arizona state university: dr. james r. anderson in collaboration with

Targeted Monitoring, Outreach, Targeted Monitoring, Outreach, and Education:and Education:

Traditional Brick Kilns, Traditional Brick Kilns, San Luis Rio Colorado, SonoraSan Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora

Arizona State University: Dr. James R. AndersonIn collaboration with

Regional Center for Border Health: Claudia UlloaSecretaria de Salud Publica de Sonora: Dr. Marco A. Ramirez Wakamatzu

andArizona Dept. of Environmental Quality

UPDATE

Funding from USEPA Region 9 (through BECC in 2007)

Outline:

1. Indoor monitoring of PM10 in two houses and a school in two colonias ladrilleras.

2. Survey of families in colonias.

3. Relocation issues

1. Over 100 brick kiln sites in the urban area of San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, concentrated within three small colonias ladrilleras.

2. Brick-makers’ families live at the brick-making sites.

3. Some of the local schools are either near to or surrounded by brick kiln sites.

4. On-going effort by city to relocate brick-makers to area south of city limits near wastewater treatment plant (but have families stay at current locations).

Background

Active burning stage – about 1 day, black smoke dominated by soot, fine soil dust, and “brown carbon”. Smoldering phase another 2 days.Plume tends to stay close to surface for significant distances.

Indoor monitoring of PM10

House in Colonia Mezquite II - in kitchen area (also had an outdoor monitor)House in La Gullita – in main room of house on shelfSchool in La Grullita – in Director’s office

Used DustTrak (TSI, Inc.) instruments, small portable laser-based PM monitors

House in Colonia Mezquite II,

Outdoor monitor:10/31-11/14/07 Average PM10 = 259 micrograms/cubic meter(AQI = 153, Unhealthy)

Kitchen area:10/31-11/14/07 Average PM10 = 228(AQI = 137, unhealthy for sensitive groups)

(5-minute measurements)

PM10 AQI0-54 0-50 Good55-154 51-100 Moderate155-254 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups255-389 151-200 Unhealthy390-424 201-300 Very unhealthy>425 > 300 Hazardous

For 24-hour averages of PM10 (micrograms/cubic meter)

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

2500

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0

Inside house in Colonia Mezquite, Nov. 5, 2007

Ave. PM10 = 505

AQI= 400, Hazardous

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

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0

Inside house in Colonia Mezquite, Nov. 12, 2007

Ave. PM10 = 58

AQI = 52, just into Moderate Range

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

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Inside house in Colonia Mezquite, Nov. 10, 2007

Ave. PM10 = 169

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

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Inside house in Colonia Mezquite, Nov. 1, 2007

Ave. PM10 = 406

(Unhealthy)

(Unhealthy for sensitive groups)

House in La Grullita, Colonia Topahue, about 0.5 km from school

10/31/-11/14/07 Average PM10 = 270 micrograms/cubic meter (AQI = 158, Unhealthy)(Maximum value was 10,900)

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

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PM10 inside house, Colonia Topahue, Nov. 5, 2007

Ave. PM10 = 402(Very unhealthy)

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

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Ave. PM10 = 331

PM10 inside house, Colonia Topahue, Nov. 6, 2007

(Unhealthy)

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

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0

PM10 inside house, Colonia Topahue, Nov. 8, 2007

Ave. PM10 = 274(Unhealthy)

School in La Grullita, Colonia Topahue10/31-11/14 Average PM10 = 86 (Moderate)

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

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0

Average PM10 = 183, AQI = 115 Unhealthy for sensitive groups

School in Colonia Topahue, Nov. 8, 2007

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

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0

Average PM10 = 133, AQI = 90 Moderate

School in Colonia Topahue, 11/ 06/ 07

Time

PM10

0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00

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Ave. PM10 = 177, AQI = 100 Unhealthy for Sensitive GroupsSchool in Colonia Topahue, 11/ 05

Surveys

10 people under the direction of Dr. Ramirez conducted the surveys in December and January.

Approximately 350-400 households were contacted and asked to take the survey.

A total of 197 agreed to participate, 69 in La Grullita and 128 in Colonia Mezquite II.

