aio‑/

M{ jfipaio mta{j{ pbj dj{p ~tmkpakj a{ pi {af~hq id{jtuj ap/ Oipj pbj jfipaio mo` qizt

tjmkpaio pi ap/ Qiz sahh djcao pi oipakj oip iohq pbj pbizcbp{( dzp mh{i pbj kbmtcj djbao`

pbj pbizcbp{/ Z{aoc pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ sbahj sapoj{{aoc pbj pbizcbp{ mo` ejjhaoc{mhhis{ z{ pi fitj jm{ahq tjfmao m{ pbj sapoj{{ ie pbizcbp{ eit hiocjt ~jtai`{/ Ap a{

af~itpmop pi oipj pbmp sj ojujt z{j pbj Mppapz`j{ pi fmlj pbj ejjhaoc{ kbmocj it ci

msmq( dzp pi {baep izt tjhmpaio{ba~ sapb pbjf/

Ljj~ ao fao` pbmp pbjtj a{ m haejpafj ie fifjopzf djbao` pbj fao`‑{ `jj~

~tictmffaoc/ ^mpajokj a{ tj}zatj` pi djcao pi dtjml etjj ie pbj m``akpaio pi pbj{j

bmdap{/ Ae m etjacbp ptmao a{ {z``johq {sapkbj` iee sbahj ptmujhaoc mp 5: fahj{ ~jt bizt ap sahh

oip kifj pi mo ao{pmopmojiz{ {pi~( dzp sahh kiopaozj zopah ap{ fifjopzf a{ jrbmz{pj`/ Ap

a{ pbj {mfj sapb pbj m``akpaio pi pbizcbp{ mo` jfipaio{/ Ioj bjh~ezh pa~ pbmp sahh ma` ao

jrbmz{paoc pba{ fifjopzf a{ pi dj aopjophq msmtj ie qizt pbizcbp ~tikj{{j{ sbahj ao pbj

fa`{p ie ~mtpakzhmthq aopjo{j pbizcbp {ptjmf{ it jfipaio{/ Qiz sahh oipakj pbmp pbjtj sahh

dj m pjo`jokq pi hmdjh pbj jr~jtajokj qiz mtj bmuaoc/

M{ qiz oipakj pba{ pjo`jokq qiz kmo djcao pi hjp ci ie a`jopaeqaoc sapb pbj{j hmdjh{ ie

‒stioc‑( ‒dm`‑( ‒cii`‑( ‒aopjo{j‑( ‒oip m{ aopjo{j‑( ‒cii` jr~jtajokj‑( ‒dm` jr~jtajokj‑( jpk/

Pba{ a{ m ujtq {acoaeakmop smq pi {baep pbj tjhmpaio{ba~ sapb aopjo{j jfipaio/ Ie kizt{j(

moqioj kmo `i pba{ sapb it sapbizp pbj ma` ie M{kjo{aio/ Dzp sapb pbj bjh~ ie M{kjo{aio ap

a{ m ctjmp `jmh jm{ajt/ Ao{pjm` ie khaocaoc pi m hmdjh( pbaol mo M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j ao{pjm`/

@i A bmuj pi z{j mhh pbj Pjkboa}zj{ A bmuj9 Kmo A {la~ {ifj9

Pi djojeap pbj fi{p etif pbj ~tmkpakj sj tjkiffjo` z{aoc mhh pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{

pbmp qiz bmuj mp hjm{p iokj m `mq jqj{&khi{j`/ M{ mhh ie pbjf mtj ~isjtezh mo` `i pbjat

~mtp pi bjh~ bjmh ~tictmffaoc sapbao `aeejtjop m{~jkp{ ie izt hauj{( ap a{ m sa{j pi z{j

pbjf/ [ifjpafj{ ~ji~hj eao` pbmp pbjq mtj `tmso kjtpmao Mppapz`j{ mo` `juipj fitj

pafj pi pbjf/ Sapb jqj{&i~jo ~tmkpakj pbjtj a{ oi ~mtpakzhmt ~tj{ktadj` it`jt/ Ejjh etjj

pi z{j sbmpjujt Pjkboa}zj{ kifj ompztmhhq etif ioj fifjop pi pbj ojrp/

Kmo A z{j pbjf ao moq it`jt9

Sapb jqj{&khi{j` M{kjo`aoc pbj {zccj{paio a{ pi z{j pbjf mhh ao it`jt/ Ioj ~tmkpakmh

tjm{io eit pba{ a{ eit pbj {mlj ie {af~hakapq/ Sapbizp {~jo`aoc pafj ~io`jtaoc iujt sbakb

M{kjo{aio Pjkboa}z pi pbaol ojrp pbjtj a{ m ~jtejkp it`jt mhtjm`q fm~~j` izp eit qiz ao

m`umokj/ Mh{i( dq pbaolaoc pbj Mppapz`j{ ao it`jt( pbjtj a{ fitj ie m haljhabii` pbmp qiz

sahh {~jo` }zmhapq pafj z{aoc pbjf mhh/ Pba{ a{ j{~jkamhhq af~itpmop eit pbi{j sbi kbii{j

pi hjmto m``apaiomh Mppapz`j{ iujt pafj/

Sbjo A eat{p djcmo pi M{kjo` A ~tjejttj` pi {la~ iujt pbj Ctmpapz`j Mppapz`j( dzp ap sm{

tjkiffjo`j` pbmp A z{j ap moqsmq/ A kiopaozj` fq ~tmkpakj tjcmt`hj{{ ie bis A fmqbmuj ejhp mdizp ap mp pafj{/ Jujopzmhhq A tjmhawj` pbmp ~mtpakzhmt Mppapz`j sm{ mkpzmhhq

{jtuaoc pi à{{ihuj m `jj~ gz`cfjop mdizp fq{jhe A àò‑p lois A bm`/ Pbj à{kifeitp A

ejhp sapb ap {pjffj` etif m ~mtpakzhmt gz`cfjop pbmp sm{ djaoc kioetiopj`/ Pba{ ~tictmf

jujopzmhhq em`j` msmq zopah ap oi hiocjt bm` m ojcmpauj aoehzjokj iujt fj/ Mepjt qjmt{ ie

pjmkbaoc A bmuj eizo` pba{ pi dj m ujtq kiffio jr~jtajokj sapb ipbjt{/ Pba{ a{ ~tjka{jhq

sbq ap a{ af~itpmop pi z{j mhh ie pbj Pjkboa}zj{ qiz bmuj tjcmt`hj{{ ie bis qiz fmq ejjh

mdizp pbjf/ Pbjq sitl io hjujh{ pbmp sj mtjo‑p mhsmq{ msmtj ie/

Sapb jqj{ i~jo M{kjo`aoc ejjh etjj pi far ap z~ m{ qiz {jj eap/ Jujo sapb jqj{&khi{j`

M{kjo`aoc( mepjt {~jo`aoc m kjtpmao ~jtai` ie pafj z{aoc mhh pbj pjkboa}zj{( ae qiz sa{b

pi {~jo` pafj io m {~jkaeak pjkboa}zj pbjo ejjh etjj pi `i {i/ Zhpafmpjhq pbjtj a{ oi

stioc smq pi `i ap m{ hioc m{ qiz ljj~ ap {af~hj/

Bis kmo A eap ao pbj pafj pi M{kjo` sbjo fq haej a{ {i dz{q9

Ae haej a{ dz{q pbj dj{p ioj kmo `i a{ bmuj pbj aopjopaio pbjo {jawj pbj i~~itpzoapaj{ sbjo

pbjq mta{j( jujo ae pbjq mtj dtaje/ Pbj tjetj{baoc pbaoc mdizp M{kjo{aio a{ tmpbjt pbmo

pbmo ptqaoc pi eap qizt haej{pqhj aopi pba{ ~tmkpakj( pba{ ~tmkpakj eap{ aopi qizt haej{pqhj/ [aokjap a{ {i jogiqmdhj mo` cauj{ {zkb `jj~ tj{p( ompztmhhq qiz fmq smop pi eao` pbj pafj pi

{jp m{a`j pi M{kjo` jqj{&khi{j`/

Pba{ a{ mh{i sbjtj pbj zoa}zj jqj{&i~jo m{~jkp ie pba{ ~tmkpakj a{ a`jmh/ Jujo ae jqj{&

khi{j` ~tmkpakj a{ bmt` pi kifj dq qiz kmo mhsmq{ M{kjo` sapb jqj{ i~jo/ Ap a{ m ctjmp

a`jm pi M{kjo` jmkb oacbp zopah qiz emhh m{hjj~ mo` ctjmp pi z{j ae qiz msmlj ao pbj

fa``hj ie pbj oacbp mo` mtj zomdhj pi {hjj~/

Sbq a{ 4> faozpj{( 4 pi ; pafj{ m `mq ie jqj{&khi{j` M{kjo`aoctjkiffjo`j` mo` oip fitj9

Psjopq faozpj{ a{ m dm{ak tjkiffjo`mpaio/ Hiocjt ~jtai`{ mtj eaoj ae qiz kmo `i ap

kifeitpmdhq/ Mh{i( psjopq faozpj{ a{ mo jm{q mfizop ie pafj pbmp fi{p moqioj kmo eap

aopi pbjat `mahq {kbj`zhj mo` a{ {zeeakajop pafj pi mhhis eit }zmhapq jqj{&khi{j`

jr~jtajokj/ Ap a{ djojeakamh pi cjp aopi {ifj {itp ie tjczhmt tizpaoj sbjtj tjczhmt pafj a{

{~jop sapb jqj{&khi{j` pi ci sapb kio{a{pjop jqj{&i~jo ~tmkpakj/

Kmo A gz{p z{j pbj Pjkboa}zj{ jqj{&i~jo9

Pba{ a{ kjtpmaohq djppjt pbmo oip z{aoc pbjf mp mhh/ A`jmhhq jqj{&khi{j` ~tmkpakj {bizh` dj

m ~mtp ie tjczhmt ~tmkpakj/ Jqj{&i~jo ap a{ ctjmp pi z{j pbj Mppapz`j{ m{ fzkb m{ qiz kmo

tjfjfdjt/

Pbj djojeap ie jqj{&khi{j` ~tmkpakj a{ pbmp ap mhhis{ eit `jj~jt jr~jtajokj{ ie ~jmkj/

Pbjtj a{ ctjmp djojeap ao djaoc mdhj pi khi{j qizt jqj{ mo` `atjkp mhh mppjopaio aosmt`/ M{

msmtjoj{{ a{ cjophq ~zhhj` aosmt` sapb pbj ma` ie pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ pbj jr~jtajokj

ie ~jmkj djkifj{ jujt&khjmtjt mo` m `jj~ mo` bjmhaoc tj{p eihhis ompztmhhq/

Sbjo qiz i~jo qizt jqj{ pi ci mdizp qizt `mq qiz fmq oipakj pbmp pba{ ~jmkj kmo

tjfmao sapb qiz eit m kjtpmao ~jtai` ie pafj/ Dq mhpjtompaoc jqj{&khi{j` ~tmkpakj sapb

jqj&i~jo ~tmkpakj( iujt pafj qiz sahh oipakj pbmp ap sahh `jj~jo mo` tjfmao eit

~tictj{{aujhq hiocjt ~jtai`{/ Pbjtj kifj{ m ~iaop sbjtj m ujtq {iha`( khjmt mo` tikl&

{iha` ~tj{jokj ie ~jmkj tjfmao{ ao mhh fifjop{ & jqj{&khi{j` mo` i~jo( ao mkpauapq it

tj{p/ Sapb pba{ tmtj mo` tjeaoj` hjujh ie msmtjoj{{( pbj ~tj{jokj ie [ahjokj ap{jhe

djkifj{ pbj fj`apmpaio/ Pbj msmtjoj{{ ie [ahjokj a{ pbj ~ztj{p eitf ie fj`apmpaio/

Pbjtj a{ m sio`jtezh momhicq pbmp ahhz{ptmpj{ bis pbj msmtjoj{{ ie [pahhoj{{ ao jqj{&

khi{j` M{kjo`aoc jujopzmhhq ~jtfjmpj{ pbj jqj{&i~jo ~tmkpakj & Afmcaoj qiz bmuj m

`tq( sbapj khipb mo` m dzkljp ie `mtl tj` `qj/ Qizt gid a{ pi kihit pbj khipb pbj {mfj

`jj~&tj` kihit ie pbj `qj/ Eat{p pbj khipb a{ `zolj` mo` {mpztmpj` ao pbj `qj "Pba{ a{ halj

jr~jtajokaoc [pahhoj{{ sapb jqj{&khi{j` !/ Sbjo pbj khipb a{ tjfiuj` ap a{ pbj {mfj `mtl

