apush ii: unit 1 chapter 18: conquest and survival of the west, 1860 - 1900
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APUSH II: Unit 1Chapter 18: Conquest and Survival of
the West, 1860 - 1900Essential Question:
What economic, political, & migratory factors led to the end of the western
frontier by 1890?
What is the “West”?
For each era, define what the “West” was & what role the West played in American life:
(a)1750
(b)1800
(c)1850
A SMALL REVIEWAmerican Expansion & Manifest Destiny
Trends in Antebellum America: 1800-1860
1. Greater democracy & the return of the two-party system
2. Emergence of a national market economy3. Increase in federal power4. New intellectual & religious movements5. Social reforms6. Further westward expansion
Trends in the Gilded Age: 1865 - 1900
1. Political and Business Corruption2. Growth of the National Market Economy3. The Railroad and the Second Industrial
Revolution4. New Grassroots Movements5. Social reforms6. The Concurring of the West
Manifest Destiny
• The spread of settlers beyond U.S. borders led to widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled lands
• The term “Manifest Destiny” was 1st used in 1845 by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan, who said:– God wants the USA (“His chosen nation”) to
become stronger– Expansion of American democracy & economic
opportunities were a good thing
“American Progress” by John
Gast, 1872
“American Progress” by John
Gast, 1872
The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869
THE IMPACT OF THE CIVIL WAR1865
The “New South”?
“Jim Crow” reigned supreme as whites legally segregated the South into 2 distinct societies
Few significant economic or political changes in the South took place until
the 1940s
America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
The NorthThe North:Experienced a “2nd Industrial Revolution,”
mass immigration, & urbanization
America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
The WestThe West:Manifest Destiny
continued after 1865 as miners homesteaders,
& ranchers headed West
Effects of the War• Political changes:
–With no Southern opposition, Republicans passed new laws the often favored Northern industry and trade with the lucrative west: Morrill Tariff (1861), Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Act (1862), Pacific Railroad Act (1862), & Legal Tender Act (1862) and National Bank Act (1863), ie “Greenbacks”
INDIAN PEOPLES UNDER SEIGE
Section 1
The Plains Indians In 1865, 2/3 of all Indians lived on the Great Plains
Tribes of several 1,000 people were subdivided into bands of 100s which made it difficult for the U.S. to negotiate treaties
Their culture was dependent
upon the buffalo & the horse
Searching for an Indian Policy• Before the Civil War, the West was
“one big reservation”–The Indian Intercourse Act (1834)
forbade whites from entering “Indian country” without a license
Searching for an Indian Policy• But…rapid Western expansion in the
1850s brought a new Indian “concentration policy” with distinct boundaries for each tribe “as long as the waters run and grass grows”
Searching for an Indian Policy• Concentration did not last as whites ignored
these boundaries:– Sand Creek Massacre (1864)—Col John
Chivington attacked 700 sleeping Indians in CO after a peace agreement was signed
– Sioux War (1865-1867)—gold miners wanted a Bozeman Trail (across Sioux hunting grounds) to connect mining towns; Sioux murdered 88 U.S. soldiers
Buffalo Soldiers
- Civil Wars Vets-Following the tradition of raising all black regiments in the north during the Civil War, the “Buffalo Soldiers” US 10th Calvary Regiment was formed in 1866 as the first peacetime, all-black regiment-Participated in many of the Indian Wars as well as serving to protect the US Mail Service over hostile territory-Went on to serve in the Spanish American War (Battle of San Juan Hill) and WWI
THE INTERNAL EMPIRESection 2
The Mining Bonanza• Mining was the 1st magnet to attract settlers to
the West• CA (1849) started the gold rush, but strikes in
Pikes Peak, CO & Carson River Valley, NV (1859) set off wild migrations to the West:– Comstock Lode = $306 million– John Mackay’s Big Bonanza made him richest man
