aq standards report draft 2 dec final
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A A A
C A I A C (CAIA) C
2009
T A D B RETA 6291: R A
Q A [S U M A (SUMA) P]
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C
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ........................................................................ 5
2.1. W H O A A Q G ........................................................ 5
2.2. S N A A Q S M C ........................ 6
3. SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN ASIA ................................................................ 6
3.1. E A A Q S ...................................................... ........................... 6
3.2. P D A A Q S ....................................................... 8
3.3. S A A Q S ........................................................ ....................... 12
3.4. A Q M S A........................................................... ............................ 21
3.5. A Q R A ....................................................................................................... 27
ANNEX 1. S Q ................................................................................................................. 29
ANNEX 2. C P .......................................................................................................................... 34
C P: B ....................................................................................................................... 35
C P: C .......................................................................................................................... 44
C P: H K SAR ................................................................................................................. 50
C P: I .................................................................................................................................. 64
C P: I .......................................................................................................................... 75
C P: R K.............................................................................................................. 85
C P: N................................................................................................................................. 93
C P: P ...................................................................................................................... 102
C P: S L .......................................................................................................................... 118
C P: T .......................................................................................................................... 126
C P: V N ......................................................................................................................... 135
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L
T 1. C WHO A A Q G US EPA A A Q S
(/3) .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
T 2. S S E R A A Q S A ....... 7
T 3. K D, R I A A Q
S A ........................................................................................................................................... 8
T 4 ) S LT A A Q S A ........................................... 12
T 4 ) S A A Q S S A C (/3) ........................ 13
T 5. C PM10 A WHO G US EPA S (/3) ... 14
T 6. C PM2.5 A WHO G US EPA S (/3) . 15
T 7. C SO2 A WHO G US EPA S (/3) ..... 16
T 8. C NO2 A WHO G US EPA S (/3) .... 17
T 9. C O3 A WHO G US EPA S (/3) ....... 18
T 10. C CO A WHO G US EPA S (/3) ..... 19
T 11. C P A WHO G US EPA S (/3) ..... 20
T 12. G R P A Q M .............................................. 21
T 13. S A Q M N A ................................................................. 24T 14. S A Q R A A ................................................................... 27
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2.AMBIE AI ALI GIDELIE AD ADAD
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8 10,000 10,000
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PM2.5= 2.5 ; PM10= 10
; WHO=W H O; EPA=E P A; NAAQS=N A A Q
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2. E A A A
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3.2. D A A
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C L
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C L
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3.3. A A
3.3.1. S L
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4 ) A A A C (/3)
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I* 150 365 60 150 100 235 30 1
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O C /3: 1.962S C /
3: 2.616
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3.3.2. C A A Q S WHO G US EPA S (P
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) PM10
A A / US EPA PM10 24 WHO WHO I
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5. C M10 A H G EA (/3)
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S L 100 S L 50
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T 120 H I 2 50
N 120 H K SAR 55
B 150 I1 60
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C: G II 150 H I 1 70
US EPA NAAQS 150 C: G II 100
I 150 C: G III 150
H I 1 150 N
H K SAR 180 US EPA NAAQS
C: G III 250 I
C C
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) PM2.5
O / PM2.5 US EPA PM2.5
24 WHO .
6. C M2.5 A H G EA (/3)
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) SO2
A A / US EPA SO2 24
WHO WHO I
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P 180 H K SAR 80
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H K SAR 350 T 100
B 365 S L
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US EPA NAAQS 366
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) NO2
A A / US EPA NO2 24
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WHO .
8. C 2 A H G EA (/3)
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C: G III 120 C: G III 80
H K SAR 150 H K SAR 80
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) O3
W WHO , A / US EPA
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9. C 3 A H G EA (/3)
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C: G III 200 US EPA NAAQS 147
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B 235 C: G I
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H K SAR 240 C: G III
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) CO
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10. C C A H G EA (/3)
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) P
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3.4. A M A
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13. A M A
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(CAMS) 2009
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1
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(THC),
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3.5. A AW , /
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C
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P 29 147
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A,
D.
P , A Q
M .
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A D
T A. A A A A Q T C
: M10
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C 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20
P .
T B. A A Q C C P Y
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:
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P .
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AE 2. C
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C : B
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P 36 147
T
(NAAQS) B
1997. S E
C R 1997, B
E C A 1995.
T 1997
J 2005 W
B A Q M P3
(AQMP) 1997
.
T D E (DOE), M E F (MOEF)
,
. T DOE
B. O
DOE ,
,
,
(ADB CAIA, 2006).
3T A Q M P, 25
J 2000,
B, ,
,
. T
,
, ,
. T ,
, D,
,
. (W
B, 1992)
.
B NAAQS
(SPM), PM104, PM2.5
5, N
(NO2), S (SO2), (O3),C (CO) (P). B
S A
PM2.5 NAAQS (ADB CAIA,
2006). T 1 2005 NAAQS
W H O (WHO)
(AQG) .