{bm`j ie tj` m{ pbmp ie pbj `qj "Jr~jtajokj ie [pahhoj{{ kmo dj ~mtpakzhmthq {ptioc

affj`ampjhq mepjt M{kjo`aoc( jujo ae iohq pjf~itmtahq !/

M{ pbj khipb a{ bzoc pi `tq ao pbj {zo ap ctm`zmhhq em`j{ pi m hacbp ~aol "Ao pbj jmthq

{pmcj{( pbj dz{qoj{{ ie haej kmo `a{ptmkp z{ mo` pbj jr~jtajokj ie [pahhoj{{ em`j{ !/ Mepjt

m etj{b `zol ap iokj mcmao m{{zfj{ m{ `jj~ m tj` m{ pbj `qj m{ ap bzoc pi `tq ao pbj

{zo "Iokj fitj sj khi{j izt jqj{ pi {aol aopi pbj ~ztj{p jr~jtajokj ie [pahhoj{{ !/ Dzp

pba{ pafj sbjo pbj khipb `taj{ pi m {hacbphq `mtljt {bm`j "Jmkb pafj m happhj fitj ^jmkj

kmttaj{ iujt aopi smlaoc haej etif izt jqj{&khi{j` ~tmkpakj!/ M ~tictj{{aujhq `jj~jt

{bm`j tj{zhp{ sapb jmkb tj~jpapaio ie pba{ ~tikj{{/ Jujopzmhhq pbj khipb fmaopmao{ pbj

{mfj `jj~ tj` kihit m{ pbj dzkljp ie `qj( sbjpbjt ap a{ `tq it sjp/ Pbi{j aopjtfappjop

jr~jtajokj{ ie [pahhoj{{ mtj hmqaoc pbj ctizo`sitl eit m {pmdhj mo` iociaoc aoojt

msmtjoj{{ ie ap/ Jujopzmhhq pbj msmtjoj{{ ie [ahjokj a{ {ptalaochq jua`jop sbjpbjt jqj{

mtj khi{j` it oip/

A{ pbjtj iociaoc {z~~itp mepjt A hjmto M{kjo{aio Fj`apmpaio9

Md{ihzpjhq/ Jujo pbizcb pbj ~tmkpakj a{ {af~hj( pbjtj a{ ptjfjo`iz{ umhzj ao iociaoc

cza`mokj mo` ao cmpbjtaoc sapb halj&fao`j` ~ji~hj/ Eit pba{ tjm{io pbjtj mtj m fzhpapz`j

ie eitfmp{ djqio` pbj aoapamh kizt{j pbmp bjh~ pi jobmokj mo` mkkjhjtmpj ctispb/ Etif m

{af~hj ~bioj kmhh it m`umokj` jujoaoc fjjpaoc pi mo m`umokj` kizt{j pbmp hm{p{

moqsbjtj etif m `mq pi {jujtmh fiopb{ & pbjtj mtj m fzhpapz`j ie ~i{{adahapaj{/ Oioj ie

pbj{j mtj tj}zatj` m{ m tzhj( dzp pbjq mtj mumahmdhj eit pbi{j sbi mtj `tmso pi pbjf/

Pi khmtaeq( pbj sit` ‒m`umokj`‑ a{ z{j` ao pba{ {jo{j pi tjejt pi {ifjioj sbi bm{

mhtjm`q hjmtoj` pi M{kjo`/ Jujo ae pbmp a{ sapb iohq pbj eat{p Pjkboa}zj/

Bis kmo A iujtkifj ~mao mo` {zeejtaoc9

Eat{p sj fz{p oipj pbj af~itpmop `a{paokpaio djpsjjo ~mao mo` {zeejtaoc & ~mao a{ m

{jo{mpaio mo` {zeejtaoc a{ m {pitq/ M dtiljo dioj sahh dj ~maoezh eit moqioj mo` qjp

~bq{akmh ~mao kmo dj jr~jtajokj` sapbizp smhhisaoc ao pbj kiffjopmtq pbmp pjo`{ pi

eihhis & ‘A kmo‑p djhajuj a‑f {i khzf{q/ Pbmp sm{ {i {pz~a` ie fj/ Pba{ {itp ie pbaoc

mhsmq{ bm~~jo{ pi fj/ Sbjo sahh A jujt hjmto9 Oidi`q hiuj{ fj/ Sbq sizh` pbjq hiuj

fj9‖ Ae sj khaoc pi pba{ tzooaoc `amhiczj ap sahh hjm` pi m his jfipaiomh {pmpj sbakb sjfmq kmhh ‒{zeejtaoc‑/

Djkmz{j pbjtj a{ ctjmp ~isjt pi sbmp sj bih` ao fao`( sj ~hmop izt iso {jj`{ mo`

tjm~ pbj bmtuj{p pbjtjie/ Ojcmpauj mo` {jhe&`jctm`aoc pbizcbp {ptjmf{ `tmao haej ie ap{

hz{pjt/ Gz{p m{ sjhh( pbj tacbp ~jt{~jkpauj kmo bjh~ z{ haep pbj kztpmao ie `j{~mat mo` mhhis

pbj hacbp ie bacbjt {jhe&msmtjoj{{ pi tj~hmkj pbj fitj dzt`jo{ifj uajs{ ie {jhe mo` pbj

sith`/

Pbj {pitaj{ pbmp mta{j ao tj{~io{j pi ~bq{akmh ~mao {pjf etif mo mhtjm`q jra{paoc djhaje

{ptzkpztj afdj``j` `jj~ sapbao pbj fao`/ Pbj ~maoezh lojj a{o‑p pbj kmz{j ie {zeejtaoc(dzp iohq m ptaccjt eit pbj izpdzt{p ie hmpjop ~tictmf{ sbakb i~jtmpj ao pbj {zdkio{kaiz{

fao`/ Pbj itacao ie mhh ~jt{iomh {zeejtaoc a{ sapbao z{/ Qjp sj bmuj m tmpbjt {ptioc bmdap

ie mpptadzpaoc pbj kmz{j ie izt {zeejtaoc pi mo jrpjtomh {iztkj/ Pba{ ao pzto hjm`{ pi m

{pmpj ie ~isjthj{{oj{{ mo` uakpafbii`/ Ap a{ mhsmq{ jm{q mp pba{ ~iaop pi ~iaop pbj eaocjt

ie dhmfj jh{jsbjtj( dzp ap pmlj{ tjmh kiztmcj pi djcao pi m{{zfj {ifj {jfdhmokj ie

mkkizopmdahapq eit izt iso {pmpj ie sjhh&djaoc mo` jeejkpaujoj{{ ao haej/

[i hioc m{ sj mpptadzpj pbj kmz{j ie {zeejtaoc pi jrpjtomh mcjop{ pba{ jo{ztj{ pbj

kiopaozmokj ie eztpbjt {zeejtaoc/ M{kjo{aio a{ m `atjkp ~mpb pbmp hjm`{ z{ dmkl aosmt` pi

pbj mkpzmh {iztkj ie ~jtfmojop( zokmz{j` giq/ [afzhpmojiz{hq( pbj Pjkboa}zj{ bjh~ pi

{jujt pbj paj{ sapb pbj ujtq tiip{ ie {zeejtaoc/ Mp pbjat ujtq kitj( pbj{j ej{pjtaoc tiip{ mtj

oipbaoc fitj pbmo {zdphj pbizcbp{/ Pbjq mtj pbj zokio{kaiz{ ~tictmf{ pbmp kihit

~jtkj~paio ie jmkb fifjop ie izt hauj{/

Ie aopjtj{paoc oipj( pbjtj mtj {ifj sbi fmaopmao `jmthq bjh` djhaje{ io pbj oidahapq ie

{zeejtaoc/ Mepjt mhh( Gj{z{ mo` pbj [maop{ {zeejtj` eit Ci`/ [ifj ie pbj ctjmp Fq{pak{

jujo `j{ktadj` pbj aopjo{j mocza{b pbmp kmfj sapb pbjat `juizp ~tmkpakj ie

kiopjf~hmpauj ~tmqjt "{zkb m{ ‒Pbj @mtl Oacbp ie pbj [izh‑ dq [maop Gibo ie pbj Kti{{

mo` pbj {pitq ie [p/ Etmoka{ ie M{{a{a!/ [ifj afmcj{ mo` {pitaj{ ie jm{pjto {mcj{

~tmkpakaoc aopjo{j fj`apmpaio mo` ~tmqjt `j~akp {kjoj{ ie bmt{b mz{pjtapq/

Pbj aooikjop mo` omauj {pz`jop {jj{ pbj{j afmcj{ mo` m{{zfj{ pbmp pba{ a{ bis m

`j`akmpj` m~~timkb fz{p hiil/ Sbahj ap a{ ao {ifj smq af~tj{{auj pbmp ioj sizh` ci pi

{zkb ctjmp hjocpb{ pi dj `juipj` pi Ci`( pbj {ptmao mo` jeeitp fmq ujtq sjhh kifj etif

m djhaje pbmp ap a{ oidhj it jujo ojkj{{mtq pi {zeejt pi dj sitpbq {~atapzmh ~tictj{{/ Sbahj

{zeejtaoc kmo kjtpmaohq dj m ctjmp fipaumpit eit ioj pi eao` `jj~jt fjmoaoc ao haej( mo

aopjopaiomhhq fm{ikba{pak ~tmkpakj zhpafmpjhq iohq {jtuj{ pbj jci( oip Ci`/

Sbmp M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ mtj mumahmdhj mepjt pbj ujtq eat{p ioj9 Sbmp

~zt~i{j `i pbjq {jtuj9

Pbjtj mtj 4> M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ sbakb mtj {jjo pi dj pbj fi{p djojeakamh/ Pbj{j mtj

`aua`j` aopi ctiz~{ ie eizt sapb jmkb ctiz~ tjejttj` pi m{ m ‒[~bjtj‑/ Sapbao jmkb ie pbj

Eauj [~bjtj{ ie M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ pbjtj mtj m ^tma{j( Ctmpapz`j mo` Hiuj Pjkboa}zj

eihhisj` dq m eiztpb pjkboa}zj loiso m{ m Kicoapaio Pjkboa}zj/

Pba{ {jtaj{ ie M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ jra{p{ eit m kiz~hj tjm{io{ & Bmuaoc fitj pbmo ioj

M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j ljj~{ pbj fao` etif djaoc jm{ahq ditj` it `a{ptmkpj`/ M``apaiomh

Mppapz`j{ {jtuj pi kbmtf pbj fao` mo` pi bjh~ ljj~ pbj ~tmkpakj etj{b mo` mhauj/ Pbj

ipbjt tjm{io a{ pbmp pbj ipbjt M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ i~jtmpj mp aoktjm{aochq {zdphj hjujh{/

Pbjq {jtuj pi jobmokj mo` mkkjhjtmpj pbj `a{{ihzpaio ie hafapaoc bmdap{ mo` zokio{kaiz{~tictmffaoc/ Qiz kizh` {mq pbmp pbj ujtq eat{p ie mhh pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ & Pbj

^tma{j Mppapz`j & tj~tj{jop{ pbj eizo`mpaio eit mhh pbj Pjkboa}zj{ ie M{kjo{aio/ Sapb

tj{~jkp pi m``tj{{aoc pbj ujtq tiip ie `a{kit`( ap tjmhhq `ij{ kiujt jujtqpbaoc/

Bis fmoq M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ `i A ojj` pi hjmto pi dj mdhj pi

~tmkpakj jeejkpaujhq9

Fi{p hjmto pbj eat{p eizt M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ ao tm~a` {zkkj{{aio/ Z{zmhhq mhh ao mo aopti`zkpitq

sjjljo` kizt{j/ Jujo {i( pbj ujtq eat{p M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j a{ mhh pbmp a{ tj}zatj` pi ~tmkpakj

jeejkpaujhq/ Djqio` pba{ pbj fmoq m``apaiomh Mppapz`j{ mtj mumahmdhj eit pbi{j sbi sa{b pi

jr~jtajokj pbj jeejkp{ ie {ifj ie pbj m`umokj` pjkboa}zj{/ Mhh ie pbj{j {jtuj pi eztpbjt

jobmokj mo` johaujo pbj ~tmkpakj( mhpbizcb oioj mtj tj}zatj`/

Fmoq tj~itp pbmp pbjat ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio a{ ctjmphq jobmokj` dq ~aklaoc z~ m``apaiomh

Pjkboa}zj{ djqio` pbj eat{p eizt/ Dzp jujtqioj sahh bmuj pbjat iso jr~jtajokj sapb pba{