60 children under 3 years of age351 under 19 years of age

Brochures about Asthma were given out to the families. (Approx. 500 brochures distributed)

Estudio de Exposición a los Humos de las Ladrilleras San Luís Rió Colorado Sonora México

Cuestionario

Fecha:_________________ Domicilio: _______________________________ AGEB: ________________ Manzana: _____________

Ciudad: ________________ Código Postal: _______________ Persona Entrevistada: ______________________ Teléfono: _____________

Niños Incapacitados: Si [ ] No [ ] Que Forma de Incapacidad? [ ] Autismo Niños con Asma: Si [ ] No [ ] [ ] Síndrome Down Enfermedades del pulmón? Si [ ] No [ ] [ ] Espina Bifida Colonia: _______________________ [ ] 1. Otro: ___________________ [ ] 2. Otro: ___________________

No. de

Casa

Adulto/Niño

Edad Sexo Trabaja usted como

Ladrillero? Si si, ver pagina 2 sección B.

A que escuela asiste el niño/a?

Información sobre los niños

Hay fumadores en su hogar?

Falta mucho el niño/a a la escuela por problemas de Asma o enfermedades

del pulmón? Con que frecuencia?

Toma usted medicamentos por Asma o enfermedades del pulmón?

Sección A: Si No 1. Esta usted conciente sobre los efectos secundarios que causa el humo? 2. Sabia usted que el plomo causa problemas de la salud? 3. Sabia usted que ciertos materiales como quemar cartones con pintura contienen plomo?

Sección B: Si No Cada Cuanto? 1. Usa usted cartones con pintura? Si si, cada cuanto? 2. Quema usted llantas para hacer ladrillos? Si, si cada cuanto? 3. Sabe usted si otros ladrilleros queman cartones con pintura? Si queman llantas?

4. Le gustaría a usted que movieran las ladrilleras al sur de la ciudad? 5. Si se les enseñara otros métodos de hacer ladrillos, cambiarían a las nuevas maneras?

Para el Promotor: Si No Comentarios 1. Le Proporciono información sobre la salud a la familia? 2. Estaba la familia dispuesta a discutir o proporcionar información? 3. Le proporciono usted información sobre el asma y la relación a la contaminación del aire? Si si, que materiales?

4. Hay servicios disponibles en la comunidad sobre la contaminación del aire?

5. La familia necesita seguimiento? Si si, cuando? 6. Numero de contactos que se necesitaron para completar encuesta. Comentarios: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Firma del Promotor: ___________________________________________________ Fecha Completado: ___________________________________

COPD:

La Grullita (69 households)

Children with Asthma – 6

Adults with Asthma- 3

People with other pulmonary diseases – 3

Colonia Mezquite II (128 households)

Children with Asthma- 10

Adults with Asthma – 5

People with other pulmonary diseases – 10

(Other respiratory problems reported: pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infections, allergies.)

Mezquite IIAwareness

•Are you aware of the secondary effects caused by the smoke of the brick kilns?87% responded yes

•Did you know that lead causes health problems?86% responded yes

•Did you know that some materials, like burning painted boards, contain lead?55% responded yes 

2% did not answer or did not have any comment.

La GrullitaAwareness

•Are you aware of the secondary effects caused by the smoke of the brick kilns?83% responded yes

•Did you know that lead causes health problems?83% responded yes

•Did you know that some materials, like burning painted boards, contain lead?57% responded yes 10% did not answer or did not have any comment.

Brick Makers

Grullita – 17 homes out of 69 homes visited were brick makers. (25%)

Mezquite II– 13 out of 128 homes visited were brick makers. (10%)

For Brick Makers in Mezquite II

1. Do you use painted boards? 100% said no

2. Do you use tires to make bricks? 92% said no; 8% no comment

3. Do you know if other brick makers use painted boards or tires for making bricks? 85% said no; 15% no comment

4. Would you like the brick kilns to be moved to the south of the city?

62% said yes; 23% said no; 15% no comment

5. If they teach you new ways to make bricks, would you change?

85% said yes; 8% said no; 7% no comment.

For Brick Makers in La Grullita

1. Do you use painted boards? 100% said no

2. Do you use tires to make bricks? 100% said no

3. Do you know if other brick makers use painted boards or tires for making bricks? 12% said yes; 88% said no

4. Would you like the brick kilns to be moved to the south of the city?

47% said yes; 24% said no; 29% no comment

5. If they teach you new ways to make bricks, would you change?

76% said yes; 12% said no; 12% no comment.

Relocation to new site south of city:

In November 2007 we were told by the brick makers that 9-12 brick operations had moved, involving about 30 men.

Brick makers mentioned the following problems -Limited waterMosquitoes from wastewater lagoonStartup costs for infrastructureDistance to family home

Things to do:

1. Further treatment of survey results.

2. School absentee data and burning permits for La Grullita.

3. Design and print handout on health problems associated with brick kiln smoke, including lead from burning painted boards.