in world
Mining Regions of the West
Discoveries of gold & silver led to overnight mining towns
Individual “placer miners”placer miners” took little skill or money to start, but could not reach deep lodes
Corporations had the expensive machinery (“hydraulic mining techniques”) to extract
most of the gold in the West
Mining Bonanza• ¼ to ½ of the mining population
was foreign born:– Latin American miners
brought experience & new techniques
– Chinese brought a tireless ethic
• Led to hostility & riots:– Foreign Miners’ Act in 1852
charged a monthly mining fee
Immigration Control
Burlingame Treaty (1868)
Exclusion Act (1882)
• established friendly relations with China
• granted China “most Favored Nation” status
• encouraged Chinese immigration
• allowed congress to suspend Chinese immigration
• Chinese immigrants were permanent aliens
• Originally intended to only be used for 10 years– Not repealed until 1943– Excluded Chinese from
marrying Whites
Exodusters
• Exodusters were black farmers who moved West to escape Southern crop liens & Jim Crow Laws
• Led by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton• 1878: 6,000 African Americans fled to Kansas
– 1879: 15,000
CALIFORNIASutter’s Mill and the 49ers
The California Gold Rush
• The discovery of gold in 1848 led to a massive influx of prospectors in 1849 (the “forty-niners”):– Few miners struck it rich– The real money made in CA was in
supplying miners with food, saloons, & provisions
– The gold rush led to a population boom, increase in agriculture, & multicultural Californian society
Gold Rush
• 1848 - James Marshall at Sutter Mill
• Most Americans did not start traveling west until 1849…hence the name “49ers”
San Francisco before the gold rush
San Francisco after the gold rush
THE OPEN RANGESection 3
The Cattle
Bonanza
In the 1860s, cattle ranching boomed
Ranchers used the
“open range” to graze
longhornsBy 1867, ranchers started using trains to ship cattle to Chicago
Cattle and the West
•Birth of ‘cow towns’ across the west•Abilene, Dodge City, Kansas City
The Cattle Bonanza• ½ of all cowboys were
black & ¼ were Mexican
• By 1880, the “open range” was ending:– Wheat growers,
homesteaders, & barbed wire blocked the range
– Many switched to raising sheep
Community and Conflict
• Personal violence was commonplace in the cattle towns and mining camps.
• Horse theft rose rapidly during the peak years of the cattle drives.
• During the 1870s, range wars turned violent when farmers, sheep ranchers, and cattle ranchers battled over the same land.
• By the mid-1880s the cattle business went bust. – Overstocking led to herds depleting sparse grasslands. – Bad weather from 1885 to 1887 killed 90 percent of
western cattle, and prices plummeted.
Cowboys•Originated in Mexico (where cowboy tools came from)•Former slaves used skills from plantation to be good cowboys•End of the open range and refrigerated train ended practical cowboys by 1886
FARMING COMMUNITIES ON THE PLAINS
Section 4
The Farming Bonanza• The U.S. gov’t offered incentives for farmers
to settle the West:– Homestead Act (1862)—gave 160 acres of land if
families pledged to live there for 5 years– Other gov’t acts helped develop western lands by
planting trees & building irrigation systems– Due to land grants, RRs were the largest western
landowners
Work, Dawn to Dusk
• Farm families survived and prospered through hard work.– Men’s work tended to be seasonal.– Women’s activities were usually more routine.– Children worked running errands and completing chores
by about age nine.• Community was an important part of life.
– People depended on neighbors for help in times of need and for a break from the hard work and harsh climate.
• The barter system developed due to lack of cash.
Women in the West
• Few women worked on the open range.• Some 50,000 women worked as prostitutes
in the West during the second half of the nineteenth century. – There were few jobs for women and many
resorted to prostitution simply to pay the bills.• Their life was quite harsh and seldom paid
well.