~tmkpakj/ [i sbjpbjt it oip qiz ejjh qiz sahh ojj` fitj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ it oip

sizh` zhpafmpjhq dj z~ pi qiz/

[JKPAIO AA

M@UMOKJ@

Pbi{j sbi bmuj mhtjm`q hjmtoj` pi M{kjo` mtj tjejttj` pi bjtj m{ ‒M`umokj`

M{kjo`jt{‑/ Djqio` pbmp ‒m`umokj ‑ `ij{o‑p tjejt pi moq {itp ie {~jkamh mkkif~ha{bfjop

it jr~jtajokj/ Eit m{ fmoq }zj{paio{ m{ ~ti{~jkpauj it djcaooaoc M{kjo`jt{ pjo` pi

bmuj mdizp pba{ ~tmkpakj( tjczhmt m~~hakmpaio ie pba{ fj`apmpaio pq~akmhhq hjm`{ pi

m``apaiomh jr~jtajokj{ mo` }zj{paio{/ Oitfmhhq pbj dj{p smq pi m``tj{{ {zkb }zj{paio{

a{ pbtizcb hauj `amhiczj sapb m kif~jpjop ao{ptzkpit( dzp {zkb kiopmkp a{ oip mhsmq{

tjm`ahq mumahmdhj/

Pbj eihhisaoc tj~tj{jop m ejs kiffio }zj{paio{ pbmp mta{j( oip gz{p eit pbi{j sbi

M{kjo`( dzp eit fj`apmpit{ ao cjojtmh/ Mhh pbj eihhisaoc }zj{paio{ mo` mo{sjt{ mtj

~tj{jopj` sapbao pbj kiopjrp ie M{kjo{aio Fj`apmapio `zj pi pbj emkp pbmp ap a{ pbj

~tmkpakj pbmp pbj mzpbit bm{ baf{jhe ~tmkpakj` mo` pmzcbp sith`sa`j/

Ap a{ bjh~ezh pi lois pbmp ojmthq jujtqioj jokizopjt{ {afahmt `izdp{ mo` kiokjto{ m{

pbjq jm{j aopi pbj ~tmkpakj/ Ojs M{kjo`jt{ pjo` pi dj tjhajuj` pi eao` pbmp pbjtj mtj

kiffio mo{sjt{ pi pbj }zj{paio{ pbjq emkj/ Ie j}zmh af~itpmokj a{ pbj tjkicoapaio

pbmp pbjtj mtj m hip ie {afahmtapaj{ djpsjjo qizt fao` mo` jujtqioj jh{j‑{/ Pba{ emkp

mhioj pmlj{ msmq m hip ie pbj pjo`jokaj{ pi djhajuj pbmp izt ~tidhjf{( `izdp{ it bmdap{

mtj {ifjbis {~jkamh mo` zoa}zj iohq pi z{/

Jujo pbizcb ioj fmq dj kio{a`jtj` ‒m`umokj`‑ ap a{ dj{p pi mhsmq{ tjfmao aooikjop

jmkb pafj qiz M{kjo`/ M sahhaocoj{{ pi dj i~jo sapb jmkb mo` jujtq jr~jtajokj sahh

mhsmq{ dj af~itpmop( sapbizp ap( {pmcomokq tj{zhp{/ Sbahj i~jooj{{ a{ ljq( ioj fz{p dj

~ti~jthq j`zkmpj` io sbmp sitl{ mo` sbmp `ij{o‑p/ Ao pba{ smq qiz kmo fi{p

jeejkpaujhq bm{pjo pbj jr~mo{aio ie qizt iso kio{kaiz{oj{{ djqio` ap{ kzttjop

dizo`mtaj{/

Eit pbj {mlj ie djaoc kioka{j( sj bmuj ha{pj` iohq m ejs ie pbj kiffio }zj{paio{ pbmp

pjo` pi mta{j eit pbi{j sbi bmuj djjo M{kjo`aoc iohq m {bitp ~jtai` ie pafj/ Ap a{ fqbi~j pbmp m ezpztj diil sahh `jhuj fitj `jj~hq aopi {ifj ie pbj{j pi~ak{/

Bis `i A kiokjoptmpj joizcb pi {pmq ao pbj ois9 Fq fao` smo`jt{

{i jm{ahq/

@io‑p sittq mdizp kiokjoptmpaoc it ‒{pmqaoc ao pbj ois‑/ Gz{p pbaol ioj ie qizt M{kjo{aio

Mppapz`j{ sbjo qiz tjfjfdjt( hjp ap ci mo` mhhis sbmpjujt bm~~jo{ bm~~jo/ Ljj~ ap

{af~hj mo` {pmq mhjtp pi sbmp bm~~jo{ ojrp/ Ae qiz eitcjp pi M{kjo` eit m ~jtai` ie pafj

it `taep iee( ap a{ ie oi umhzj pi {~jo` pafj djaoc etz{ptmpj` eit bmuaoc eitcippjo/ Oipbaoc

kmo dj `ioj eit fifjop{ pbmp bmuj ~m{{j`/ Jujo m {hap {jkio` mci a{ ba{pitq/ [af~hq

tj&aopti`zkj pbj pjkboa}zj pbj ao{pmop qiz tjfjfdjt/ Jmkb fifjop qiz {kih` qizt{jhe

it ptq pi eitkj qizt ~tmkpakj a{ m fifjop sm{pj`/

Pbj iohq pbaoc pbmp a{ oip ~tj{jop ‒ao pbj ois‑ a{ pbj fao`/ Sj mtj oip pbj fao` it ap{

pbizcbp{/ Dq hjppaoc ap ci sapb pbj bjh~ ie M{kjo{aio( sbmp a{ hjep sahh mzpifmpakmhhq dj

~tj{jop fifjop msmtjoj{{/ @io‑p eacbp pi {pmq ~tj{jop( gz{p cjophq tj`atjkp mppjopaio pi

mo M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j sbjo qiz tjfjfdjt/

Ae A mf oip fq pbizcbp{( sbmp mf A9

Ae pbizcbp kmo dj id{jtuj` pbjo ap fz{p dj mo idgjkp/ Dq sapoj{{aoc pbj ehis ie pbizcbp{

qiz sahh mh{i oipakj pbmp pbjtj a{ mo jujt&~tj{jop ‒smpkbjt‑ pbmp `ij{ oip kifj mo` ci m{

pbizcbp{ mo` ejjhaoc{ `i/ M pbizcbp m~~jmt{ ao pbj fao` halj m khiz` m~~jmt{ ao pbj {lq/

Pbj {lq a{ pbj eajh` ao sbakb kbmocj ikkzt{ & khiz`{( dat`{( mat~hmoj{ mo` `aujt{j

sjmpbjt kio`apaio{ mhh m~~jmt mo` `a{m~~jmt/ Pbj {lq a{ aoeaoapjhq daccjt pbmp sbmp

fiuj{ pbtizcb ap/ Idgjkp{ pbmp fiuj pbtizcb pbj {lq bmuj dizo`mtaj{ mo` mtj {zdgjkppi kbmocj/ Dzp pbj {lq a{ eitfhj{{( zokbmocaoc mo` zomeejkpj` dq pba{ ehjjpaoc kiopjop/

Pbj {lq ojapbjt tj{a{p{ oit khaoc{ pi moq ie pbj idgjkp{ pbmp fiuj{ pbtizcb ap/ Mh{i( oi

fmppjt bis kbmipak pbj umtaiz{ idgjkp{ fmq dj( pbj {lq a{ eitjujt ~tj{jop mo` {ahjop/

Fiujfjop mo` kbmocj tj~tj{jop iohq pbj {fmhhj{p ~mtp ie pbj {lq/ Pbj {lq bm{ oi

gz`cfjop it ~tjejtjokj pismt` japbjt sbapj ehzeeq khiz`{ it `mtl {pitfq khiz`{/ Ap a{

{ahjop mo` zofiuaoc djeitj( `ztaoc mo` mepjt pbj eatjsitl{ `a{~hmq/

Halj khiz`{( pbizcbp mta{j{ sapbao m eajh` pbmp a{ mhtjm`q {ahjop mo` sapbizp kbmocj/ Ao ap{

bacbj{p {jo{j( fj`apmpaio a{ m fjmo{ pi {baep mppjopaio etif pbj pbizcbp{ pi pbj eajh` aosbakb pbjq ikkzt/ M{ ioj tjmhawj{ pbmp pbjq mtj pbj ‒{lq‑ ie ~ztj {ahjokj pba{ `ij{o‑p

ojkj{{mtahq fjmo pbmp pbizcbp{ kjm{j pi mta{j/ Ap {af~hq fjmo{ pbmp ioj a`jopaeaj{ fitj

sapb pbj {ahjop eajh` ao sbakb pbjq ~m{{ pbtizcb fitj pbmo pbj pbizcbp{/ Pbj tjmh ‒qiz‑ a{

`a{kiujtj` ao pbj {ahjokj/

A {pahh bmuj m hip ie pbizcbp{( jujo mepjt m ejs qjmt{ ie M{kjo`aoc/

Pbj }zmopapq mo` }zmhapq ie pbizcbp{ a{ oip dj mo a{{zj/ Sbmp kbmocj{ sapb tjczhmt

M{kjo{aio a{ oip pbj pbizcbp{ pbjf{jhuj{ {i fzkb m{ ap a{ bis sj tjhmpj pi pbjf/ Sapb

pba{ ~tmkpakj pbjtj mtj pafj{ sbjtj pbizcbp{ sahh m~~jmt pi dj fitj aopjo{j mo`

ozfjtiz{ pbmo mp ipbjt pafj{/ Pba{ a{ ~mt eit pbj kizt{j/

Qiz fmq oipakj m{ qiz pbaol mo M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j pbmp qiz kmo japbjt `i {i sapb mo

mcjo`m pbmp pbj jr~jtajokj {bizh` dj m kjtpmao smq( it qiz kmo M{kjo` mo` mhhis

sbmpjujt bm~~jo{ pi bm~~jo/ Mo jr~jkpmpaio pbmp pbj kiopjop ie pbj fao` {bizh` dj m

kjtpmao smq sahh hjm` pi jrkj{{auj jeeitp/ Pba{ a{ kizopjt&~ti`zkpauj/ Pbj dj{p m~~timkb

a{ pi mhsmq{ mhhis pbj jr~jtajokj pi dj sbmp ap a{ sapbizp mppjf~paoc pi kioptih ap mp mhh/

Pba{ a{ pbj tiqmh tim` pi {z~tjfj ~jmkj mo` kiopjopfjop/

Mtj pbizcbp{ mhsmq{ ciaoc pi dj il sbjo A M{kjo`9

Pbizcbp{ mtj mhsmq{ il sbahj sj M{kjo`/ Pba{ ~tmkpakj {bizh` ojujt aouihuj {ptmao it

jeeitp oi fmppjt sbmp/ Ap a{ ojujt ie djojeap pi ptq mo` eitkj pbj fao` pi ptq mo` dj m

kjtpmao smq/ Sbjo mhh hmdjh{ mtj tjfiuj` etif izt pbizcbp {ptjmf{( pbjq mtj ojapbjt

‒il‑ it ‒oip il‑( pbjq {af~hq mtj/ Pba{ a{ m ljq pjmkbaoc/ Sbmp ~mtp ie z{ a{ `a{pztdj` dq

pbj }zmhapq it }zmopapq ie pbizcbp{9 Ap a{ iohq pbj jci mo` ap{ hafapj` ~jt{~jkpauj pbmp a{

jujt meejkpj`/

M{ kio{kaiz{oj{{ juihuj{ pbtizcb kiopaozj` ~tmkpakj ap a{ ~i{{adhj pi tjmkb m ~iaop

sbjtj qizt fao` fmq pbaol pbj {mfj pbizcbp{ ap mhsmq{ bm{/ Pbj `aeejtjokj a{ qiz mtj

hj{{ mo` hj{{ meejkpj` dq pbjf/ Pbizcbp{ oi hiocjt bmuj pbj ~isjt pbjq iokj {jjfj`

pi bmuj/ Ctjmpjt `j~pb{ ie {pahhoj{{ mo` mkkj~pmokj djcao pi tj~hmkj pbj m``akpaio pi

pbaolaoc/ Djeitj A hjmtoj` pi M{kjo` A jr~jtajokj` `j~tj{{aio/ Mepjt m ejs qjmt{ pbj

`j~tj{{aoc pbizcbp{ kiopaozj`( dzp A sm{ oi hiocjt `j~tj{{j`/ A gz{p oi hiocjt ~mqj`

moq mppjopaio pi pbi{j pbizcbp{/ ^jmkj ~tjumahj` ao {~apj ie pbj `j~tj{{aoc pbizcbp{/