1 B A A .
H G (/3)
G ,
,
.
/3=
S:
WHO, 2006,
WHO 2000
4PM10 10
. T
/3.
5PM2.5
2.5 . T
/3.
P A
T
2005 NAAQS WHO
G
PM10 24H 150 50
A 50 20
PM2.5 24H 65 25
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A 100 40
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1H
24H 365 20
A 80 O3 1H 235
8H 157 100
24H
CO 1H 40,000 30,000
8H 10,000 10,000
P A 0.5 0.5
SPM 8H 200
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P 37 147
T NAAQS
W
H O (WHO). T NAAQS
PM10, PM2.5, NO2,
SO2 O3 (T 1). O ,
NAAQS P 8H CO
WHO G
.
U W B AQMP,
B . P AQMP,
D,
(ADB
CAIA, 2006). F,
,
(W B, 2006). I ,
DOE,
(W B,
2006).
T DOE
D, C, K B
(M D, 2000). F , DOE
SPM, (SO),
(NO) CO
.
T AQMP (AQMP
[]) :
1 (CAMS)
P B,
J ,
D. T 2002. T CAMS
.
S
.
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D SAMS
K, R, B S. I 2006,
CAMS C C. S
P 2 .
T SAMS
PM10 PM2.5.
H, SAMS .
T
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3
. T
CAMS D ;
SAMS
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CAMS K
R C. T SAMA CAMS
. T CAMS
D CAMS
K RC.
D S
B . I
, DOE
, B ,
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C.
T
, AQMP
B (AQMP []). T DOE
. D AQMP
T 2.
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P 38 147
2 B M
C . CAM M C E A
D 2 PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2, NOX, O3,
HC
CAMS1 S B CAMS2
F
C
1 PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2, NOX, O3, HC
CAMS TV C
K 1 PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2, NOX, O3,
HC
CAMS
R 1 PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2, NOX, O3,
HC
CAMS
*CAMSC A M S
A DOE, ,
D C E
D C E
B U E
T (BUET), B A E
C (BAEC) B C
S I R (BCSIR),
. M
. I ,
(M D 2000).
T DE
. B
(AQI)
. T AQ
B U SE P A (US EPA)
. I, AQI
, ,
, DOE
AQI (I 2003).
T AQMP US EPA AQI
D
. T
AQI
. I ,
B
AQI (AQMP 2003). A
AQI, DE
.
3 AI B
AI C C0 100 G G
101 200 U O
201 300 V U P
>301 E U R
SOURCE: AQMP, 2003.
A AQI
. S
D (DE UNEP RCC.AP, 2001). A (ARI)
145,000
(WHO SE A R,
2002). I 1996 , D
P . A 17
BAEC 0.46 /3 P
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39/149
P 39 147
D N 1995J 1996
(K ., 1997). H,
AQI ,
.
A AQMP
,
. M
D.
F,
D,
,
.
N, .
A PM10 PM2.5 D
C F 1
F 2, . T PM
( PM10 PM2.5) D
20022007 .
A PM
;
.
F 1 A A A M10
D C 20022007 (/3)
S: D DOE, AQMP.
F 2 A A A M2.5
D C 20022007 (/3)
S: D DOE, AQMP.
H PM
N F
. O ,
M
S, (ADB
CAIA, 2006).
T ,
PM10 PM2.5 D
WHO G . P (PM)
D (U ., 2008). I
20022006 D, PM
AQI 98%
(U ., 2008).
L C
;
, PM10 PM2.5 C 2007
NAAQS WHO G .
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
D C
NAAQS (A) WHO AQG (A)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
D C
NAAQS (A) WHO AQG (A)
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P 40 147
F 3 M A A M D (2002 2006) (/3)
S: U ., 2008
2
F 4
NO2 D 2002 2005. T
2003 NO2 27.6
() NO2
53 . C PM ,
, NO2
N F.
T
NO2.
F 4 2C
D ()
SOURCE: N, 2006.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
A
J
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O
D
F
A
J
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A
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
M10 M2.5
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P 41 147
2
F 5
SO2 D 2002 2005.
T SO2 2003
(.., 6.67 ) NAAQS SO2
(.., 20 ), ,
SO2 . S
PM NO2 , SO2
N
F.
F 5 M 2C D ()
SOURCE: N, 2006.
T
B T 4
T 5. I
.
N,
PM ( [TSP]) ,
PM D
.
4 A A A
A C (/3)
D 2
C
25/02/2003
02/09/2002
208.4
172.6
20.2
18.9
28.3
20.2
K
12/03/2003
14/02/2002
16/01/2003
19/11/2002
10/10/2002
308.4
213.1
312.5
282.8
317.8
42.2
51.3
81.6
46.7
58.5
54.8
60.2
92.4
54.4
61.9
N
11/03/2003 904.0 120.0 128.0
A
09/04/2003 804.0 111.0 115.0
SOURCE: ADB, 2005.