Soddies
• In 1887, Lizzie Chrisman filed the first homestead claim in Nebraska
• "Soddies" were constructed of stacked layers of cut prairie turf, fortified by a thick network of roots
• The roofs, often supported by timber, were usually covered with more sod, straw, and small branches
The Farming Bonanza• In 1870, homesteaders pushed West &
adapted to the harsh farming conditions:–Farmers used dry farming techniques
& planted tougher varieties of wheat –New machinery sped harvesting &
planting; led to bonanza farms–By 1890, the U.S. became a major crop
exporter
Range Wars
• Reduced access to grassland• Ethnic and religious prejudice toward
Mexican-American, Basque and Mormon shepherds
• 1883-84 Fence-Cutter’s War
Rails Across the Continent• In 1862, Congress authorized the
transcontinental railroad:– Union Pacific worked westward from
Nebraska (Irish laborers)– Central Pacific worked eastward from CA
(Chinese immigrants)– May 10, 1869 the 2 tracks met at
Promontory Point in Utah• By 1900, 4 more lines were built to the Pacific
Rails Across the Continent
• Railroads held great power in developing and settling the West.– Railroads delivered crops and cattle to eastern markets and
brought back goods.• Railroads put communities “on the map.”
– Railroads in the West preceded settlement.– Towns along the railroad lines flourished.
1st transcontinentaltranscontinental railroad connected the west coast to eastern cities in 1869
Chinese workers made up a large percentage of laborers
on the western leg
Irish workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the eastern section
The End of the ‘West’• By 1890 the Frontier was gone
– 1880s had seen a severe drought, a harsh winter, and the enclosure of the cattle routes
– 1896: The Klondike Gold Rush opened a new frontier in Alaska
• The heyday of the “Wild West” was actually a short lived period in American history
• Turner’s Frontier Thesis– Turner’s “rugged individualism” became the
prevailing view
THE WORLD’S BREADBASKET Section 5
New Production Technologies
• Preparing western lands for cultivation was a difficult process because of the tough sod.
• New technologies greatly increased the amount of land that could be farmed– Development of the Combine – combined the reeper
and the harvester• Through federal aid, land-grant colleges, and
other sources of scientific research, farmers developed new techniques for cultivation.
Timber Cultures Act, 1873
• Supplement the Homestead Act
• 160 additional acres for $30
• 40 acres must be planted with trees
• Environmental Planning
National Reclamation Act, 1902
• aka Newland Act• Build dams to create
irrigation for farmland in the West
• (Signed into law by Roosevelt)
The Toll on the Land
• Farmers destroyed existed plant and animal species and introduced new ones.
• Replacing buffalo with cattle and sheep, introduced animals that ate grasses down to the roots and created the possibilities of huge dust storms.
• Commercial agriculture took a heavy toll on existing water supplies.
• The federal government created the Forest Service to safeguard watersheds.
Competition
• The high cost of improving land let many farmers to be in debt for decades despite the low initial land costs
• Western farmers increasingly saw themselves at odds with Eastern manufacturers and railroad tycoons
THE WESTERN LANDSCAPE Section 6
Nature's Majesty
• Writers described in great detail the wonder of nature’s majesty in the West.
• The federal government created national parks in 1871, and sent a team of scientists and photographers to record the region’s beauty.
• Landscape painters from the Rocky Mountain School piqued the public’s interest in the West.
The Legendary Wild West
• More popular presentations emphasized the West as a source of “vigorous manhood.”
• Thousands of “dime novels” appeared that portrayed the region in romantic, heroic terms.
• Wild West show promoters like “Buffalo Bill” Cody brought the legendary West to millions of people around the world.
The “American Primitive”
• The West continued to captivate American imagination. – The public sought depictions of bold cowboys and exotic savages.
• Charles Schreyvogel, Charles Russell, and Frederic Remington helped to shape Americans’ perception of the region.
• Scholars like Alice Cunningham Fletcher studied Indians and began to develop a scientific understanding of their lives.