Pbizcbp a{ pq~akmhhq djhajuj` pi dj tjmh mo` ‒sbi A mf‑/ [i hioc m{ pba{ a{ pbj km{j pbjo

sj sahh tjfmao {zdgjkp pi pbj }zmhapq mo` }zmopapq ie pbizcbp{/ [i hioc m{ sj tjfmao

kmzcbp ao pba{ fa{a`jopaeakmpaio( pbizcbp{ sahh m~~jmt pi bmuj ~isjt iujt z{ mo` sj sahhkiopaozj pi dj mp pbj fjtkq ie izt ~tictmffaoc/

Ao m fitj tjeaoj` mo` tmtjhq jr~jtajokj` {pmpj ie kio{kaiz{oj{{ ~jmkj a{ hauj` ao mhh

fifjop{/ Pbizcbp{ fmq dj fmoq it pbjq fmq dj ejs( dzp ap a{ md{ihzpjhq zoaf~itpmop mp

pbmp ~iaop/ Hj{{ mo` hj{{ `i pbjq `a{pztd pbj msmtjoj{{ ie aoeaoapj {ahjokj/ Gz{p m{ pbj

{lq a{o‑p pbj hjm{p dap dipbjtj` dq m ehikl ie dat`{ ehzppjtaoc pbtizcb ap( ojapbjt mtj sj

meejkpj` dq pbj pbizcbp{ pbmp fmq ehimp pbtizcb izt kio{kaiz{oj{{/

Ae m haej ie aoojt kiopjopfjop mo` giq a{ izt datpbtacbp( sbq `i {i ejs

jr~jtajokj pba{9

Djkmz{j aoojt ~jmkj mo` {~atapzmh ctispb a{ oip m ~taitapq eit fi{p ~ji~hj/ Ejs loispbmp ap a{ jujo ~i{{adhj pi jr~jtajokj ~jtfmojop( zokmz{j` giq mp mhh hjp mhioj io m

kio{a{pjop dm{a{/ Ap {jjf{ pbmp fi{p mtj kiopjop pi fmlj uatpzmhhq moqpbaoc mo`

jujtqpbaoc jh{j fitj af~itpmop pbmo `a{kiujtaoc pbj ~tj{jokj ie pbj @auaoj sapbao/

Eit pbi{j pbmp mtj io m {~atapzmh ~mpb( pbjtj mtj m fzhpapz`j ie pjkboa}zj{( pjmkbaoc{(

diil{ mo` ~tmkpakj{ etif sbakb pi kbii{j/ Pi pbj djcaooaoc {~atapzmh m{~atmop pbj sa`j

mttmq ie i~paio{ kmo dj iujtsbjhfaoc ae qiz mtjo‑p {ztj sbmp pi hiil eit/ Sapbizp ~ti~jt

piih{ mo` cza`mokj ioj kmo sm{pj m hip ie pafj io ~tmkpakj{ pbmp `io‑p hjm` pi

kiopjopfjop/ Pbj m``akpaio pi pbj fao` a{ }zapj {ptioc mo` oip jm{ahq iujtkifj sapbizp

~ti~jt piih{ mo` kif~jpjop cza`mokj( sbakb mtj tmtj/

Sbq kmo‑p A kbmocj pbj Pjkboa}zj{9

Etif pbj {ztemkj ie izt iso fao`{ ap a{ `aeeakzhp( ae oip af~i{{adhj( pi lois sapb kjtpmaopq

ae pbj kbmocj{ sj fmlj sahh mkpzmhhq jobmokj pbj Pjkboa}zj{ it sjmljo pbjf/ Gz{p

djkmz{j m {~jkaeak sit`aoc fmq {izo` it jujo ejjh djppjt pbmo pbj itacaomh `ij{ oip

fjmo pbmp ap sahh dj fitj jeejkpauj/ Pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ sitl sio`jtezhhq jrmkphq m{

pbjq mtj/ Ap a{ mhsmq{ dj{p pi hjmuj pbj Mppapz`j{ mhioj m{ m tzhj ie pbzfd/ [ifjpafj{pbjtj a{ pbj pjf~pmpaio pi kbmocj pbj mppapz`j{ djkmz{j sj mtj hiilaoc eit m kjtpmao

ejjhaoc it fii` pi ci sapb pbjf/ Dzp pba{ oidhj mppjf~p mp ptqaoc pi kioptih pbj

jr~jtajokj a{ m bao`tmokj/

Mf A bjh~aoc fq emfahq mo` etajo`{ dq M{kjo`aoc9

Moqpafj qiz `i moqpbaoc pi djppjt qizt{jhe {~atapzmhhq qiz kmooip bjh~ dzp meejkp pbi{j

mtizo` qiz mzpifmpakmhhq mo` eit pbj djppjt/ Jmkb ~tictj{{aio ie qizt iso

kio{kaiz{oj{{ aopi ctjmpjt {pmpj{ ie djaoc a{ m caep pi mhh( jujo ae oidi`q jh{j jujt tjkicoawj{ pbmp emkp/

Bmuaoc {ma` pbmp( ap a{ sa{j pi eitjci ~tigjkpaoc jr~jkpmpaio{ ie kbmocj iopi ipbjt{/ Sj

mtj fzkb djppjt iee sapbizp izt jci‑{ {zdphj jr~jkpmpaio{ aopjtejtaoc/ M{kjo`aoc a{o‑p

`j{acoj` pi kbmocj pbj izp{a`j pi eap izt ~tjkiokjauj` oipaio{ ie bis pbaoc{ {bizh` dj/

Ap a{ m {af~hj fjmo{ pi kbmocj pbj smq sj tjhmpj pi mhh ie haej mo` pbj {apzmpaio{ sj

jokizopjt/

Ae qizt mzop Fihhq a{ m `tmfm }zjjo sbjo qiz {pmtp pi M{kjo`( {bj fmq it fmq oip

kiopaozj pi dj m `tmfm }zjjo mepjt m kjtpmao mfizop ie pafj M{kjo`aoc/ ^jtbm~{ pbjtj

sm{ m pafj pbmp qiz jocmcj` bjt `tmfm ao it`jt pi ejjh kioojkpj` sapb bjt/ Mepjt M{kjo`aoc eit m kjtpmao ~jtai` ie pafj qiz fmq eao` {bj a{ {pahh kif~hmaoaoc mdizp pbj

ojacbdit{ kztpmao{ dzp qiz mtj oi hiocjt aopjtj{pj` ao kbafaoc ao sapb gz`cfjop{ ie qizt

iso/ Qiz fmq eao` pbmp qiz oi hiocjt bmuj pbj jojtcq eit {zkb ptauamh pbaoc{/ Pba{

kjtpmaohq `ij{o‑p fjmo qiz bmuj djkifj {oiddq it hiuj Mzop Fihhq hj{{( ap gz{p fjmo{

pbmp qiz ~taitapawj m bacbjt {pmpj ie djaoc iujt pbj `tmfm/

Moq {pmpj ie djaoc it mppapz`j a{ jobmokj` dq kihhjkpauj ~mtpaka~mpaio/ Sbmp qiz eikz{ io

ctis{/ Ae m ctiz~ ie ~ji~hj mtj mhh ktapakawaoc mo` kif~hmaoaoc( pbjo jujtqioj ejj`{ iee ie

jmkb ipbjt mo` {ptjocpbjo{ pbmp eikz{/ Dzp jmkb ~jt{io pbmp kbii{j{ oip pi jocmcj ao

{zkb `tmfm sjmljo{ pbmp eikz{ sapbao pbj ctiz~ mo` aouapj{ pbj ~i{{adahapq eit m fitj

fmpztj mo` johaujoaoc ~tj{jokj pi ~tjumah/ Ae qiz oi hiocjt jocmcj mzop Fihhq‑{ `tmfm(

pbjo kbmokj{ mtj {bj fmq eao` {ifjioj jh{j pi pmhl pi it {bj fmq ujtq sjhh `ti~ ap mhh&

picjpbjt/ Tjcmt`hj{{ qiz fz{p ~tipjkp qizt ~jmkj ie fao` attj{~jkpauj ie sbmp ipbjt{

pbaol it `i/

Sj mhh aoehzjokj izt {zttizo`aoc{ ioj smq it moipbjt dq djaoc sbmp sj mtj ao jujtq

fifjop/ Pbj fitj jmkb ie z{ juihuj{( pbj fitj {acoaeakmop mo` djojeakamh izt af~mkp a{

pi mhh mtizo` z{ mo` pbj sbihj sith` ao zo{jjo smq{/

Ap a{ il pi emhh m{hjj~ sbahj M{kjo`aoc9

Sbmpjujt bm~~jo{ ompztmhhq a{ il sbahj M{kjo`aoc/ Djkmz{j M{kjo{aio a{ {i jm{q mo`

tjhmraoc( {hjj~ a{ m kiffio tj{zhp/ Ao emkp( fmoq eao` pbmp M{kjo{aio a{ pbj ~jtejkp kztj

eit {hjj~aoc `a{it`jt{/ Ap kjtpmaohq sm{ eit fj/ Jujo ae A bmuj m oacbp sbjtj A kmo‑p {hjj~ A

gz{p M{kjo` jqj{&khi{j` mo` A mhsmq{ smlj z~ ejjhaoc ctjmp/

Mhsmq{ `i qizt dj{p pi tjfmao cjophq mhjtp sbjo qiz M{kjo`/ Ae {hjj~ kifj{ ompztmhhq( ap

a{ dj{p oip pi eacbp ap/ Pbj tj{p mo` {hjj~ dtizcbp mdizp dq M{kjo`aoc kmo iepjopafj{ dj

aoktj`adhq `jj~ mo` tj{pezh/ Sapbao pbmp hjujh ie tj{p m ctjmp `jmh ie bjmhaoc( dipb ~bq{akmh

mo` jfipaiomh( kmo ikkzt/ [ptj{{j{ pbmp bmuj mkkzfzhmpj` sapbao pbj ojtuiz{ {q{pjf

bmuj pbj dj{p i~~itpzoapq pi `a{{ihuj mp pba{ ~iaop/

A bmuj sitlj` sapb ~ji~hj sbi( mepjt m hioc ~jtai` ie pafj( {pahh djhajuj ap a{ m ~tidhjf pi

{hjj~ sbjo pbjq M{kjo`/ Bmuj qizt dj{p aopjopaio pi tjfmao mhjtp mo` z{j mhh ie qizt

pjkboa}zj{( dzp ae {hjj~ kifj{( pbjo sjhkifj ap sapb i~jo mtf{/ M{kjo{aio sahh mhsmq{

cauj qiz sbmp qiz ojj`/ [ifjpafj ao it`jt eit `jj~ bjmhaoc pi ikkzt sj ojj` {hjj~/

Bis kmo A dj kjtpmao A mf M{kjo`aoc kittjkphq9Bjtj mtj m ejs tzhj{ ie pbzfd7

& Dj aooikjop sbjo z{aoc pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j/ Mhhis sbmpjujt bm~~jo{ pi bm~~jo/

@io‑p ptq pi kioptih pbj jr~jtajokj qiz mtj bmuaoc it ptq mo` eitkj ap pi dj {ifjpbaoc

ipbjt pbmo sbmp ap a{/ ^jmkj a{ pbj tj{zhp ie mkkj~paoc pbj fao` m{ ap a{( oip ao ptqaoc pi

kioptih ap/

& Tjfmao jujt {i cjophq mhjtp & ‒Mppjopaio sapbizp pjo{aio‑/

& Dj kio{a{pjop sapb pbj ~tmkpakj/

& Cjp ejj`dmkl m kif~jpjop ao{ptzkpit it etif pbi{j sapb jr~jtajokj sbjo ~i{{adhj/

& Ljj~ ap {af~hj-

Sbq a{ aooikjokj {i af~itpmop9

Aooikjokj a{ gz{p moipbjt smq ie {mqaoc i~jooj{{/ Pba{ a{ dj{p ~zp aopi ~tmkpakj dq

‒mhhisaoc‑/ Kioptihhaoc pbj jr~jtajokj `ij{ oip hjm` pi fitj jr~mo`j` {pmpj{ ie

kio{kaiz{oj{{/ Sj mppjf~p pi kioptih pbj jr~jtajokj sbjo sj bmuj m ~tjkiokjauj`

oipaio ie sbmp sj sizh` halj pi bm~~jo sbjo sj M{kjo`/ Dzp pba{ a{ sbjtj sj cjp ao pbj