5 C M C
B
D
(/3)
M
/
B 170531 20032004
R 329680 2004
S 400420 2003
P 500829 2004
SOURCE: ADB, 2005.
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P 42 147
A D B (ADB), 2005. F
R: S A S E
C (SASEC) C R A
Q M.
..//1412/
70581.. A C ADB C A
I A C (CAIA) C, 2006
C S R U A Q
M: B. D D. ADB,
2006.
ADB CAIA C, 2006 C S
R U A Q M:
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AQMP, . A Q M
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A 2009.
AQMP, 2003. IM C
M. W P 3 P A Q
I (AQI) D. D
E. A. B. A ADB
CAIA C, 2006 C S
R U A Q M:
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DE U N E P
(UNEP) R R C A
P (RCC.AP), 2001. B S
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G E,2
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C : C
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C
10 J 2000 SD
A P C N D. T
,
.
T M E (ME)
,
. T ME,
1993 1997,
C (ADB, 2004). T
ME : ()
; ()
(EIA) ; ()
, ()
; ()
; ()
; ()
,
; () C
; () .
O , M H
(MH) M I, M E
(MIME),
.
A 6, C 2 SD A P
C N D
,
, MOE.H, 2000,
.
T
; ,
. T ME
.
.
N
(TSP), S (SO2),
N (NO2), C (CO),
(O3) (P).
T 6 C
W H
O (WHO) G.
6 C . HG (/
3
)
G ,
,
.
/3=
S:
WHO, 2006,
WHO 2000
O,
WHO G .
P A
T
N
S
WHO
G
TSP 24H 330
A 100
NO2 1H 300 200
24H 100
A 40
SO2 10 500
1H 500
24H 300 20
A 100 O3 1H 200
8H 100
24H
CO 1H 40,000 30,000
8H 20,000 10,000
P 24H
A
5
0.5
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P 46 147
I C, .
I 20002002, A Q, N V
M O E P
C D Y
U, P P
(PHN) CO,
NO2, SO2, TSP PM10
(L, 2006). S , CO, NO2
SO2 PHN
.
T ME
PHN T K (N),
M B (S), O S
(C) C M (N) (S,
2008). A CO, NO2 SO2
.
A TSP, PM10 P
.
T A Q, N V M
O E P C
D ME U A Q M
, ,
(ADB CAIA, 2006).
A ME,
PHN .
T C
. A
S R P.T ME
.
A
ME. M
(L, 2009; ADB CAIA, 2006).
T
(C, 2006). O
WHO 2004 C
E H P
MH ME
(WHO, 2004). O
C, , ,
,
C (WHO, 2004). H,
.
A
C PHN . I ,
, ;
.
I , P P
,
WHO
.
2
F 6 NO2 PHN S R 20002008
. A NO2
. M
NO2.
O NO2 PHN
T 7 T 8.
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P 47 147
F 7 CO
PHN S R 20002008
. A NO2,
CO
CO PHN S R. O CO PHN
F 8, T 7 T 8.
2
T 7
SO2, , PHN C
2001 2004. O , T 8
SO2 TSP PHN
2001 2003.
R SO2
PHN .
H,
SO2 TSP PHN .
F 6 A 2 C
(20002008) (/3)
S: D MOE.
F 7 A C C
(20002008) (/3)
S: D MOE.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
P P S R
0
1500
3000
4500
6000
7500
9000
10500
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
P P S R
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F 8 M C H, 2005
SOURCE: ME, 2006.
7 A M C
2001 2002 2003 2004
M M M M M M M M
C (/3) 83 289 76 240 57 187 48 174
2(/3) 83 304 85 310 54 190 40 139
2(/3) 77 227 81 385 46 157 32 81
SOURCE: ME MH, 2006. C R: C. H D, C C, S P L C S.P C A A T C L D C, B, T, 24 M 02
J.
8 A A C
2001 2002 2003
M M M M M M
C (/3) 3.06 7.12 1.98 2.42 3.50 5.71
2(/3) 32.08 47.17 2.45 3.77 30.19 56.60
2(/3) 2.60 7.80 7.80 13.00
(/3
) 0.63 0.84 0.41 1.00
SOURCE: R Y U 20002002. Q MOE M MH (2006).
C R: C. H D, C C, S P L, C S. P C
A A T C L D C, B, T, 24 M02 J.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
J F M A M J J A S O N D
N O & S O C
( / 3 )
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CO NO SO
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A D B (ADB), 2004. C:
C E A. M: P.
M.
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C A I A C (CAI
A) C, 2006 C S R
U A Q M: N. D
D. ADB, 2006.
C, C, 2006. P
A A CH C ME. 14
N. A ADB CAIA C, 2006
C S R U A Q
M: N. D D. ADB, 2006.
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I 4. ://..
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ME, 2006. M P C
PHN, 2005. A L, R, 2006.
C M A P. P
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U S D, G, A.
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MH. 2006. C R: C.
