arabic grammar revision booklet
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Asalamualikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuhu. All praise is due to Allah who blessed me with the ability to publish this free resource. I send salutations on our beloved Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings on him. Welcome to the Arabic Grammar Revision Booklet designed to be used with the Al Barakah School Advanced Qur’anic Arabic curriculum. It is my hope that this revision booklet will also be useful to those teaching or learning Qur’anic Arabic. Jazakallah kheiran!
Hiba Mohamad
www.arabicadventures.com
www.arabicadventures.com
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Possessive Pronouns Detached Pronouns English
He هو +ـه
She هي +ـها
They هم + ـهم
You (m) ا ن ت +ـك
You (f) ا ن ت + ـك
You all ا ن تم +ـكم
I ا ن +ـي
نن +ـنا We
Definite Article الم التعريف English:
Indefinte nouns: “a” book
Definite nouns: “the” book/ Book
Arabic:
Indefinite nouns: carries
tanween e.g. كتاب
Definite Nouns: add ا ل to
the beginning of the
indefinite noun. E.g.
the الـ
the book الـكتاب
Golden rule! When “al” comes
the tanween goes.
3 questions to find the correct demonstrative to
use: 1. Is the noun masculine or feminine?
2. Is the noun plural or singular?
3. Is the noun near or far?
كتابالهذا
This book
كتاب هذا
This is a book
Rule: Possessive Pronouns are added to
the end of a noun.
(my house) بيت+ ي = بيتي
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Arabic Verb Roots All Arabic verbs are created from 3 base
roots. The basic pattern is:
ل ع ف Notes: - The basic pattern above can be replaced with 3
Arabic letters to create a root.
- The order of the letters will always remain the same.
- Each root sequence is connected to a meaning.
Example: Using the root sequence د ج س (to prostrate), we can make nouns such as:
(Mosque) مسجد (prostration) سجدة
Sound Plurals of nouns and Adjectives
There are 2 types of sound plurals: Masculine and
Feminine.
Masculine Sound Plurals: Add ون / ين to the end of a
singular noun. E.g.
مسلمين/مسلمون مسلم (muslim) + ون / ين =
من
from
ب
with
الى
to
معwith
في
In
فوقAbove
وراءBehind
تحتBelow
علىOn
Past Tense
For each subject pronoun we add specific letters to the end of verb roots
Verb Root =
He did
She did
They did
I did
We did
You all -
did
You (m)
did
You (f)
did
Prepositions
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Negating the Past tense
Past tense + ما One way to negate
the Past tense is:
Past tense verb + ما
Emphasis
Particles
noun/ verb + ل
قد لقد
Tamyeez
Emphasising a point by placing
verbs and nouns together in a
certain way.
“They love the dunya with an intense kind of love”
(Verb) (Noun)
For each subject pronoun we add specific letters to the
beginning and end of verb roots.
Verb Root =
He does/ He is
doing
She
does/
she is
doing
You (f)
do/ you
are
doing
I do/I am
doing
We
do/we
are doing
They
do/they
are
doing
You (m)
do/ you
are
doing
You all
do/ you
all are
doing
Note:
Arabic sentences begin with
verbs most of the times. When
a verb starts a sentence, it will
always be in the singular form.
If it comes after the subject,
it will be in plural form.
Present Tense
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Prepositions
The grammatical
case endings
(damma/ dammatain)
(fatha/fathatain) of
nouns and adjectives
change after
prepositional words
to (kasra/
kasratain).
The grammar rule for prepositions is:
Example:
Notice: after the prepositions: من and ب The noun carries kasra.
Example:
We have used because the sentence
begins with لهم which is not a verb.
What do we mean by
“non-verbal sentence”?
Simply, a sentence which
does not begin with a
verb.
ليس
To negate a non-
verbal sentence we
use:
Use the correct form of the unusual verb ليس depending on the subject pronoun:
(he/it is not) ليس (she/it is not) ليست (they are not) ليسوا
(you (m) are not) لست (you (f) are not) لست (you all are not) لستم (we are not) لسنا (I am not) لست
Negating non-verbal sentences using ليس
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What is a
superlative? It is a noun that refers
to the highest degree
of a quality
e.g. fastest, bravest.
What pattern does a
Superlative take?
أفعل
How do I turn the adjective كريم (noble) into a
superlative noun ( أفعل form)?
Using the root letters that was used to make
the adjective كريم (noble)
The root letters are: م ر ك
م ر ك in the أفعل form
=
أكرم
Superlatives
At this stage, you just need
to remember that when
,and its sister appear إن they:
a) emphasise a point
b) the case endings of
the subject of the
sentence change from
“dammatain/damma” to
“fathatain/fatha”
indeed إن
that أن
but لكن
because ألن
as if كأن
perhaps لعل
Uses of إن (inna):
1. Follows قال to mean "to say that"
Negation of Present Tense
and its sisters إن
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Present tense + لم Example:
Future Tense
Present tense + س-/سوف
Example:
Negation of Past tense
Conditional Sentences
The conditional particle you need to know for now!
IF = إذاThere are many conditional
particles in Arabic. If you place
them in front of a sentence, it
would put the sentence into a “If
this, then this” formula.
Verbs 101
The derived forms (forms that are created from the 3 root letters by adding
additional letters) are referred to by Arabists as Form 1/Form 2….
It is important to remember that although letters are added to the base 3 letters
to create new forms, the prefixes and endings which show the subject of the verb
remains the same.
One way to think about these derived forms is by considering them as different
phases of the moon. The 3 root letters are the moon itself and always appear in
that order, but that they (the moon) appear in different forms (phases).
Verb Forms –Phases of the moon
Arabic words are created using Verb forms. The 3 letters are the full moon.
As the moon changes you see different phases. It is the same with Arabic
verbs.
As letters are added to the 3 base letters, you see the same verbs in
different forms.
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Each form gives a different but related meaning.
At this stage, you need to know that there are 10 verb forms that are used regularly
– form 9 is used for very specific things.
Arabic words follow the patterns of one of these forms and so it is easy to predict
what nouns and adjectives will look like.
“The student wrote the lesson” (ACTIVE Voice)
“The lesson was written” (PASSIVE Voice)
فعل ف عل
الطالبالدر س الدر س ك ت ب كتب
Passive
The Imperative
is the command
form of the
verb.
To create “direct commands” (you) you
need to follow these 3 steps
Step 1: Conjugate the verb in its 2nd person present tense form.
ت فع ل ت فع لين
Step 2: Remove the ت from the beginning = لين فع ل فع
Imperative فعل األمر
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Step 2 (contd.): Add Hamzatul Wasl at the front. If the 2nd root
letter of the verb carries:
Fatha/kasra then the Hamza (ا) will carry a kasra
Damma then the Hamza (ا) will also carry a damma.
Step 3: Add a sukoon to the end. If the new word ends in ن
then it will be dropped for the imperative command.
End Result: افع ل افع لي
End result:
احلمد هلل الذى بنعمته تتم الصاحلات All praise and thanks are due to Allah alone, the One who,
by His blessing and favour, good works are accomplished.
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