Qiz fmq oipakj pafj{ sbjo qiz M{kjo` pbmp pbjtj sahh dj fifjop{ sbjtj qiz sizh`

~tjejt pi bmuj m `aeejtjop jr~jtajokj pbmo pbj ioj qiz mtj emkj` sapb/ Pba{ a{ ~mtpakzhmthq

pbj km{j sbjo aopjo{j jfipaio{ it ~maoezh fjfitaj{ {ztemkj/ Pba{ sizh` dj pbj ~jtejkp

fifjop pi kio{a`jt pbj bacb pjmkbaoc ie & ‘Oip fq sahh( dzp Pbq sahh dj `ioj‖/ Oidi`q

bm{ jujt eizcbp mo` kioptihhj` pbjat smq aopi ctjmpjt {pmpj{ ie ~jmkj mo` ezhhoj{{/ Ae qiz

tjfjfdjt {ifj ie qizt fi{p jr~mo{auj fifjop{ ao haej & pbi{j fifjop{ sbjtj qiz

ejhp pbj fi{p hiuj( giq mo` jr~mo{aio & qiz sahh {jj pbmp pbj{j kmfj mdizp sapbizp pbj

{hacbpj{p dap ie jeeitp Pbjq tm`ampj` eitpb jeeitphj{{hq etif sapbao/

Bis `i A hjp ci ie fq ojcmpauj pbizcbp{ mo` ~tictmffaoc9

Pbj ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio bjh~{ z{ tjhmpj `aeejtjophq pi ojcmpauj ~tictmffaoc dq cauaoc

m ojs( ~i{apauj `atjkpaio eit pbj fao` pi fiuj/ Mhh ojcmpauj ~tictmffaoc a{ ie pbj ~m{p/

Dq `tmccaoc pbj ~m{p aopi pbj ~tj{jop izt ~jtkj~paio ie pbj sith` a{ kihitj`/ Ao pba{ smq

‒pbj sith` m{ ap a{‑ a{ iepjo `aeejtjop pbmo ‒pbj sith` m{ A {jj ap ‑/ Pbj m``akpaio pi pbj ~m{p

em`j{ ie ap{ iso m{ sj M{kjo`/ Pbj jojtcq djbao` pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ mhhis{ z{ pi

tj{iompj sapb m bacbjt kio{kaiz{oj{{ sbjtj ap a{ `aeeakzhp pi bih` iopi ojcmpauapq/

Sbjo A eat{p djcmo pi M{kjo`( fq fao` {jjfj` pi dj eahhj` kio{pmop ojcmpauj mo`

`j~tj{{aoc pbizcbp {ptjmf{/ @izdp( ejmt mo` gz`cfjop kjtpmaohq ~tjumahj` iujt ~tma{j(

ctmpapz`j mo` hiuj/ M{ m tj{zhp pbjtj sm{ wjti jr~jtajokj ie ~jmkj/ M{ A djcmo pi

fj`apmpj sapb pba{ ~tmkpakj A oipakj` ioj `mq pbmp pbj sith` sm{o‑p pbj kmz{j ie fq

kioehakp m{ A iokj djhajuj` ap pi dj/ A sm{ ejjhaoc `iso mo` {ptj{{j` iohq djkmz{j A sm{

kiopaoziz{hq eikz{j` io `j~tj{{aoc pbizcbp{/ Pbjtj ojujt sm{ mo jrpjtomh kmz{j/

Sbahj A sm{ bm~~q pi tjmhawj pba{( ap sm{ iohq pbj eat{p {pj~/ Pbj m``akpaio pi pbj{j bmdap{

sm{ {ptioc/

Dq {paklaoc sapb pbj ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio sbmp A oipakj` sm{ pbmp( iujt pafj( pbj jojtcq

djbao` pbj{j ojcmpauj pbizcbp {ptjmf{ ctm`zmhhq `a{{ihuj`/ Pba{ kiopaozj` zopah pbjtj

sm{ m ~iaop sbjtj pbj jrmkp {mfj pbizcbp{ sizh` ehis pbtizcb pbj fao`( dzp ap sm{ m{ ae

pbjq oi hiocjt bm` moq kbmtcj it haej pi pbjf mp mhh/ Ap sm{ m{ ae pbjq sjtj bihhis {bjhh{

ie sbmp pbjq iokj sjtj/

Ptqaoc pi kmhf pbj kbmipak {ztemkj ie pbj fao` a{ halj ptqaoc pi {pahh pbj smuj{ io pbj

{ztemkj ie pbj ikjmo sbahj ptjm`aoc smpjt/ Moq jeeitp pi kmhf pbj smuj{ iohq tj{zhp{ ao mfitj ta~~hj{( oip hj{{/ Sj fmq oip dj mdhj pi {pahh pbj {ztemkj ie pbj ikjmo( dzp sj kmo

tjhmr aopi pbj {ahjokj pbmp mhtjm`q jra{p{ zo`jtojmpb ap/ Djqio` pbj kbi~~q {ztemkj a{ mo

jo`hj{{ `j~pb ie ptmo}zahapq/

Bis `i A M{kjo` sapb aopjo{j ~mao9 [ifjpafj{ ap {jjf{ af~i{{adhj/

Ap a{ ojujt af~i{{adhj jujo ae ap fmq {jjf `aeeakzhp mp pafj{/ Pbj {ptzcchj iepjo

jr~jtajokj` sapb aopjo{j ~bq{akmh ~mao a{ `zj pi pbj emkp pbmp mhh mppjopaio cij{ izpsmt`pismt` pbj ~mao mo` pismt` pbizcbp{ mdizp ~mao/ Ao pbj{j fifjop{ sj mtj mkkz{pifj`

pi `iaoc moqpbaoc ipbjt pbmo dtaocaoc mppjopaio dmkl pi pbaolaoc pjkboa}zj{ dm{j` io

~tma{j( ctmpapz`j( hiuj mo` kif~m{{aio/ Jujo {i( pbj M{kjo{aio Pjkboa}zj{ sahh sitl

sbjojujt pbjq mtj z{j`( jujo ae sj `io‑p djhajuj it jujo ejjh ap/

Ap a{ bacbhq ao`aua`zmh sbjpbjt it oip M{kjo`aoc sahh tj`zkj pbj hjujh ie ~bq{akmh ~mao( dzp

ap sahh bjh~ z{ kbmocj pbj smq sj tjhmpj pi ap/ [ifjpafj{ sbjo `a{kifeitp a{ ~mtpakzhmthq

aopjo{j( hip{ ie aopjo{j pbizcbp{ kmo mta{j ~jtpmaoaoc `atjkphq pi pbj {iztkj ie `a{kifeitp/

Pba{ aopjo{apq kmo `a{tz~p moq {jfdhmokj ie ~jmkj ae sj cjp {sj~p z~ ao ap/ M{kjo`aoc

bjh~{ z{ tjfmao kjopjtj`( halj pbj kmhf ao pbj {pitf/ Mp fitj tjeaoj` hjujh{ ie

msmtjoj{{ ap a{ ~i{{adhj pi bmuj ~mao mo` qjp tjfmao {afzhpmojiz{hq affjt{j` ao pbj

[pahhoj{{/

A bmuj tjm` mdizp pbj af~itpmokj ie {zttjo`jt mhioc m kiffappj`

{~atapzmh ~mpb dzp sbmp `ij{ pba{ fjmo9 Bis `ij{ ioj ~tmkpakj

{zttjo`jt9

[ifj zoeitpzompj fa{aopjt~tjpmpaio{ bmuj pztoj` pbj oipaio ie {zttjo`jt aopi m ~aiz{

eitf ie {zeejtaoc eit Ci`/ Pbj ~ztj{p ~tmkpakj ie {zttjo`jt hjm`{ pi ao{pmop Giq/ Ap a{

moqpbaoc dzp mo jrjtka{j ao {jhe&aoehakpj` {ptmao mo` mocza{b/

Sbmp bm{ mhsmq{ {pii` izp pi fj sapbao pbj pjmkbaoc{ ie Gj{z{ sm{ sbjtj bj

tj~jmpj`hq fm`j fjopaio ie ‘Oip fq sahh dj `ioj( dzp Pbq sahh dj `ioj‖/ ‒Pbq‑ ie kizt{j

tjejttaoc pi Ci` pbj Empbjt/ A mhsmq{ sio`jtj` sbmp pbmp fjmop/ @a` bj bjmt Ci`‑{

uiakj9 Sm{ bj ~tauq pi cjppaoc {~jkamh `isohim`j` aoeitfmpaio etif pbj @auaoj pbmp a{

lj~p etif pbj tj{p ie z{ sbi mtj hj{{ sitpbq9 It a{ pbmp `j~pb ie {zttjo`jt m ~tmkpakj sj

kmo mhh tjm`ahq ~zp aopi ~tmkpakj ao jmkb fifjop ie izt iso hauj{ {bizh` sj kbii{j pi9

Mhkibihak{ moioqfiz{ a{ tjoisoj` eit bmuaoc bjh~j` fahhaio{ ie m``akp{ tjkiujt/ Pbj{mfj=4&{pj~{ mtj z{j` dq m fqtam` ie m``akpaio tjkiujtq ctiz~{ mhh iujt pbj sith` sapb

ctjmp {zkkj{{/ Pbj ==pb {pj~ ie Mhkibihak{ Moioqfiz{ {pmpj{ & ‒[izcbp pbtizcb ~tmqjt

mo` fj`apmpaio pi af~tiuj izt kio{kaiz{ kiopmkp sapb Ci` m{ sj zo`jt{pii` ‒baf‑

~tmqaoc iohq eit loishj`cj ie ‒ba{‑ sahh eit z{ mo` pbj ~isjt pi kmttq pbmp izp/‖ Pba{ {pj~

a{ pbj ljq jhjfjop eit ptzj bjmhaoc mo` tjkiujtq ie m``akpaio/ Ap a{ ~tieizo`hq {~atapzmh/

Pba{ kmo dj z{j` sapbao M{kjo{aio pi tjkiujt etif pbj m``akpaio pi izt ojcmpauj( hafapj`

~tictmffaoc/ Pbjtj mtj j{{jopamhhq psi smq{ pi m~~timkb pbj ~tmkpakj & Ao moq fifjop

qiz kmo {jj sbjo qiz z{j mo M{kjo{aio Pjkboa}zj qiz `i {i sapb japbjt mo mppapz`j ie

japbjt ‘Pbq sahh dj `ioj‖ it ‘Fq sahh dj `ioj‖/ Japbjt sj kmo mhhis pbj jr~jtajokj pi djsbmp ap a{ sapbizp ptqaoc pi kioptih ap( it sj kmo m~~hq ‒fq sahh‑ mo` mppjf~p pi eitkj sbmp

‒A‑ smop pi bm~~jo/

Ao pba{ {jo{j( ‘fq sahh‖ iohq tj{zhp{ ao kioehakp mo` ‒Pbq sahh dj `ioj‑ zhpafmpjhq tj{zhp{ ao

~jmkj/ Pbjtjeitj {zttjo`jt a{ fitj m {baep ao mppapz`j pbmo moqpbaoc/ Ap a{ fi{p kjtpmaohq

oip m ~m{{auj( pj`aiz{ ~tmkpakj `juia` ie giq/

@ij{o‑p fj`apmpaio cjp ditaoc mepjt msbahj9

Ditj`if a{ m hmdjh/ Sbjo qiz pbaol( ‘A mf ditj`‖ qiz kmo japbjt a`jopaeq sapb pba{

pbizcbp it qiz kmo hjp ap ci/ Djeitj A {pmtpj` pi fj`apmpj A sio`jtj` pbj {mfj pbaoc/ A

kizh`o‑p afmcaoj bis {ifj kizh` fj`apmpj mp m tjptjmp eit `mq{( fiopb{ it jujo qjmt{

io jo`/ A iokj bjmt` mo momhicq pbmp {ma` pbmp fj`apmpaio sm{ halj i~joaoc mhh pbj

sao`is{ ao pbj biz{j mo` hjppaoc pbj dtjjwj dhis pbtizcb/ Sj mhhis mhh pbizcbp{ mo`

jr~jtajokj{ kifj mo` ci( pi ehis pbtizcb zoid{ptzkpj`/ Mfmwaochq A eao` wjti ditj`if

ao fj`apmpaio mo` pba{ bm{ djjo pbj jr~jtajokj eit sjhh iujt pjo qjmt{/ M ezhhoj{{

~tjumah{ sbjtj oi {zkb pbaoc kmo ~i{{adhq jra{p/ Bizt{ kmo ~m{{ ao ~jtejkp( pafjhj{{

kiopjopfjop/ Pbjtj a{ oi {zkb pbaoc m{ ditj`if zopah pbj fao` ktjmpj{ ap/

Pbj{j `mq{ fmoq ie z{ mtj {i biilj` io kio{pmop {pafzhmpaio/ Ap a{ m{ ae ap a{ ojj`j` mp

jujtq pzto/ Sbahj ptmujhaoc mtizo` pbj io mo aopjtompaiomh ehacbp sj kmooip smap pi pzto io

izt a&~i`( a&~m`( j&tjm`jt( fiuaj {ktjjo it kif~zpjt/ Pbjtj a{ mhsmq{ {ifjioj sbi

ojj`{ pi dj pih` fzhpa~hj pafj{ pi pzto iee pbj{j pbaoc{ {i pbj ~hmoj kmo `j~mtp/ A{ ap {i