H D, C C, S P L C
S. P C A A
T, C L D C,
B, T. 24 M2 J. A ADB
CAIA C, 2006 C S R
U A Q M: N. D
D. ADB, 2006.
S, K, 2008. S A Q M
P P C, C. P
L M C L I
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(CALIBRE) P.
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C : H K A
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H K B 1841
30 J 1997 S
A R (SAR) P R C (PRC) SB J D
1984 (ADB CAIA, 2006). M
B L H K
SAR (HKSAR)
, . I , HKSAR
,
,
/, PRC.
H K SAR (AQO) 1987
A P C O (APCO) (C. 311)
.
T APCO
. I
AQO6
, ,
(ADB CAIA, 2006). T APCO,
AQO
U S (US)
E P A (USEPA)
(O A & P H K L, 2009).
T E P D7(EPD)
E B H K SAR
6U 7 APCO, S E AQO T M.
SOURCE: O A & P H K L, 2009.7T H K A ED, 1986,
E P A (
1981 E P U,
1977)
.
B 1986 31 M 2005
E, T W B (ETWB).
G
. U A
Q P, EPD
,
,
ACPO O L P
O (OLPO),
,
;
(EPD, 2006).
W AQO 1987,
US
. H,
. I 2006,
, W H O (WHO)
2005 G U: A Q
G P M, O (O3),
N (NO2) S (SO2)8. I
, , US
E U (EU)
(EPD, 2006).
O 1 A 2005, ,
ETWB EPD
E B ETWB
P S E
D E P. T EPD
. SOURCE: EPD, 2007.8T H A G
PM, NO2, O3 SO2. I
, (I) .
T
. T
,
,
. P
, ,
.
SOURCE: WHO, 2006.
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T EPD WHO A Q
G (AQG)
HKSAR AQO (EPD, 2006). A ,
AQO (EPD,
2009).
R , EPD
2007
AQO
HKSAR. T
AQO,
AQO (O A & P H K L, 2009). T
HKSAR AQO.
T 9
/ AQO .
9 A/M A
D E/A
J 2007 C N
AQO
15 O
2008
C E
I T1 (IT1) WHO A
Q G
20 M 2009 T EPD P
F AQO
23 J 2009 L
AQO
J 2009 C AQO
L 2009 P G R
AQO
E 2010 N AQO
SOURCE: C E, 2009; EPD, 2009
T . T
AQO
.
L 23 J 2009, HKSAR
AQO .
P
AQ
(ADB CAIA, 2006). T
2009
AQO
.
.
A
(TSP), (RSP), NO2, SO2,
O3, C (CO) (P).
T 10 HKSAR AQO
WHO G. T AQO
T 10. T AQO
.
T AQO
AQO (ADB
CAIA, 2006). H,
(.., ),
. N,
, AQO (1 24)
(ADB CAIA,
2006).
G, HKSAR AQO
WHO G
. T EPD
(EPD, 2009). I , EPD WHO AQG
T M (EPD, 2006).
N, AQO
AQO.
T AQO AQO
WHO AQG.
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10 HKA A . HG (/3)
P A T HKSAR AQO P N
AQO
WHO AQG
R
S
P (PM10)
24H 180 100 (WHO IT2) 50 (IT1:150, IT2:100, IT3:75)
A 55 50 (WHO IT2) 20 (IT1:70, IT2: 50, IT3:30)
NO2 1H 300 200 200
24H 150
A 80 40 40
SO2 10 500 500
1H 800
24H 350 125 (WHO IT1) 20 (IT1:125, IT2:50)
A 80
O3 1H 240
8H 160 (WHO IT) 100 (IT:160)
CO 1H 30,000 30,000 30,000
8H 10,000 10,000 10,000
P 1H 3M 1.5
A 0.5 0.5
T S
P (TSP)
24H 260
A 80
F S
P
(PM2.5)
24H 75 (WHO IT1) 25 (IT1:75, IT2: 50, IT3: 37.5)
A 35 (WHO IT1) 10 (IT1:35, IT2: 25, IT3:15)
G , , .
/3= ; AQG = A Q G; AQO = ; IT = I T
R 10
. T /3.
F 10 .
T /3.
N .
N .
S:WHO 2006,
WHO 2000
T HKSAR AQO
:
(I) A WHO '
SO2(10),
NO2(1 ), CO (1 8
) P ();
(II)
WHO IT2
(PM 10) (24
);
(III) WHO IT1
SO2(24)
(PM2.5) (24 ), IT O3
(8) (EPD, 2009).
T IT WHO
(WHO, 2006). N,
,
AQG.
C, AQO
AQO AQO. T
AQO
,
,
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AQO (O A &
P H K L, 2009).
H K SAR
14
TSP, RSP, N
(NO), N (NO), SO2, NO2, O3
CO. E
.
F 9 EPD
HKSAR
T 11. A 2009,
,
A S G EPD.
F 9 L ED M 2008
SOURCE: EPD, 2009
T
USEPA
HKSAR (EPD, 2008).