• The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts incorporated a large dose of tribal lore into their character-building programs.
TRANSFORMATION OF INDIAN SOCIETIES
Section 7
Reform Policy and Politics
• The federal government’s tradition of treating Indian tribes as separate nations ended in 1871.
• Reformers like Helen Hunt Jackson advocated policies designed to promote Indian assimilation and eradicate distinct tribal customs.
• The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was a disaster for most Indians and undermined tribal sovereignty. – Individuals were granted land if they chose to sever from their
tribes.– Indian religions and sacred ceremonies were banned along
with the telling of Indian myths.– “Indian schools” forbade Indian clothing styles, language, and
even hair fashions.
The Ghost Dance
• A Paiute prophet, Wovoka, had a vision that a divine judgment was coming and led the Sioux to practice the Ghost Dance. – White authorities grew fearful and demanded an
end to the practice.
• An incident led whites to gun down 200 people at Wounded Knee.
Searching for an Indian Policy• In 1867, the U.S. formed the Indian
Peace Commission :– Ended Bozeman Trail plans – Made “small reservations” in the
Dakota & Oklahoma territories• Few Native Americans settled into these
reservations peacefully:– Red River War (1874)– Little Big Horn (1876)– Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)The discovery of gold in South Dakota
led a Sioux army of 2,500 to ambush & kill Lt Col Custer & his 197 soldiers
Indian Wars• Battle of Litter Bighorn (1876): The discovery of
gold in South Dakota led a Sioux army of 2,500 to ambush & kill Lt Col Custer & his 197 soldiers– “Custer’s Last Stand” set off demands for revenge
among Americans• Wounded Knee (1890): The U.S. army was
ordered to stop Sioux “ghost dances” & machine gunned 200 men, women, & children
• Black soldiers in the U.S. army called “buffalo soldiers” were used to fend off Indian attacks in the West
The End of Tribal Life• In 1871, the U.S. adopted its 4th Indian
policy: Assimilation –U.S. citizenship was offered to all
Indians who farmed, lived away from their tribe & “adopted the habits of civilized life”
–Dawes Severalty Act in 1887 offered farms (160 acres to families & 80 to men) & the protection of U.S. laws
The End of Tribal Life• The final blow to Indian culture came
with annihilation of buffalo:–Began with the construction of the
transcontinental RR in 1860s–From 1872 to 1874, 3 million
buffalo were killed each year
The Final Fling• In 1889, Congress responded to demands to
open the Oklahoma Territory to white settlement
• On April 22, 1889, about 100,000 “Boomers” & “Sooners” flooded into the last “Indian land”– White migrants claimed 2 million acres in
Oklahoma homesteads– Moved out Creeks & Seminoles
Lands Lost by Native Americans (1894)Indian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations Today
Conclusions: The End of the Frontier • By 1890, the western frontier ended
–Miners, ranchers, & cowboys flooded West at the expense of Indians who were restricted to smaller & smaller reservations
–Westerners were commercially connected to Eastern markets but would grow increasingly frustrated by the economic & political concentration of power in the East
CONCLUSIONS
The Myth of the Wild West
Horatio Alger• 1987 FRQ #4: “Popular
fascination with the cowboy, the pioneer, and the stories of Horatio Alger in the period 1870-1915 reflected Americans’ uneasiness over the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society.” Assess the validity of this statement.
Frederick Jackson Turner• The Significance of the
Frontier in American History• Frontier Thesis• Spirit and success of the US
was tied to westward expansion
• Evolutionary Model• Unique and Rugged
American identity• American Exceptionalism?
The Costs of Expansion
• The impact of territorial expansion:– Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner noted in
the 1890s that expansion shaped Americans into an adventurous, optimistic, & democratic people
– But, expansion created sectional conflicts between the North & South, especially over slavery
• Essential Question:–What economic, political, &
migratory factors led to the end of the western frontier by 1890?
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