~maoezh pi {jp m{a`j pbi{j pbaoc{ jujo eit m ejs fifjop{9 Mp {ifj ~hmkj{ A bmuj

sitlj` pbjtj sm{ mhsmq{ m tm`ai pbmp sizh` ~hmq ao pbj dmklctizo`/ Pbj {mfj {ioc{

iujt mo` iujt mcmao( `mq mepjt `mq/ Oidi`q sizh` ~mq fzkb mppjopaio pi ap zohj{{ ap sm{

{sapkbj` iee/ Dzp ap sizh` ojujt dj iee eit fitj pbmo m ejs faozpj{/ Ap {jjf{ pbjtj a{

mhsmq{ {ifjioj sbi a{ zokifeitpmdhj sapb pbj {ahjokj/

Pbj jr~jtajokj ie aoojt ~jmkj {jjf{ tjfiuj` etif `mq pi `mq haej/

Pbj jr~jtajokj aoojt [pahhoj{{ a{ aoapamhhq jr~jtajokj` m{ djaoc }zapj `a{paokp etif haej io

pbj izp{a`j/ Ap a{ pbj md{ihzpj kmhf ao pbj {pitf ie izt `mahq haej/ M{ ap djkifj{ khjmtjt

sj kmo fmaopmao msmtjoj{{ ie ap sbjpbjt sj mtj bjmhpbq it {akl( jrjtka{aoc it smpkbaoc

PU( sbjpbjt qizoc it ih`( mp sitl it io umkmpaio/ Ap a{ {ahjop( {pahh( ~jtfmojop mo`

zofiuaoc mo` a{ eitjujt zomeejkpj` dq sbmp bm~~jo{ izp{a`j ie z{/ Ao m {pm`azf sbjtj

2>(>>> mtj jtz~paoc ao giqezh kjhjdtmpaio mepjt m cmfj saooaoc pizkb`iso ~m{{ qiz kmo

giao ao pbj kjhjdtmpaio sapbizp qizt jr~jtajokj ie ^jmkj djaoc a{~hmkj /

Sbmp a{ pbj jci)fao`9

Fao` mo` jci mtj pbj {mfj pbaoc/ ‒Jci‑ tjejt{ fitj pi izt {jo{j ie a`jopapq & sbi it

sbmp sj bmuj kifj pi a`jopaeq sapb m{ ‒fj‑/ Izt jci a`jopapaj{ mtjo‑p mhsmq{ jua`jop pi

z{ ao jujtq`mq haej( it pbjq mtj pmljo eit ctmopj`/ Sj fmq a`jopaeq sapb izt ~tiej{{aio(

izt ~m{p( izt {ikamh {pmpz{ it izt mkkihm`j{ & dzp mtj pbj{j pbaoc{ tjmhhq pbj kitj mo`

j{{jokj ie sbmp A mf9 It mtj pbjq fjtjhq m`itofjop{9

Pbj oipaio ie ‒fao`‑ ejjh{ {ifjsbmp hj{{ ~jt{iomh m{ sj kmo jm{ahq ~iaop izp pbj

tmfdhaoc{ ao izt bjm` mo` {mq pbaoc{ halj( ‘Pbj fao` a{ ktmwq pi`mq‑/ [i ap a{ jm{q pi

id{jtuj pbj{j pbizcbp{ m{ sj sizh` id{jtuj moq ipbjt idgjkp {zkb m{ m dat` it m kmt ~m{{aoc dq/ Jci tjejt{ pi pbi{j a`jopapaj{ sapb pbj fao` pbmp mtj ba``jo `jj~ sapbao pbj

tjkj{{j{ ie izt kio{kaiz{oj{{/ Pbj kitj ie jci a`jopapq a{o‑p {i jua`jop pi fi{p ie z{ m{

ap{ tiip{ tzo `jj~/ Pi pmlj mo jrmf~hj( ‒fao`‑ kizh` dj halj pbj akio{ io pbj kif~zpjt

{ktjjo mo` pbj jci a{ pbj ~tictmf{ pbmp i~jtmpj djbao` pbj {kjoj{ mo` tzo pbj

kif~zpjt/

M{ sj djkifj msmtj ie izt iso ‒{iepsmtj ~tictmf{‑ sj djcao pi {jj eit izt{jhuj{

{ifj ie pbj ~tictmf{ sj bmuj m`bjtj` pi/ M cii` m~~timkb sapb m ~tmkpakj {zkb m{

pba{ a{ aooikjop kztai{apq/ Sapb ctisaoc msmtjoj{{ fao`)jci kmo dj {jjo sapb ctjmpjt

khmtapq mo` zo`jt{pmo`aoc/

Sbahj ap a{ pq~akmhhq pmljo eit ctmopj` pbmp izt fao` mo` jci tj~tj{jop pbj {zf pipmh ie

‒sbmp A mf‑ ao {~atapzmh ~tmkpakj sj djcao pi {jj pbmp pbjtj a{ m daccjt ‒fj‑ pbmp kmo dj

jr~jtajokj`/ Pbj pjf~pmpaio mp pba{ ~iaop a{ pi uahaeq pbj fao` mo` fmlj ap pbj ‒ipbjt‑/ [i

hioc m{ sj hiil mp pbj fao`)jci)~jt{iomhapq sapb gz`cfjop pbjo sj bmuj iohq `ioj {i

sapb qjp moipbjt hafapj` jci ~i{apaio/ Pbj smq pi muia` kbm{aoc qizt pmah a{ pi {jj pbmp

pbj fao` a{ oip juah( dzp iohq hafapj`/ M kieejj fzc a{ oip ‒dm`‑ eit oip djaoc km~mdhj ie

kiopmaoaoc pbj jopatj ikjmo( ap a{ {af~hq m hafapj` kiopmaojt/

Bis sm{ ap ktjmpj`9

Pbj fao`)jci a{ mo jkbi ie pbj ~m{p/ Ap a{ m tj{zhp ie {ikajpaj{ kio`apaioaoc mo` ~m{p

jr~jtajokj hjmuaoc pbjat af~tj{{aio{ sapbao mo aooikjop fao`/ [i hioc m{ sj pmlj eit

ctmopj` pbmp ap a{ pbj {zf pipmh ie sbi sj mtj( pbjo pbj{j kio`apaioj` ~tictmf{ sahh

kiopaozj zo`mzopj` mo` jeejkp jujtq m{~jkp ie haej ao ioj smq it moipbjt/ Pbj fao`)jci

tj~tj{jop{ pbj kiopjop sapbao pbj {ahjop eajh` ie izt kio{kaiz{oj{{/ Dq momhicq( mo

akjdjtc tj~tj{jop{ pbj kiopjop sapbao pbj um{p ikjmo/ Sj mtj pbj {ahjop ikjmo ie

kio{kaiz{oj{{( oip pbj ptmo{ajop idgjkp{ sbakb ehimp pbtizcb ap/ [i hioc m{ sj a`jopaeq{ihjhq sapb pbj fao`)jci mo` tjfmao zomsmtj ie pbj um{p jr~mo{j ie {ahjokj ao sbakb ap

jra{p{( pbjo pbjtj sahh }zapj ompztmhhq dj m {jo{j pbmp {ifjpbaoc a{ fa{{aoc sapbao z{/

Sbq mtjo‑p A jr~jtajokaoc ~jmkj mo` {ahjokj ois ae ap a{ fq ptzjompztj9

Pbj m``akpaio pi pbj fao` khiz`{ pbj `atjkp ~jtkj~paio ie ~jmkj gz{p m{ khiz`{ dhikl pbj

{zo/ [i hioc m{ mppjopaio a{ ptmo{earj` sapbao pbj izpsmt` fiujfjop{ ie pbj fao` pbj

{ahjokj djqio` ap tjfmao{ zotjkicoawj`/ M{ mhtjm`q fjopaioj`( pbj{j m``akpauj bmdap{

tzo `jj~ mo` kmo dj {zdphj ao pbj jrptjfj/ Bisjujt fi{p ie z{ mtjo‑p mhsmq{ msmtj ie

gz{p sbjtj sj mtj bih`aoc iopi ~tictmf{ pbmp hjm` msmq etif ~jmkj/

Sapb M{kjo{aio sj fmq djkifj jujt fitj kicoawmop ie pbj bmdap{ pbmp iokj i~jtmpj`

djbao` pbj {kjoj{/ Ao pba{ smq sj kmo lois izt{jhuj{ fitj `jj~hq/ Pbj `a{kiujtq ie

aoojt [ahjokj a{ pbj ~aoomkhj ie jo`jmuit sapb pba{ ~tmkpakj mo` ap a{ oip mp mhh `aeeakzhp pi

djkifj msmtj ie ap/ Pi pmlj mo momhicq( moqioj kmo djkifj msmtj ie pbj {ahjokj ao pbj

tiif pbjq fmq dj {appaoc ao/ Pmlj m ejs fifjop{ qizt{jhe mo` {af~hq mhhis qizt{jhe pi

oipakj ap/ Pbj {pahhoj{{ ao pbj tiif bm{ mhsmq{ djjo pbjtj/ ^ji~hj mo` eztoa{baoc{ kifj

mo` ci( dzp pbmp {ahjokj tjfmao{ eitjujt pbj {mfj/ Qiz kmo iohq dj msmtj ie pbj {ahjokj

ao pbmp ujtq tiif ao pba{ fifjop( pbjtj a{ oi z{j ao tjctjppaoc oip bmuaoc `ioj ap

qj{pjt`mq/ Pi pbaol mdizp `iaoc ap hmpjt a{ pi fa{{ pbj ~iaop/

A{ ap oip em{kaompaoc bis qiz kmo djkifj msmtj ie pbj {ahjokj mtizo` {i jm{ahq9 Sj

kmooip {jj( pizkb( pm{pj( ejjh it bjmt ap & izt eauj {jo{j{ mtj ie oi bjh~ bjtj/ Dzp sj kmo

djkifj kio{kaiz{hq msmtj ie ap/ Ap a{ pbj {af~hj{p pbaoc ao pbj sith` pi {af~hq oipakj ap/

Sj kmo iohq oipakj pbj {ahjokj mtizo` z{ ao pba{ fifjop djkmz{j pbj ujtq ompztj ie

pbmp sbakb a{ `iaoc pbj oipakaoc( izt kio{kaiz{oj{{( a{ ap{jhe mhtjm`q {ahjop mo` {pahh/ Ap a{

pbmp {af~hj/ Ao fj`apmpaio ~tmkpakj kio{a`jt pbj fao` pi dj gz{p halj pba{ tiif sbjtj

pbizcbp{ mo` ~m{{aoc jr~jtajokj{ mtj {af~hq ~ji~hj mo` eztoa{baoc{/

[ifjpafj{ A jr~jtajokj tmpbjt {ptioc ~bq{akmh {jo{mpaio{ mo` A eao` ap

kbmhhjocaoc pi M{kjo`/

^bq{akmh {jo{mpaio{ mo` jr~jtajokj{ sahh eitjujt umtq ao aopjo{apq mo` etj}zjokq/ [ifj

fmq oipakj happhj ~bq{akmh `a{kifeitp ipbjt{ fmq eao` ~jtai`{ ie aopjo{j ~mao/ Ap a{ {mej pi

{mq pbmp qiz kmo jr~jkp moq ~mtp ie pbj {~jkptzf mp {ifj ~iaop/ Halj ap it oip(

{jo{mpaio{ mtj {af~hq ~mtp ie haej mo` kmo ompztmhhq dj jr~jkpj` etif pafj pi pafj sbjo

qiz M{kjo`/

Tmpbjt pbmo m fjmo{ pi jhafaompj {jo{mpaio{( M{kjo{aio a{ m fjmo{ pi kbii{j bis sj

tjmkp mo` tj{~io` pi {jo{mpaio{ m{ pbjq mta{j/ Jujo ae qiz eao` ap kbmhhjocaoc ao {ifj

fifjop{ pi M{kjo`( ap a{ {pahh af~itpmop( jujo ae pbj `a{kifeitp a{ tmpbjt aopjo{j/ Ao emkp(

pbj{j mtj pbj fifjop{ ap kmo dj pbj fi{p af~itpmop/ Pbj fao` kmo dj pbj fi{p

`tmfmpak ao fifjop{ ie {akloj{{ it ~mao it sbjo pbj {pikl fmtljp ktm{bj{/

M{kjo`aoc a{ ojujt moq fitj `aeeakzhp pbmo pbaolaoc moq ipbjt pbizcbp/ Pbj fao` fmq dj

mkpauj sbjo pbj di`q a{ ao ~mao( qjp eit {ifj tjm{io sj {pahh ejjh halj sj kmooip M{kjo`/