A , A S G
(TAP)
(..,,
1,3),
(.., 2,3,7,8T
(2,3,7,8 TCDF), 2,3,7,8T
(2,3,7,8TCDD), (..,
), (..
()), H (C+6)
(EPD, 2008). S 1997, T W
C/W
TAP . I
TAP, EPD
9
.
A EPD , H E C.L. (HEC) CLP P H K
L (CLP)
SO2 NO2
(EPD, 2008).
S 30 N 2005, H K SAR
G
P R D
R. M T C, T M,
T W (G P
E P M C EPD,
HKSAR, 2005).
L
(QA/QC) . T
QA/QC
H K L A S
(HOKLAS) (EPD, 2008).
9P
8
80%
H K O H.
SOURCE: EPD, 2009.
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11 D HKA A M
M A
H
A G M
C/W: U
L P S
: M
/
78 18
(4 )
SO2, NO, NO, NO2, O3, RSP
C, RSPHV, TSP, M
E: S W H F
S
:R 28 15
(4 )
SO2, NO2, O3, RSPC, M
K C: K C
P S
:M /
/
19 13
(2 )
SO2, NO, NO, NO2, O3, RSP
C, TSP, M
K T: C D
O
:M /
/
34 25
(6 )
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C, RSPHV, TSP, M
S S P: P
S
: M
/
34 25
(6 )
SO2, NO, NO, NO2, O3, RSP
C, RSPHV, TSP, M
T W: P
A CC
:M /
/
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S T: S T G.
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C, TSP, M
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M
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8.5 3 SO2, NO, NO, NO2, CO, RSPC, RSPHV, TSP, M
(A P D H.K.)
C = ; HV = ; MET
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M
A S G
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0 500 (EPD,
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R API
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HKSAR. I 2002, D C
M U H K
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,
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12 A
F R C S
H API R 1 J 1999
D API
R 6 J 1995 14 J 1998
D API R 15 J 1998 30 J 1999
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C/W
R J 1998
M A P I (API)
R J 1998
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E H K)
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13 HKA A I
A
L
AI G AI AI
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(10)
T RSP (PM10)
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3
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3
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0
30
60
90
120
150
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
C/W K CK T S S P
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20
40
60
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100
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
N T U TSP AQO
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F 12 A A M10L HKA (19962008) (/3)
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I A P
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R 1995
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20
40
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120
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
C/W E K C K T
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0
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40
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100
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
U N T
R R
RSP AQO WHO G
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A
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15
30
45
60
75
90
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
R R N T
U SO2 AQO
0
20
40
60
80
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1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 200
C/W E K C K T
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T C Y L T M C BC M K NO2 AQO WHO G
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F 16 L 2 (19962008)
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H 2007 (EPD, 2008),
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A O3
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PRD R.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
R R
N T U
NO2 AQO WHO G
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
R R N T U
0
20
40
60
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100
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
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T NAAQS 1986
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.
N I
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14 C . HG (/3)
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()
T ,
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M (NAAQM)12
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C) P A (APA) ,
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,
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CPCB
,
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T CPCB /
(QA/QC)
. S QA/QC
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.
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);
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
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Aizawl
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F 20 A M10 I ( ) 2008
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0
50
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150
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2006 2007 2008
AA (A)
H AG (A)
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2
F 22 NO2
16 M
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NO2 WHO AQG
() NAAQS ().
I , NO2
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2006 2008. A 16
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0
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30
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2006 2007 2008
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F 23 A 2 16 M C ( ) 2006 2008
S: CPCB, 2009.
0
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AA (A)
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A D B (ADB) C A I
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16 A M C I
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. O ,
G A W (GAW) S
B K, W S PM10,PM2.517
, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, (CH4), C
(CO2), N (N2O),
(SF6) UVB . M
17PM2.5 2.5
. T
/3.
-
5/28/2018 AQ Standards Report Draft 2 Dec FINAL
79/149
BKMG
T 17.
17 M
M
A
M I
R W W
W
A R G
ARS 721
A R G
ARS 1000
SPM H H
A L A /
SO2 P F
NO2 P F
S
UV A
CO UV A UV
CO
CO2 I
I CO2
PM10 B
(BAM)
BAM 1020
PM2.5 L N M9003
S
T S
SOURCE: BKMG,[]
A BMKG,
E H
L (BTKL), N A B
(BATAN), N A B (LAPAN),
M H, M T,
R D R A. T
.
T
,
10 E M
A N. 23 1997
A N. 32 2009 E
C M.
A I
, PSI18
,
(ADB CAI
A, 2006).
A AQMS
ME (CAIA, 2009). T ME
PSI
PSI . W
PSI
, PSI
(CAIA, 2009).
T I S
E R (SER) (
H ISLHI). A SER,
/ SER (H
M, 2008).
T PSI
. H,
(CAIA, 2009).
S (..J) PSI
(CAIA, 2009).
T
BKMG
://.../..
