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copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
Application of Mangrove Forest for Countermeasure Against Tsunami Disaster
DRH Content Meeting, Kobe, March 12-13, 2007
Dinar Catur Istiyanto
Coastal Dynamic Research CenterAgency for The Assessment and Application of TechnologyJl. Grafika No.2, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaPh.:+62-274-586239; Fax.:+62-274-542789e-mail: pakdinar@yahoo.com; dinar@webmail.bppt.go.id IMPLEMENTATION ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
PRESENTATION CONTENTS
1. MAJOR ASSETS
2. EXPECTED USERS
3. THE SUBJECTS PROTECTED
4. DRIVING FORCES EVENT
5. FEATURE AND ATTRIBUTE
6. NECESSARY PROCESS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
7. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
8. RESOURCES REQUIRED
9. APPLICATION EXAMPLESCoastal area in Lhok Nga, Bd. Aceh.Pine trees, housing area, cement factory were completely demolished by Indian Ocean Tsunami of Dec 26, 2004.
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
MAJOR ASSETS
A set of procedure in determining the design parameter is dictated, including determination of design tsunami wave height and length in the area, extension of mangrove forest, mangrove forest density, and practical direction on mangrove plantation method.
Determination of designed tsunami wave height and length will be conducted by utilizing available historical data or numerical model of tsunami generation and propagation, whereas the mangrove forest parameter will be designed according to the laboratory experiment results’ diagrams.
Practical direction on mangrove plantation methodconsist of engineering methods example, which have been successfully practiced in several areas to increase percentage of growing mangrove.
A snapshot of a very sad man sit down along day in front of his destroyed home ruins in Lahewa District of Aceh, Indonesia. His wife and children were all death swept by Indian Ocean Tsunami of Dec 26, 2004.
This implemented orientation technology has been developing to provide the tool of designing the effective mangrove forest as tsunami damper at the beachaccording to the laboratory results of investigation.
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
EXPECTED USERS
Policy makers (government executives)
Community leaders
Researchers
■ Standard■ Code■ Reference
■ Planning & Design
■ Application
Government officers in fields
NGO and NPO staffs, business personnel,
etc.
■ Continuous research
Pre-
trai
ned
Prac
titio
ners
Applicationinput
Trainingworkshop
Research Fund
Res
earc
h R
esul
ts
Policy
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
THE SUBJECTS PROTECTED
Coastal Areas
Infrastructures
Buildings
Human lives
Business and livelihoods
QuickBird Natural Color Image23 June 2004, BAND ACEH
QuickBird Natural Color Image28 December 2004, BANDA ACEH
Heavily Eroded Shoreline
Completely Destroyed Buildings
MissingShoreline
Destroyed port
Death toll
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
HOW IT WORKS ? (Shuto, 1987)It stops driftwood and other floatagesIt reduced water flow velocity and inundation water depthIt provides a live-saving means by catching persons carried out off by tsunamiIt collect wind blown sands and rises dunes, which act as a natural barrier against tsunamis
QuickBird Natural Color Image23 June 2004, BAND ACEH
QuickBird Natural Color Image28 December 2004, BANDA ACEH
Heavily Eroded Shoreline
Completely Destroyed Buildings
MissingShoreline
Destroyed port
Death toll
THE SUBJECTS PROTECTED
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
DRIVING FORCES EVENT
Tectonic setting ( red line ) and tsunamis events ( colored circle ) in Asian Countries 1600-2004 (ITDB,2004)
HISTORICAL
1600-2005 282 events
Mostly happened at:
• Western Pacific (Japan, Korea, Philipine, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Islands, and
• Indian Ocean (Indonesia, India, Srilanka, Bangladesh)
High frequency occurrence:
• 1845-1865 : 30 events• 1885-1905 : 33 events• 1985-2006 : 21 events
Total casualties: 361.000 death toll
Biggest events:1883 Krakatau (36.000)2004 Aceh (230.000)
Data Courtessy of Hamzah, 2006
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
DRIVING FORCES EVENT
Extensive areas of mangroves can reduce the loss of life and damage caused by tsunamis
2004’ Indian Ocean Tsunami :• The Pichavaram mangrove forest
in Tamil Nadu in India slowed down the waves, protecting around 1700 people living in hamlets built inland between 100 to 1000 meters from the mangroves.
• Also reported similar cases in Penang Malaysia and Srilanka.
• In Nias Island of Indonesia, located close to the epicenter, the damage was relatively low, partly due to mangrove forests that guarded the coastline.
This bamboo house in Lahewa, Nias Island (> 1 km from the coastline) has been saved from tsunami by mangrove belt along the creek.
ITST,2005
ITST,2005
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
Extensive areas of mangroves can reduce the loss of life and damage caused by tsunamis
2004’ Indian Ocean Tsunami :• In Muaradua, Lhokseumawe,
located about 500 m from coastline, the temporary shelter and houses were founded still stand after the beach hit by tsunami more than 3 m. The owner of the shelter said that when tsunami hit the beach, the spits, coastal forest, and lagoon protected that area.