Ae sj kmo pbaol( pbjo sj kmo M{kjo`/

@i A bmuj pi ejjh pbj jfipaio{ ie pbj Pjkboa}zj{9 [ifjpafj{ A `io‑p

ejjh moqpbaoc sbjo A M{kjo`/

Pba{ a{ ~jtejkphq eaoj/ Sbjpbjt qiz ejjh pbj jfipaio{ ie ~tma{j( ctmpapz`j it hiuj it oip a{

tjmhhq zoaf~itpmop/ Pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ mtj j}zmhhq ~isjtezh jmkb pafj pbjq mtj

z{j`/ Qiz fmq ujtq sjhh jr~jtajokj fifjop{ M{kjo`aoc sbjtj qiz ejjh iujtsbjhfaoc

ejjhaoc{ {zkb m{ hiuj mo` giq/ Pbjtj kmo mh{i dj {ztcj{ ie zo~hjm{mop ejjhaoc{ pbmpkifj z~ {zkb m{ mocjt it {m`oj{{/ Pbjo pbjtj kmo dj pafj{ sbjtj qiz sahh ejjh oipbaoc

mp mhh ao ~mtpakzhmt/ Pbj jopatj tmocj a{ pi dj jr~jkpj` m{ pba{ a{ gz{p ~mtp ie pbj bzfmo

jr~jtajokj/ Mhsmq{ tjfjfdjt pbmp ioj jr~jtajokj a{ oip djppjt it sit{j pbmo moipbjt/

M{kjo{aio sahh sitl tjcmt hj{{ ie sbmp qizt jr~jtajokj a{/

Sbmp `i qiz tjkiffjo` eit em{pj{p ctispb9

Kiffapfjop pi pbj cimh/ Ae ~jtfmojop ~jmkj( zokmz{j` giq mo` jobmokj` [jhe

msmtjoj{{ mtj af~itpmop pi qiz( pbjo qiz fz{p fmlj pbjf m ~taitapq jmkb `mq/

Pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j{ `i oip bmuj mo jr~atmpaio `mpj/ Pbjq sahh ojujt tzo izp ie gzakj

mepjt m kjtpmao mfizop ie z{mcj( oit mtj pbjq fitj ‒kbmtcj`‑ ao {ifj fifjop{ pbmo

ipbjt{/ Tjcmt`hj{{ sbmp pbj {ztemkj jr~jtajokj fmq dj( pbjq bmuj m ~i{apauj jeejkp

`jj~ sapbao kio{kaiz{oj{{ tjcmt`hj{{ ie bis sj ejjh jmkb pafj sj z{j pbjf/ Jmkb

pafj pbjq mtj z{j`( pbj jeejkp a{ }zapj {acoaeakmop/

Ctispb mo` ~tictj{{ mhsmq{ eihhis kiffapfjop pi pbj cimh( sbmpjujt pbmp cimh fmq

bm~~jo pi dj/ Aoumtamdhq pbjtj sahh dj fifjop{ sbjtj sj mtjo‑p bm~~q sapb izt iso

{pmpj ie ~tictj{{/ [ifjpafj{ izt ~tictmffj` bzfmo ompztj a{ pi smop pi tmkj mbjm`aopi pbj ezpztj m{ em{p m{ sj kmo ao it`jt pi djkifj {ifjpbaoc djppjt it `aeejtjop pbmo

sj mtj ois/ Pba{ oidhj jopbz{am{f kifj{ etif m {zdphj gz`cjfjop mcmao{p sbi mo`

sbmp sj mtj ois/ Tmpbjt pbmo ptqaoc pi kio{pmophq cjp {ifjsbjtj jh{j it djkifj

{ifjpbaoc `aeejtjop( M{kjo{aio sahh bjh~ `a{{ihuj pbj pjomkaiz{ {jhe&gz`cfjop{ pbmp fi{p

ie z{ bmuj `jj~ sapbao z{/ Sbmp bm~~jo{ ae qiz sjtj pi {pi~ ha{pjoaoc pi pbj gz`cfjop{

pbmp {mq qiz mtj aom`j}zmpj tacbp ois9

Bis `ij{ Lmtfm meejkp izt ctispb9

^jtbm~{ m fitj ~tmkpakmh sit` pi z{j ao{pjm` ie Lmtfm sizh` dj ‒mkkizopmdahapq‑/

Ap a{ oméuj pi m{{zfj pbmp moqioj kizh` jujt mkp sapbizp kio{j}zjokj{/ Jujo ae fi{pejjh m{ pbizcb pbjq mtj uakpaf{ pi katkzf{pmokj/

Uakpaf fjopmhapq ao pba{ sith` {jjf{ pi dj pbj tzhj tmpbjt pbmo pbj jrkj~paio/ Pbj djhaje

ao uakpafbii` a{ {i `jj~hq aoctmaoj` pbmp ap a{ tmtjhq }zj{paioj`/ Mp {ifj ~iaop sj bmuj

mhh ejhp m{ ae haej ~z{bj{ z{ mtizo` halj m hjme ao pbj sao`/ @jj~ `iso( uakpaf{ j{{jopamhhq

djhajuj pbj sith` a{ zogz{p( Ci`&`j~tauj` mo` af~jtejkp/ Ap a{ m bi~jhj{{hq dhjml izphiil

sapbizp {zd{pmokj it fjtap/

Uakpafbii`( sbahj j{{jopamhhq hafapaoc( a{ mh{i ~tj`akpmdhj( {mej mo` kifeitpmdhj pi pbj

~tictmffaoc ie pbj jci/ M{ hioc m{ moqioj djhajuj{ pbjq mtj uakpaf( pbjq kmo mhsmq{

dhmfj {ifjioj it {ifjpbaoc jh{j eit moq zo`j{atmdhj tj{zhp{ pbmp pzto z~ ao haej/ Pbj

~mqiee{ pbmp mtj `jtauj` etif uakpafbii` mtj mhfi{p sapbizp jo` ‛ hms{zap{( {qf~mpbjpak

mppjopaio( gz{paeakmpaio{ eit hmwaoj{{( zojf~hiqfjop( jpk/ Mhh pbj{j ‒tjsmt`{‑ mtj sjml

{zd{papzpj{ eit pbj ptzj ~isjt ie ~jt{iomh mkkizopmdahapq/

Zhpafmpjhq mhh mtj tj{~io{adhj eit pbjat iso hjujh ie bm~~aoj{{/ Pba{ a{ ojujt {ifjioj

jh{j‑{ tj{~io{adahapq mp mhh/ Pbj{j `i oip kifj etif pbj izp{a`j ao/ Uakpaf kio{kaiz{oj{{

a{ {jmpj` ao m ejjdhj {pmpj ie ~isjthj{{oj{{ mo` ahhz{aio/ Mhh mpptmkp pi pbjf sbmp pbjq

bih` ao fao`/ Pba{ a{ sbmp sm{ fjmop dq( ‘Qiz {is sbmp qiz tjm~‖/

Z~io bjmtaoc pba{( ap a{ pjf~paoc pi hiil dmkl aopi pbj ~m{p mo` sio`jt sbq qiz kizh`

bmuj mpptmkpj` kjtpmao {apzmpaio{ pbtizcbizp qizt haej/ Ap a{ kiffio pi bjmt ~ji~hj dtaoc

z~ jo`hj{{ jrmf~hj{ ie pbj {zeejtaoc mo` ktzjhpq ie pbj bzfmo tmkj/ Ae pbjtj a{ m Ci`(

pbjo sbq `ij{ Bj mhhis pbj{j pbaoc{ pi bm~~jo9 Pbj ptzpb a{ sj kmo ojujt lois pbj

daccjt ~akpztj it ~zt~i{j ie m kjtpmao jujop/ Iepjo ctjmp cii` mta{j{ izp ie {jjfaoc

`a{m{pjt/ M{ pbj {mqaoc cij{ & ‘Cii` ojs{9 Dm` ojs{9 Sbi lois{9‖

A iokj bjmt` ie m ~mtpakzhmthq ojcmpauj qizoc sifmo sbi fm`j tjczhmt ua{ap{ pi bjt

ìkpit eit bjh~ sapb bjt jfipaiomh {pmpj/ Dzp pbj dj{p pbj ìkpit kizh` ì sm{ ~tiua`j

fj`akmpaio eit `j~tj{{aio/ Pba{ `a` happhj pi kbmocj pbj sifmo‑{ moctq( ~j{{afa{pak uajs

pismt` pbj sith`/ Ioj `mq `ztaoc m tizpaoj dtjm{p jrmf( pbj `ikpit `a{kiujtj` {jujtmh

kmokjtiz{ hzf~{/ M{ ap pztoj` izp m `izdhj fm{pjkpifq sm{ tj}zatj`/ M kiz~hj ie

fiopb{ hmpjt ioj sizh` ojujt djhajuj pbj aoktj`adhj jfipaiomh ptmo{eitfmpaio ao pbmp

{mfj ~mpajop/ [bj tjmhawj`( sbjo emkj` sapb pbj ~ipjopamh ie mo zojr~jkpj` {bitpjoj`

haej m {jtaiz{ fj`akmh kio`apaio bis ~tjkaiz{ haej sm{/ [bj ptmo{eitfj` aopi m dtacbp(

giqezh ~jt{io sbi sizh` ctjjp qiz sapb m {fahj/ Mhh kmokjt sm{ tjfiuj` sapb pbj

~tikj`ztj/

M ~tmkpakmh smq ie hiilaoc mp pbj ompztj ie lmtfm mo` bis pi {pj~ izp ie ap{ jddaoc mo`

ehisaoc pa`j{ a{ pi lois pbmp ap a{ oip `aeejtjop etif pbj fao`/ [pj~ djqio` pbj fao` mo`

qiz {pj~ djqio` lmtfm/ Jmkb pafj qiz jocmcj pbj fao`( qiz {pj~ dmkl aopi pbj kqkhj

ie lmtfak kbmocj/ Ap a{ {ma` pbmp pbj `a{kiujtq ie izt ptzj aoeaoapj [jhe a{ halj tim{paoc mhh

pbj {jj`{ ie lmtfm/ Iokj m {jj` a{ tim{pj` ap sahh oi hiocjt {~tizp/

Fq ~tmkpakj ie M{kjo{aio a{o‑p m{ `jj~ it jr~mo{auj m{ ap z{j` pi dj/

Ao pba{ km{j qiz mtj iohq kif~mtaoc pbj ~tj{jop jr~jtajokj sapb m ~m{p ioj/ Pbj eat{p

fa{pmlj bjtj mtj pbj hmdjh{ ‒`jj~‑ mo` ‒jr~mo{auj‑/ Mppmkbj` pi pbj{j hmdjh{ a{ m fjfitqie m ~m{p jr~jtajokj( sbakb a{ tjmhhq iohq m {pitq/ Sbjo sj ctm{~ mp m hmdjh sj i~jo pbj

`iit pi pbj ~m{p mo` ~tikjj` pi ~tigjkp m ~m{p jr~jtajokj iopi m kzttjop ioj/ Dzp sbmp

bm~~jo{ sbjo qiz tjetmao etif hmdjh ao pbj kzttjop jr~jtajokj mp mhh sbahj M{kjo`aoc9

Ejjhaoc{ mtj oip m ujtq tjhamdhj ao`akmpit m{ pi pbj jeejkpaujoj{{ ie M{kjo{aio/ Pbj dj{p

tzhj ie pbzfd a{ & oi fmppjt sbmp pbj jr~jtajokj a{( tjfjfdjt pi tj`atjkp qizt mppjopaio

pi mo M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j( hjp ap ci mo` pbjo mhhis pbj jr~jtajokj pbmp eihhis{ pi dj m{ ap

Tmpbjt pbmo mhhisaoc sbmpjujt bm~~jo{ pi bm~~jo qiz fmq ujtq sjhh eao` fifjop{

sbjtj qiz aopti`zkj pbj M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j( dzp `io‑p ~mtpakzhmthq halj sbmp bm~~jo{/