S (W B, 2003; S ., 2002
ADB, 2002)
I
I
. I 2003 I
E M: S FR
18A PSI (WHO, 2003). TPSI, AQMS
(150), (51100), (101199),
(200299), (300 ) (ADB, 2002).
T PSI 24 PM10 SO2,
8 CO, 1 O3 NO2
H B D N. 107 (1997).
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5/28/2018 AQ Standards Report Draft 2 Dec FINAL
80/149
P (W B, 2003),
, 45
.
H,
.
10
F
I (W B, 2003). F 24
PM10
I 2001 2008. T
PM10 . H, PM10 WHO AQG.
F 24 A M10 J,
B (20012008) (/3)
S: D E L, E
B (J) E A S
B.
I 2008, PM10
50 /3(..,
12 ). T PM10
WHO AQG
20/3(F 25).
F 25 A M10 J,
, B, , M
2008 (/3)
S: D E L, E
B (J) E A S,
P, P, M, S, P
B.
2
F 26 NO2
J, S, B 20012008
.
F 26 A 2 J,
, B (20012008) (/3)
S: D E L, E
B (J) E A S
B.
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
J S
B WHO AQG (A)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
WHO AQG (A)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
J S
B NAAQS (A)
WHO
-
5/28/2018 AQ Standards Report Draft 2 Dec FINAL
81/149
O, NO2
, NAAQS
J . A NO2
WHO ,
J 2002 2005.
2
F 27 SO2
J, S, B 20012008
.
A SO2 S
, NAAQS
2005 . S,
J SO2
.
A , S
SO2 ;
S
.
F 27 A 2 J,
, B (20012008) (/3)
S: D E L, E
B (J) E A S
B.
R P
I
(W B, 2003). F 1998 2003, P
J
I (BAPPENAS, 2007) (F 28).
F 28 A A J
(19952000) (/3)
SOURCE: W B, 2003.
N, P 1
J 2006 ( PERTAMINA, S
, P
), P
(ADB CAIA, 2006).
I J, 90%
(BAPPENAS, 2007). I ,
P .
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
J S
B NAAQS (A)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 2000
NAAQS (A)
WHO AQG (A)
-
5/28/2018 AQ Standards Report Draft 2 Dec FINAL
82/149
3
A O3 J 2001 2008
(F 29). O
J 2002 2007
NAAQS J 1 O3.
F 29 A 3 J
(20012008) (/3)
S: D E L, E
B (J)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
J AAQS (A) NAAQS (A)
-
5/28/2018 AQ Standards Report Draft 2 Dec FINAL
83/149
A D B (ADB), 2002. A
P: I V E R
S G J, I. P
I MS A P G V E R. P ADB
R T A 5937: R
V E A.
://../D/O/V_
E_S_INO/__VES..
S 2009.
B J, 2009. A
N.
://../2008//
.?=0&=12798 O 2009.
ADB C A I A C (CAI
A) C, 2006 C S R
U A Q M: I.
D D. ADB, 2006.
CAIA, 2009. C A S C
A S A N (ASEAN)
R I C P. CAIA,
2009.
N D P A I (BAPPENAS), 2007. D L
I. U A Q I
P N. I 1.
://../
//1___PRINT..
S 2009.
B G
(BMKG), []. .
://.../.
S 2009.
F, N., 2002. T A Q M
I. P P C
M C P P
E U I A E
A (IAEA)/R C A
(RCA) PI R T
A A P (RAS/8/082). B, C.
1115 N 2002.
://...//M_C
/RAS/RAS8082/2002B/A%204
1%20C%20/E%20U%20
I.. S 2002.
H, S.A. M, S.N., 2008. E
C SE P I. P
R W GEO/IEA M.
C M, T. 811 S 2008.
://.../W2008090
8/I%20P..
S 2009.
T J P, 2009. R 17
.
://..//2009/10/20/17
. O 2009.
L, L., 2001. P K U
P DKI J. P P
I V E R S
W. J, I. 1618 O
2001. A S, S., R, B.,
T, H.S., 2002. S A Q, F
T, H I, E V
P O, J, I. P ADB.
://../D/S/A_Q
_INO/_. S 2009.
P, 2003. S A Q M
R I. E S.
://.../.?=11
S 2009.
S, Y.A., 2001. A Q J
I. U M T, TUG.
A S, S., R, B., T,
H.S., 2002. S A Q, F T,
H I, E V P
O, J, I. P ADB.
://../D/S/A_Q
_INO/_. S 2009.
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84/149
S, S., R, B., T, H.S., 2002.
S A Q, F T, H
I, E V P O,
J, I. P ADB.
://../D/S/A_Q
_INO/_. S 2009.
U S A I
D (USAID), I C
E L (ICEL), S M
E (ME) S A
E C E
N (AECEN), 2008. E
C E I. R
A.
://..//ID_A.
S 2009.
W B, 2003. I E
M 2003: S F: R P.
://../INTINDONESI
A/R/P/03
P/_.
S 2009.