ITST,2005
ITST,2005
ITDB,2005
DRIVING FORCES EVENT
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
Imparsial areas of beach trees can reduce the loss of life and damage caused by tsunamis
This may be the role of beach trees…..
West AcehKERRY SHIEH©2005
waveBangladesh
wave
DRIVING FORCES EVENT
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
Mangrove distribution in Asia
DRIVING FORCES EVENT
( Widjo, 2005)
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
FEATURE AND ATTRIBUTE
Providing engineering tool for planning coastal protection by using mangrove
Determining incident tsunami wave height and length at the beach for design purpose
◙ Historical Data◙ TUNAMI Numerical Model◙ TSUNAWI Numerical Model◙ COMCOP Numerical Model◙ MOST Numerical ModelHistorical wave height
( Source: ITDB, 2004 )
Length 100 km Width 50 km Dislocation 3.2 m
Tsunami simulation of Flores( Source: CDRC, 2002 )
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
Providing engineering tool for planning coastal protection by using mangrove
Determining the requirement of mangrove forest density, mangrove forest width, average height of the trees, alongcoastextension of mangrove forest
HIR
CIR
lB SWL
Daratan
Dasar Hutan Bakau
SWL
Dasar Hutan Bakau
ηIR
d tB eff BtB
LIR
Lautan
( b ) Dimensi Hidraulik Hutan Bakau Saat Meredam Tsunami
KKRR or KKTT = = f f ((εε, , BBLL )),
Where εε = = f f ((KK, , δδ)) and δδ = (= (d+Hd+H )/)/ttBB and BBLL = = B/LB/L
FEATURE AND ATTRIBUTE
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
Providing engineering tool for planning coastal protection by using mangrove
Determining the requirement of mangrove forest density, mangrove forest width, average height of the trees, alongcoastextension of mangrove forest
KR = 0,0872 ln(εBL) + 0,782KT = –0,1644 ln(εBL) – 0,4601
Simulating the tsunami inundation over mangrove protected coastal area
FEATURE AND ATTRIBUTE
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
Providing engineering tool for planning coastal protection by using mangrove
Predicting the risk map of the protected area according to the inundation map and land use economics value
Digital map of tsunami run-up
Digital map of land use
Overlay Process
Zonal map of region with tsunami risks
Loss information
Tabular analysis of region’s
economical loss
PETA
RBI
PETA
LLN
PETA
LPI
SURV
EI
LAPA
NG
AN
TSUN
AM
I C
ATA
LOG
NUM
ERIC
AL
SIM
ULA
TION
FEATURE AND ATTRIBUTE
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
Preliminary consultation on the possibility of technology application onto certain coastal area.
Discussion and coordination among stakeholders to consider the implementation
possibility of technology and determine ultimate goal of technology implementation.
Workshop or technical training on the application of technology.
Technology application
Evaluation
NECESSARY PROCESSES FOR IMPLEMENTATION
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
■ Detail data on the coastal area geophysics (fault, subduction line, sediment material, etc.) and morphology (batimetri, topografi, land use, land cover).
■ Historical data on earthquake as well as tsunami event at and nearby area of consideration.
■ Computer facilities capable of handling numerical simulation.
■ GIS software capable of handling spatial and temporal data processing.
■ Field measurement (survey) equipments
FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Very dense dwelling area close to the coastline of Permaan Island near Flores, Indonesia, was attacked by 1992 tsunami. More than 1000 people were dead.
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
RESOURCES REQUIRED
Expertise :
Oceanografer/Coastal Engineer 1 personMangrove plantation Engineer 1 personGIS software operator 2 personsField Surveyor 3 persons
Organization :
Central Government Ministry of Forestry/Ministry of Marine & Fisheries
Local Government Related OfficesCommunity Community leader, NGO, NPO
Money :
Governmental BudgetPrivate Grant
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
No projects (intentionally designed for tsunami protection using the proposed design procedure) are
initiated yet the present mangrove plantation target are mainly for reducing coastal erosion
Pictures in the left are photograph of nyamplungtrees, which had been planted between coconut trees
at the coast of Banyuwangi, East Java, soon after tsunami attacked this area in 1994.
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
coastline
bambo/wood bambo/wood
mangrove mangrove
waveMangrove plantation:Sheet pile method
bamboo/wooden sandtrap
planted vegetation
beach profile
planted vegetation
expectedbeach profile
bamboo/wooden sandtrap
mild slope steep slope
under construction after 2 years
Mangrove plantation:Sand trap method
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
Pictures Courtesy of Widjo, 2005
copyright (c) 2007 EDM-NIED. All rights reserved
Photograph Courtessy to Kongko, ITST, 2005
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