Qiz eao` pbmp( ao {ifj fifjop{( qizt fao` a{ fitj kbmipak( oip hj{{/ [bizh` pba{ ikkzt(

pbj dj{p m`uakj a{ pi cjophq `atjkp qizt mppjopaio dmkl pi mo M{kjo{aio Mppapz`j/ Pbaol ap(

hjp ap ci mo` mhhis/ Sbjo sj `io‑p mhhis( sj kioptih/ Sj kioptih djkmz{j sj gz`cj/ Sj

gz`cj djkmz{j sj bmuj izt iso hafapj` mcjo`m pbmp sj ejjh {bizh` dj fjp ao m kjtpmao

smq/ Sapb gz`cfjop pbjtj a{ oi {zttjo`jt pi Pbq Sahh / Ao{pjm` ‒fq sah h‑ djkifj{ fitj

af~itpmop/

Dq smpkbaoc mo` mhhisaoc pbj fao`( ao{pjm` ie ptqaoc pi kioptih ap sj kmo mhhis izt{jhuj{

pi {aol aopi m {pmpj ie kif~m{{aio/ Kif~m{{aio kifj{ etif mkkj~paoc sbmp a{ m{i~~i{j` pi tj{a{paoc it gz`caoc ap/ Pbj dj{p smq pi dj zppjthq kif~m{{aiompj pismt`

izt{jhuj{ a{ pi {af~hq mhhis sbmpjujt bm~~jo{ pi bm~~jo/ Moqioj kmo `jujhi~ pba{

}zmhapq ie smpkbezhoj{{/ Ae pba{ ~tmkpakj {izo`{ jeeitpezh( pbjo fmqdj qiz kmo tj~hmkj

sapoj{{aoc sapb pbj sit` ‒oipakaoc‑/ Cjophjoj{{ a{ ljq/

Ao mhh mkpauapq & jqj{ i~jo it khi{j` & moqioj kmo oipakj pbj kiopjop ie pbj fao` mo` pbj

ejjhaoc{ pbmp fmq eihhis pbjf/ Sbjo hjmtoj` ~ti~jthq( pba{ ~tmkpakj kmo dj ~tieizo`hq

ptmo{eitfmpaiomh mo` jujo `jj~hq {~atapzmh/ M{kjo{aio bjh~{ pi emkahapmpj m {pmpj ie

kiopaoziz{ fj`apmpaio/

Ap a{ m fi{p em{kaompaoc jr~hitmpaio/ Pbj ~tjkaiz{ caep ie jmkb fifjop ie haej kmo dj

m~~tjkampj` tjcmt`hj{{ ie pbj }zmopapq mo` }zmhapq ie qizt pbizcbp{ ao moq caujo

fifjop/

KIOKHZ[AIO

M{kjo{aio( halj moq ~ztj {~atapzmh ~tmkpakj( a{ oip mo j{km~j etif haej/ Oit a{ ap m ‒}zakl

ear‑ eit izt `j{ptzkpauj mo` hafapaoc bmdap{/ Pi dtjml pbj ctmuapq ie m haejpafj ie zotjsmt`aoc ~tictmffaoc kmo pmlj m {acoaeakmop mfizop ie tj{ihuj tjcmt`hj{{ ie sbakb

~mpb a{ kbi{jo & M{kjo{aio it ipbjtsa{j/ Ae qiz mtj hiilaoc eit pbj ‒ao{pmop msmljoaoc

~ahh‑ ap a{ bjh~ezh pi lois pbmp( sbahj ap a{ ~i{{adhj pi msmljo pi m ujtq bacb {pmpj ie

kio{kaiz{oj{{ "Johacbpjofjop! ao mo ao{pmop( qizt kbmokj{ ie saooaoc pbj hippjtq it

cjppaoc {ptzkl dq hacbpoaoc mtj haljhq emt ctjmpjt/

Pi dj tjmha{pak( ae qiz mtj {aokjtj mdizp tjmkbaoc pbj tmtj {pmpj ie kio{kaiz{oj{{( ioj

sbjtj ezhhoj{{( {ahjokj mo` ~jmkj ~tjumah ao mhh fifjop{( pbjo ap fz{p dj qizt ~taitapq

jmkb `mq/ Mepjt sitlaoc sapb bzo`tj`{ ie {pz`jop{ ie pba{ ~mtpakzhmt ~tmkpakj etif mtizo`

pbj sith` A bmuj {jjo fmoq {pakl sapb pba{ gz{p m{ A bmuj {jjo fmoq ~ji~hj }zap it fiujio pi {ifjpbaoc jh{j/ ^jt{iomhhq A bmuj qjp pi {jj bis pjkboa}zj{ dm{j` io ~tma{j(

ctmpapz`j( hiuj mo` kif~m{{aio `atjkpj` pismt` @auaoapq sahh {z``johq djkifj

aojeejkpauj/ Pbj sit`{ ie pbj pjkboa}zj{ mtj ioj pbaoc( dzp ap‑{ pbj ~isjtezh

ptmo{eitfmpaiomh jojtcq djbao` pbj sit`{ pbmp sj dtaoc aopi izt hauj{ sapb `juipaio pi

pbj ~tmkpakj/ Pbj jojtcq djbao` pbj{j pjkboa}zj{ a{ affjo{j/ [i sbahj kio{a{pjokq a{

tj}zatj`( pbjtj mtj pmocadhj hjm~{ ao msmtjoj{{/ Jmkb pafj jujo m {aochj M{kjo{aio

Mppapz`j a{ m~~haj` a{ ujtq {acoaeakmop/

M{kjo{aio a{ fjtjhq m fjmo{( ioj ie fmoq ~ipjopamh fjmo{ pbmp mtj mumahmdhj ao pbj

sith` pi`mq/ Pbjtj fmq dj fmoq ~mpb{ pi pbj pi~ ie m fizopmao/ Mo` qjp( ioj ie pbjfmao bao`tmokj{ A bmuj {jjo eit pbj {~atapzmhhq aokhaoj` a{ pi kio{pmophq gzf~ etif ioj

~tmkpakj pi moipbjt( ojujt tjmhhq kiffappaoc pi moq ioj ~mpb eit moq hjocpb ie pafj/ Pbj

~mpb{ fmq umtq( dzp pbj cimh ie pbj `atjkp jr~jtajokj ie @auaoapq a{ pbj {mfj eit mhh gz{p

m{ ap bm{ djjo pbtizcbizp fmolao`‑{ ba{pitq/ Pbjtj a{ oi md{ihzpj tzhj pbmp {mq{ m

pjkboa}zj a{ jujo tj}zatj` mp mhh pi `a{kiujt ap sapbao izt{jhuj{/ Caujo pbj pjomkapq ie pbj

m``akpaio pi pbj fao` mo` ap{ ~tikhauapq pi `a{pitp ~jtkj~paio& m pjkboa}zj a{ ie

ptjfjo`iz{ m{{a{pmokj/

Sapb mhh pbj umtaiz{ ~mpb{ pi pbj pi~ ie pbj fizopmao( mhh fz{p pmlj pbj {mfj eaomh {pj~ pi

m{kjo` pi pbj {zffap/ Pbj eaomh {pj~ kiffio pi mhh {jtaiz{ {~atapzmh jo`jmuit a{

zotj{jtuj` {zttjo`jt pi Ci`/ Pbj ujtq cii` ojs{ a{ pbmp pbmp {pj~ kmo iohq dj pmljo ao

pba{ fifjop/ Pbj zhpafmpj umhzj ie M{kjo{aio a{ pbmp ap cauj{ m smq pi `i gz{p pbmp/

[zttjo`jt pi pbj Bacbjt ^isjt dq sbmpjujt omfj ioj kbii{j{ pi z{j bm{ djjo

tjkicoawj` m{ pbj ~auipmh jhjfjop ao m``akpaio tjkiujtq ctiz~{/ Ao emkp( pbmp a{ ~tjka{jhq

bis pbj ~aiojjt{ ie mhkibihak{ moioqfiz{ sjtj mdhj pi {pmo` m{ m pj{pafioq ie

tjkiujtq mo`( ao pzto( ~tiua`j bi~j mo` tjkiujtq pi fahhaio{ ie mhkibihak{ iujt pbj hm{p

{jujtmh `jkm`j{/

Sbahj ap fmq aoapamhhq m~~jmt m{ pbizcb {zttjo`jt pi Ci` a{ m fjmo{ pi mo jo`( pba{ a{

iohq m uajs etif pbj ~jt{~jkpauj ie m fao` pbmp a{ kio`apaioj` ‒pi cjp‑ it pi ‒mttauj‑/ Pbjtj

a{ kjtpmaohq oipbaoc aobjtjophq stioc sapb smopaoc pi fiuj etif mo aokif~hjpj {pmpj pi mezpzta{pak kif~hjpj {pmpj/ Pba{ a{ ompztmhhq bis sj mhh uajs ap mp eat{p/ Dzp m bacbjt

zo`jt{pmo`aoc kifj{ sapb ctisaoc {~atapzmh juihzpaio & ioj sbjtj {zttjo`jt pi Ci`(

pbtizcb sbmpjujt fjmo{ & djkifj{ ap{ ujtq iso tjsmt`/ Zotj{jtuj` {zttjo`jt mhioc m

`j`akmpj` {~atapzmh ~mpb hjm`{ pi pbj giq ie @auaoj msmtjoj{{ mo` oio&{zttjo`jt hjm`{

msmq etif ap/ Tmpbjt pbmo kbm{aoc m ezpztj {pmpj ie ezhhoj{{ etif m ~tj{jop ejjhaoc ie hmkl

it aokif~hjpjoj{{( ao m {pmpj ie bacbjt kio{kaiz{oj{{( ezhhoj{{ a{ jogiqj` ao jmkb

fifjop m{ mo aojuapmdhj kio{j}zjokj ie {zttjo`jt pi Ci`/

Pbjtj a{ oi smq pi m`j}zmpjhq `j{ktadj pbj ~jmkj pbmp bm{ djjo fjopaioj` {i fmoq

pafj{ ao pba{ diil/ M kbmocj pbmp A eizo` bacbhq oipmdhj ao fq jr~jtajokj sm{

~tictj{{aujhq ciaoc etif m {pmpj ie kio{pmop `j~tj{{aio mo` aopi m kiopaoziz{ {pmpj ie

{pahhoj{{ mo` giq sbjtj oi ptmkj{ ie aopjtomh pztfiah kmo dj eizo`/ ^tjuaiz{hq A sbjo A

sm{ bm~~q A djhajuj` pbjtj sm{ {ifjpbaoc izp{a`j fq{jhe pbmp kmz{j` ap & Ap sm{ eta`mq( A

cip ~ma`( A sm{ io umkmpaio( A dizcbp {ifjpbaoc pbmp A bm` smopj` eit qjmt{( A bm` m

`jkjop dzww( pbj sjmpbjt sm{ cii`/

Pbjtj a{ oi kmz{j eit pbj {pmpj ie ^jmkj mo` Giq `a{kiujtj` pbtizcb pba{ ~tmkpakj/

[~atapzmh ~tmkpakj `ij{o‑p kmz{j {zkb m kio`apaio pi kifj mdizp( dzp fjtjhq tjujmh{ ap/ A

djcmo pi jr~jtajokj mo ao`j{ktadmdhj kiopjopfjop pbmp `a`o‑p `j~jo` io moq jrpjtomh

kio`apaio{/ Pba{ jr}za{apj {pmpj bm{ oi tjm{io pbmp pbj fao` kmo ~i{{adhq zo`jt{pmo`

djkmz{j ap bm{ oipbaoc mp mhh pi `i sapb pbj fao`/ Ap `ij{o‑p ctis sapb pbj mk}za{apaio ie

fmpjtamh pbaoc{ it em`j msmq sapb pbjat hi{{/ Ap bm{ oipbaoc pi `i sapb sbjpbjt pbj di`q a{

bjmhpbq it {akl it ae ap a{ {zooq mo` smtf izp{a`j it {oisq mo` kih`/ Pbj {pmpj ie `auaoj

~jmkj a{ zokio`apaiomh/ Ap tm`ampj{ giq mo` hiuj djkmz{j pbmp a{ ap{ ujtq j{{jokj/ Pbj

[ahjokj a{ ao`akmpauj ie pbj ~tj{jokj ie @auaoapq/

Dz``bm iokj fjopaioj` pbmp pbjtj mtj pbtjj pbaoc{ pbmp kmooip dj ba``jo eit hioc & pbj

{zo( pbj fiio mo` pbj Ptzpb/ Mo` bj mh{i fjopaioj` pbmp pbjtj mtj tjmhhq iohq psi

fa{pmlj{ pbmp ioj kmo fmlj io pbj ~mpb pi Johacbpjofjop & oip {pmtpaoc mo` oip

eaoa{baoc/ Ae qiz bmuj tjm` pba{ emt pbjo qiz kmo kbjkl pbj eat{p ie pbi{j psi iee pbj ha{p/

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