W H O (WHO), 2000.
G A Q. WHO, G,
S.
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, 2006. WHO A Q G
, ,
. G U 2005. S
R A.
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E_OEH_06.02_. J 2009.
-
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85/149
C : K
-
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86/149
86 REPUBLIC OF KOREA
T 1977 E P A
1 A 1990 B E P A,A Q P A, W Q
P A N V C A.
T A Q P A,
1990 C A C A, ,
,
. T
A 10 F A
E P
.
N R
K 1978. T
1983, 1991, 1993,
2001, 2007 2009. T M E
(MOE), 1990 C A C
A, ,
. O
N I E R
(NIER) I H
E.
I , M
C S M C
.
I , MOE,
.
.
N PM10
19,
S (SO2), N (NO2), C
(CO), (O3), (P) .
A PM10 NO2
S
K, S, GY B, G
C, B C, U C, I C J
I. I , S
SO2, CO, O3 P.
T 10
W H O (WHO) G.
N , CO
P WHO .
T PM10, NO2 SO2
WHO
. N, S,
PM10 NO2. F ,
.
T
PM2.520,
.
1919
PM10 10
. T
/3.
20PM2.5 2.5
. T
/3.
-
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87/149
18 C . HG (/3)
P A
T
R
K
S G
Y
B
G
C
B
C
U
C
I
C
J
I
WHO
PM10 24H 100 120 120 120 120 120 120 50
A 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 20
NO2 1H 188 263 226 263 263 226 263 200
24H 113 132 120 132 132 120 132
A 56 75 75 75 75 75 75 40
SO2 10 500
1H 392 314
24H 131 105 20
A 52 26
O3 1H 196 200
8H 118 120 100
CO 1H 28,625 28,625 30,000
8H 10,305 10,305 10,000
P 1H 3M 1.0
A 0.5 0.5 0.5
B A 5
G , , .
/3=
2007 S,
1998 S,
2008 S
C /
3:1.880,
C /
3:2.616,
C
/3:1.962,
C /
3:1.145
S:WHO 2006,
WHO 2000
()
T R K N A A
M I S (NAMIS).
E
,
, A: 3
C A C A (CACL).
T MOE
. R
NIER,
MOE I
H E .
T
F 30.
F 30 M A
SOURCE: K K, 2003.
T
(T 19). T
. M P
G CACL
M E
NIER, MOE
L E. M
O, MOE
L G
( )
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, M
E ,
. T 20
/. T
, ..
,
NAMIS T 21.
T NAMIS
,
, .. .
19 A M L
E M
EM O
N. A Q MS
S 27
N 18
G 11
Y 14
W 14
D 12
J 6
T 102
SOURCE: MOE, 2008.
20 A M L
G
L G N. A Q M
S
S 41
B 26
D 17
I 22
G 13
D 13
U 19
G 66
G 11
C 9
C 10
J 12J 13
G 14
G 15
J 3
TOTAL 304
SOURCE: MOE, 2008.
21 M A A
S P M M F
AQ SO2, NO, O3, CO, PM10, , , ,
C / 1
AQ SO2, NO, O3, CO, PM10, , , C / 1
A H, , ,
W
N AQ
SO2, NO, O3, CO, PM10, , , C / 1
AQ SO2, NO, O3, CO, PM10, , , C / 1
A
P, C, C, C, M, F, N M / 5
H 13 VOC, 7 PAH M / 1
P 56 VOC C / 1
V R S C / 1
G A CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC C / 1
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T
,
,
(TMS)21
R E M O MOE
(APMA, 2002).
T
.... S
D 2005,
. T
PM10,
O3, CO, SO2 NO2. I
, (CAI) . T CAI
. I
(MOE, []). T CAI
T 22.
A AIRKOREA ,
MOE ,
E S Y, G K
E .
A
. F
, G K 2006 R
(MOE, 2006), 10,000 , 9.5
. T
20062015 E
H P (MOE KEI, 2006). T
21
T TMS
R E M O MOE
(APMA, 2002).
(..)
(.. ). A
20062015 P,
/ , ,
/
(MOE KEI, 2006).
22 CAI
C D H E
A G A
B M A
C U
A
D U A
(,
),
E V
A
F H A
SOURCE: AIRKOREA (://...////.)
-
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90/149
10
F 31 PM10
S K 1995 2007. M
1990,
. H, PM10
WHO . T
PM10 S, B, D I
.
F 31 A A M10C K (/3)
S: D S N U.
2
A NO2 1989
2007
(F 32). F , NO2
G, U D WHO
U D
. O,
NO2 .
A , S,
NO2,
NO2 WHO
AQG.
F 32 A A 2
K(/3)
S: D S N U.
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
S B D
I G D
U NAAQS (A) WHO AQG (A)
0
20
40
60
80
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 200
S B
D I
G D
U NAAQS (A)
WHO AQG (A)
-
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2
A SO2 R
K 1989
2007. A 1997,
SO2
. F 33 SO2 S K.
F 33 A A 2
K (/3)
S: D S N U.
C SO2, CO
1989 2007
(F 34).
I, CO
. A
F 34, 1989, CO
B, D, G, D U
CO
I S CO .
H, 1990 2000,
CO
.
F 34 A A C
K (/3)
S: D S N U.
3
A O3
R K (F 35).
M 1989 2007 ,
, O3. A
, B
O3 .
F 35 A A 3 K (/
3)
S: D S N U.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
S B
D I
G D
U NAAQS (A)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 200
S B D
I G D
U
0
700
1400
2100
2800
3500
4200
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
S B D I
G D U
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A P M C A (APMA), 2002.
B U A Q M
P M M C A:
S I. K E I, 6132B, E 122706, S,
R K.
://../PDF/APMA_B_
. A 2009.
K, S.S. K, H.K., 2003. N
M S M, R
A K. N F
R D I (NFRDI),
M M A F
(MOMAF), R K.
://../F1/KR.
A 2009.
M E (MOE), 2006. G
K: 2006: A B E
H F.
://...///
_.?=23&=A&=E&=
310
A 2009.
, 2008. 2008 E S
Y.
://...///.
?=E&=340&=D
A 2009.
, []. W CAI. G,
K.
://...////.
A 2009.
K E I (KEI),
2006. E H P 20062015.
K E P B, I 2,
V: IV, 2006.
://...///.
?=H%20P(06).&=B
A 2009.
W H O (WHO), 2000.
G A Q. WHO, G,
S.
://..//2000/WHO_SDE_OE
H_00.02_1104. A 2009.
, 2006. WHO A Q G
, ,
. G U 2005. S
R A.
://..//2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_. J 2009.
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93/149
C :
-
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94/149
T
H M G (HMG)
E P A,2053 (1997 A.D.). H, N
J 2003.
T
T FY P (2002
2007). O
T P , ,
(ADB ICIMOD, 2006).
T M E, S T(MEST)
. T
F 36.
F 36 E A A
R A 2005, MEST
, ,
,
,
(MEST, 2006). P MEST 2005,
M P E (MPE)
N (ADB ICIMOD, 2006). I A 2005,
, MPE , E
D M S
T (MST), MEST
M
(ADB CA, 2006).
O
. T
N B S M,
M H P, F
N C C I
(FNCCI), C N I (CNI),
T P, M L T,
A D' A N A
S T.
T
N
. T E P A (EPA) 1997
E P R (EPR) 1997
1999
. T A
;
; ;
; ;
(ADB CA, 2006).
.
N
, ..PM1022,
(TSP), N (NO2), S (SO2),
C (CO), (P) .
T 23 2003
W H
O (WHO) G.
22PM10 10
. T
/3.
P C
T C
A P
D P
S C
T C
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23 A A . H
G (/3)
G ,
,
.
/3=
S:WHO, 2006,
WHO 2000
O, N PM10
SO2 WHO
G . N (.. NO2, 8H CO
)
WHO G .
T
MEST
.
P MPE,
N.
B 1995,
(ADB CA, 2006). S
E
P H O (ENPHO), S
L E A D
R (LEADERS N), D H
M (DHM), N E
S S P.L. (NESS), I U
C N (IUCN) K
V V E C P (KVVECP))
HMG U N D
P (UNDP) (M D, 2000 ADB
CA, 2006).
T , AQ
K V . A
K V (ADB CA, 2006).
I M 2001, HMG D I
D A (DANIDA)
K V 5
E S P
S (ESPS) (ADB ICIMOD, 2006). T
E
N
2002 MPE (MEST, 2007).
S K V. L
,
. I ,
. A TSP, PM10,
PM2.523
, , NO2 P
.
T 24
T 25
.
23PM2.5
2.5 . T
/3.
A
H
G
PM10 24H 120 50
A 20
TSP 24H 230
A
NO2 1H 200
24H 80
A 40 40
SO2 10 500
1H
24H 70 20
A 50
CO 15M 100,000
1H 30,000
8H 10,000 10,000
P A 0.5 0.5
B A 20
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24 D M
C
D
P R H : 3.5 .
D: K; .
T R H :15 .
D: ;
T.
P R H :3.5 .
D: ; P H;
.
B U
H :6
D: K;
B, B D S.
T
U
(TU)
U
H :15 .
D: K;
TU K.
M V
H :10 .
D: M,
, 1500 (150
).
S: MEST, 2007
25 M M L
M
PM10 LVS 24 ,, .
PM2.5 LVS 24
, ,
.
NO2 D , R ,
.
B D , R ,
.
P A A S
PM10.
S: MEST, 2007
T R N
A S T (RONAST)
. T
D 2004 ESPS .
O
J 2006 DHM.
M
, ,
(MEST, 2007).
F MPE A 2005,
MEST. C,
N.
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T
K V
MEST
://...//. T
. T 26 (PM10)
K.
26 A D M10
D C M10(/3)
G G
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